This is a case study that examines children's perceptions and experiences of drug abuse in primary school. According to Filsted, problems with drug addiction have been sources of concern in several parts of the world.
LITERATURE REVIEW
- Alcoholic
- Alcohol Dependence
- Alcohol
- Alcoholism
A model of drug dependence based on the idea that the drug abuser is motivated by a desire for the pleasurable effects of the drug (Doweiko, 1990:176). It is characterized by continuous or periodic use of the drug alcohol, despite adverse effects and distortions in thinking, especially denial."
CAUSES OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE
When school adjustment is poor, the chances of drug use are much greater (Annis & Watson, 1989: 34). Peer cluster theory suggests that any effects of other socialization connections on drug use are indirect.
SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS
The widespread use of drugs in our society today is clearly evident in the large consumption of alcohol, cigarettes and illicit drugs. Another problem is that the use of one substance can lead to the use of other substances.
ALCOHOL ABUSE
It is characterized by reduced control over drinking preoccupation with drug abuse and alcohol use despite negative consequences and distortions in thinking. Psychological: This can occur with regular use of even relatively moderate daily amounts of alcohol.
TEENS: ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS
Users may not only experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of alcohol use, but they believe they cannot function without it and tend to become anxious (Drug Nexus). The seventy of abstinence increases with the amount of alcohol consumed and the duration of abuse.
EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ABUSE ON THE FAMILY INCLUDE
Children from families that abuse alcohol and drugs are four to six times more likely to become alcoholics than children who grew up in families without alcohol and drug abuse (Weber & McCormick, 1992:276). Drug use is associated with a variety of negative consequences, including an increased risk of serious drug use later in life, school failure, and poor judgment, which can put teenagers at risk for accidents, violence, unplanned and unsafe sex, and suicide (Webber.
WARNING SIGNS: OF TEENAGE ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE
PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS
THE FAMILY AND TEENAGERS DRUG AND ALCOHOL USE
It is important that parents talk to their children about the negative aspects of drug and alcohol use. Parents should also express their opinion about the use of drugs and alcohol and explain what they expect from adolescents, depending on whether they use or not (Prusoff.
THE USE OF OTHER DRUGS
For example, allowing them to pour or serve alcoholic beverages has been found to contribute to adolescent alcohol use (Prusoff. Drug use patterns tend to be linked to broader socio-economic conditions such as levels of educational/employment opportunities and the distribution of health and social services (Wonga, 2000:79).
THE RISE IN THE GENERAL LEVEL OF DRUG-USE
General drug use has also increased on the African continent, and this requires preventive action. The increase in drug use on the African continent has been proven by a number of studies.
CATEGORIES OF DRUGS
MARIJUANA
Effects of Marijuana
Marijuana has been linked to reduce the effectiveness of the immune system (Sridhar and Cannabinoid receptors have been found on the cells of the immune system (Sridhar 1994: 134) Many young people are introduced to marijuana by their peer groups - usually acquaintances, friends, sisters and brothers.
SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND BEHAVIOUR
CAUSES OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ADDICTION
Other contributing factors are a lack of effective parenting, whether or not their friends use drugs, whether they smoke or already use other substances moderately, and if they have other psychosocial problems. The need to pay special attention to multiple drug use and injecting drug use is related to the following factors (World Drug Report, 1999:56). McLatchie and Lamp say that loneliness, boredom, depression, disappointment and any kind of stress cause alcohol drinking and alcohol-related problems.
Exposure of youth to alcohol is an important etiological factor affecting the pre-existing prevalence of alcoholism in a society on the youth. In children exposed to alcohol abuse in the home, especially in communities where it carries no social disapproval, the example of parents and their friends has a powerful effect on the lifestyle of the growing child. Wiggins and Wiggins state that college drinking is a social activity that occurs and can be influenced by peers.
According to Fisher (1994:17), difficulties in building a healthy self-concept and strong feelings of personal identity in the family, at work and in the community can make a person more susceptible to alcohol-related problems, e.g.
WHY PEOPLE USE DRUGS
Previous research has shown that the attachment style of parents has the greatest impact on the attachment style of their children (Billar). She listed a number of reasons why parents may not have been able to provide a safe base for their children. legacy of apartheid laws, such as domestic labor, migrant labor and the pass system, which forcibly separated black parents from their children.
Alcohol and drug abuse in parents: intoxicated parents often lack the mental space and vigilance to be sensitive to their children's feelings. Marital disharmony: parents who are so busy fighting with each other or feeling hurt that they cannot pay attention to the impact this is having on their children. Lack of social support: loneliness and isolation, leading to mothers feeling persecuted by the emotional demands of their children.
They can also be triggered into flashbacks to the traumatizing situation, which can make them treat their children in bizarre ways.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
- PREAMBLE
- SYSTEMS THEORY AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE
- THE HUMANISTIC MODEL
- BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY
- THEORIES OF ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOL DEPENDANCE
- THE PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW I APPROACH
- OVERALL THEORIES OF THE ADDICTION PROCESS
This means the day-to-day functioning of the family system, including communication between its members. Research in behavioral genetics has uncovered evidence for the heritable basis of temperament and other aspects of personality (Lander. It originated and was adopted in the United States, and its origins are largely due to the development of the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) movement and then the research of Ali E.M.
Changing the problem drinker's environment and behavior is considered important in changing his drinking pattern (Albertyn & McCann, 1993:213). The syndrome of alcohol dependence proposed by Edwards & Gross actually falls under the heading of medical theory. Psychological theories of the origin of drug addiction usually emphasize the reduction of anxiety and the pleasurable feeling and euphoric state that the drug produces.
In ghettos, where narcotics are readily available and street culture prevails, drug use is particularly high (Annis & Watson, 1989:90).
METHODOLOGY
- PREAMBLE
- TYPE OF STUDY: CASE STUDY APPROACH
- SITE AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS 1. Semi-Structured Interviews
- CONFIDENTIALlTY
- SAMPLING METHOD
- THE BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION OF THE RESPONDENTS
Finally, the case study was selected for this research because the research location is easily accessible to the researcher as he is a teacher at the same school. If the researcher does not participate, there is little explanation for his presence as he is very obvious to the actual participants (Cohen, 1994:160). His parents separated two years ago and so he lives with his stepmother.
His father is a truck driver and is always away and rarely comes home. After school he is always with his friends and they usually lock themselves in his friend's room and start taking drugs. Every day, he has the duty to take his younger brother to the neighbor's house, where he is looked after until the end of school.
When he is with friends they smoke drugs and when he is broke they sell sugarcane to make money.
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
- PREAMBLE
- ANALYSIS OF BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
- SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
- PEER PRESSURE
- FAMILY COMPOSITION
- MORAL DECAY, BRAVADO AND SOLACE
- PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND SELF-ESTEEM
- DATA ANALYSIS: PARENTS AND GUARDIANS
We met in Phoenix doing odd jobs because my grandparents didn't have money to send me to school." When asked by the researcher why he takes drugs, he said he takes them because his friends do. When examining the above reasons given by the survey respondents, it clearly shows that friends have a very bad influence on young children.
This respondent uses drugs because there is a respected person in the family who uses drugs and does not see any problem in drug use. We take drugs in the room so that other members of the community do not see us. The researcher asked Thab why he takes drugs and if anyone in the family takes drugs.
Since everyone in the area (Mayville) was aware of his drug use, his self-esteem was very low.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Common for drug abuse Council on Alcoholism Psychiatric Service in the Black Community. Desjarlais; R (1995) World mental health problems and priorities in low-income countries, New York: Oxford University Press. Kandel On the processes of peer influences in adolescent drug abuse: A developmental perspective journal of advances in alcohol and substance abuse.
Loehlin; J C, Willerman; L&Horn; J.M (1990) Personality and resemblance in Adoptive families: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, pp. 961. Schuckit; M.A (1989) Drug and Alcohol Abuse: A Clinical Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment (3. udgave), New York, Plenum. Stanhope; P & Lancaster; T (1988) Selvværd og sundhedsinstruktion: Udfordringer Curriculum Development, Journal of School Health.
Mandell; T&Shop; T (1994) The role of peer and adult models of drug use at different stages of adolescence: Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 9, pp. 449-465.
APPENDIX A
Appendix A
They come to my house and take me to Phoenix to beg for money on the street. Thabo : Yes, sometimes even during the day, my friends come to my house in the morning and ask me to go with them, so sometimes I am not at school. Thabo : We buy food and drugs/alcohol and hide in the forest and then start using drugs.
We hide in the woods because we don't want the other big boys to see us because they take our money. Parent : Well, Thabo takes him to the neighbors every morning and picks him up every afternoon. Parent: The reason why Thabo takes care of my baby boy is because I leave home early in the morning and come back very tired in the afternoon.
Well, this kid goes out every weekend and begs for money and I don't know what they buy with the money they get from the street.
APPENDIXB
34; (a) Family composition Cb) Tell me about your family. g Who do you have a good relationship with at home?
PARENTS OR GUARDIANS QUESTIONNAIRES
APPENDIXC
KWAZULU-NATAL PROVINCE ".' • DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE UMNYANGO WEMFUNDO NAMASIKO DEPARTEMENT VAN ONDERWYS EN I(ULTUUR. Your request on behalf of Andries Mhlongo for permission to conduct research has been successful. Access to the schools he wishes to use must be negotiated by the principals himself;
A copy of his research results must be submitted to the Regional Chief Director after the completion of his studies. Please note that if Mr Mhlongo is a lecturer in the Department of Education and Culture, KZN, he may NOT use his teaching time for this research.
