Professor Keyan Tomaselli, the CCMS department and the Kalahari research teams in 2004 and 2005 for providing me with all sorts of resources from transcripts to books to networking, financial support and thoughtful campfire discussions; Sir. and Mrs. Njagi Makanga, my parents, for the complete and undiminished support for my education that has seen me attain a Master's degree in Social Sciences; My brother Makanga for his positive comments and insight; Myriam Velia, who helped me so much at the 11th hour, despite huge amounts of her own work; The people who acted as translators and key informants1 during the field research in 2004 and the follow-up trip in 2005. Your assistance was a crucial element in the conduct of this research; Nelia Oats and Mary Lange for taking care of us in Ngwatle and acting as translators and transcribers; All the participants from Ngwatle for selflessly giving of their time and sharing their stories with me; and finally, I would like to thank all my friends and family who stayed up with me into the wee hours of the morning on the computer, kept me focused when I was discouraged, and helped me finish this chapter of my formal education. This thesis uses aspects of the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) to examine how global trends and national eco-political factors in Botswana influence the livelihood strategies or actions of a group of individuals who identify as the !Kung Group Basarwa in a small village called Ngwatle, located in the southwestern Kalahari.
The first question aims to determine the main activities undertaken in Ngwatle households that help people in the community to earn a living.
Introduction
Which institutions, processes and structures are involved in development and what are the consequences? The concluding chapter, Chapter 6, provides an overview of the research findings and states the overall relevance of the study in terms of the research objectives. On the other hand, due to the recognition of the limitations of the above approaches, other, more subjective approaches are becoming priorities in poverty reduction agendas.
The result of the data from the analysis unit provides livelihood activities and aspirations and the barriers to achieving these.
Sustainable Livelihoods
First, human capital refers to "the skills, knowledge, ability to work and good health that enable a person to pursue different livelihood strategies and achieve their livelihood goals" (DFID. Most of the literature emphasizes the SLA as a tool to assist In the IFAD Alternative Sustainable Livelihoods Framework in Figure 2, the designation of "the poor" can be seen as problematic, promoting 'otherness' and often loaded with assumptions.
Rather, each framework emphasizes factors important to an organization whether the focus is on "the poor" or a specific asset.
Global Vulnerability Context - ‘Global Fascism’ & the State
One of the important characteristics of "global fascism", unlike the fascism of European history in the 1940s, is that it does not necessarily stand in sharp opposition to democracy. Raletobane, Undersecretary for Political Affairs in the Office of the President, said on the matter that “[Botswana] is satisfied with its human rights record. Part of the answer may lie in the fact that, in addition to the subtleties of "global fascism", Botswana is embedded in an institutionalized socio-political system based on control.
One of these assimilation approaches, relocation, has been identified in the literature as a clear indicator of state domination, another key feature of 'global fascism' (Good. Through the engine of capitalism, global fascism is now targeting forces with collective claims that hold on). in the way of commoditization” in the same way that Bushman land claims almost certainly stand in the way of government plans to expand and reserve exclusive rights to diamond mines (Patel and McMichael). In the first quote, the respondent is covert in communicating that hunting without a license is a phenomenon that still occurs in Ngwatle, although officially, from the government's perspective, it is considered stealing.
Moreover, South Africa's suspected influence in the demise of the Hyundai manufacturing plant in Gaborone means that manufacturers' contribution to GDP, around 5% in the 1990s, currently contributes less to the economy (EIU, 2001: 15). One of the major impacts of 'global fascism' has been the relatively successful erasure of differences in culture to make the control of people easier. At the community level, this has led to exponential increases in the need for financial capital as one respondent in Ngwatle indicated.
Finally, Chapter 3 described salient factors in the global vulnerability context using Patel and McMichael's discussion of 'Global Fascism' as a guide for discussion. This is evidenced by the State's systematic and purposeful attempt to destroy the cultural norms and identities of the Basarwa for the purposes of national and racial homogenization.
Local Vulnerability Context - A History of the Study Site
It is difficult to assess the exact origins of the settlement known today as Ngwatle, the site of my research and a predominantly Basarwa community. The respondent recalls that the Masetleng Pan area is rich in water, flora and fauna, but also recalls the turmoil of the political crossfire between Namibia and the South West People's Organization, SWAPO, during the Namibian War of Independence with South Africa in the 1980s (Dyll, 2003: 65). If it is difficult to determine the exact nature of the circumstances that brought Basarwa to Ngwatle, then establishing the exact age of Ngwatle as a settlement is equally difficult due to the fragmentary information available from community members and research to the area.
George Silberbauer, a Protectorate administrative officer contracted to survey the area in 1958 envisioned the site as a "people's reserve" where "the San could have a place of their own" (Hitchcock. It is also significant that even before this area was set aside as a game reserve, "the Central Kalahari region has been occupied for hundreds of thousands of years by hunter-gatherers and, since the beginning of the first millennium AD, by agro-pastoral populations" (Hitchcock. The Tribal Grazing Land Politics ( TGLP), 1975 was intended to rationalize land use in communal areas and to commercialize where possible in response to what is known as the "tragedy of the commons". All tribal land in Botswana was zoned into three main categories: fields (municipal and commercial), grazing (ibid.) and reserves.
Furthermore, on his part, he fails to acknowledge the factors that produce and reproduce poverty, implying that the Basarwa themselves are to blame for their vulnerability. In conclusion, this chapter has discussed some key ways of San survival in recent history. The main impact of the displacement evident in the historical reading of the literature is the onslaught of processes that led to the complete social reorganization of the San.
Access to land and wildlife was free and largely dependent on the skills of individuals and perhaps the strength of social capital among family members in terms of the cooperation that would be necessary to pursue such livelihoods in harsh environments. . The implementation of the Tribal Pasture Land Act of 1975 was in fact the beginning of the end of unfettered access to land and wildlife resources for the Basarwa in Botswana.
Ngwatle Livelihood Portfolios - Aspirations & Barriers
Those who run shebeens are not restricted from participating in any of the other mentioned activities to earn a living. Although red meat, especially wild meat, was probably never a staple of the San diets, it is certainly not a staple in Ngwatle today, much to the chagrin of the community. 11San is believed to have abused 'cetacean traps' found in the coastal areas of the South West Cape in southern Africa.
Figures 4 and 5 below give a snapshot of the assets that people living in Ngwatle actually want. Twenty-eight percent of research participants mentioned the need for more water within the community. My improvements to the IFAD model will hopefully address some of the criticisms about SL frameworks discussed in Chapter 2.
More especially by making the Ngwatle household the center of the framework and getting rid of the overly generic "the poor". The respondent indicates that the councilors decided to sell all the available game stocks without fully consulting on this extremely important matter; one that affects every member in the community. Hunting controls are one of the ways Ngwatle have become dependent on the state for permission to lead their lives.
With increasingly tight control over hunting and movement, Ngwatle have been dependent on the primary resources of the state since it began delivering destitute rations to the community in 1996. Our treatment of the Basarwa dictates that they should be elevated from a status where find them. themselves. Another impact of the above barriers to aspirations was the decency of the community in various levels of self-attributed poverty.
Finally, consistent manipulation of the state through development rhetoric has helped to rob the Basarwa in Ngwatle of the land rights that would provide the community security of land tenure.
Conclusion
The establishment of a hunting quota system was an effective method of controlling the Basarwa (biopolitics) movement in Ngwatle. In conclusion, we hope that one of the achievements of this research has been to raise questions about development. Close Encounters of the First Kind: What Development Means in the Context of Two Bushman Communities in Ngwatle and the Northern Cape.
We are the first people.' Land, natural resources and identity in the Central Kalahari, Botswana, "The Journal of Southern African Studies. SLA Fact Sheet - Example of an SLA analysis in Yemen," International Fund for Agricultural Development. Exploring the indigenous minefield: social policy and the marginalization of the Bushmen in the South,” Africa Journal of Development Studies.
The Third World and the Lines of Global Fascism: Regrouping the Global South in the Neoliberal Era," Third World Quarterly. San Hunter-Gatherers of the Kalahari: A Study in Ecological Anthropology, University of Tokyo Press, Japan. Sustainable Livelihood Governance: Operational Matters.” Created by the Sustainable Livelihoods Unit of the United Nations Development Programme: 1-17.
Jordan National Human Development Report 2: Sustainable Livelihoods,” Queen Zein Al Sharaf Institute for Development. Vaalpen Bushmen (referring to a special group of Bushmen who lived in the northern Transvaal and mixed-blood Bushmen, in this case Bushmen & .. The Vaalpense language is also called !Nu - notes by Nelie Oats). The purpose of the survey is to better understand what life is like for people living in Ngwatle today.
Do you undertake any of the following additional activities in a given year to sustain your livelihood.
