The treatment of T. brucei infection of equines with Antimosan

(1)

OndeJ·stP[JOOrt Journal of Veteriway Science anr7 Animal Industry, Volwne 4, Number 2,

A.zJ1·il,

1936.

The Treatment of T. brucei Infection o f Equines with Antimosan.

B

y

B.

S.

PAlU\:I:\i, B.A.

,

D.Sc.,

::\:LR.C. \ ' .:-:;. ,

Veterim11·y Heseurch

Officer,

01Hl

erstepoort.

'l'HE

1niter

(183U ) reyorte<l on the u sP of

Autlmo~an

in i.he treatment of

Trypanosoma brucci

infection of equines

.

In that report the beneficial effect

\\'US

clearh· shown a

n<l in one case

the horse was Rterilised. It

^\\'US

cleri<lecl to cOJJtinue the experimentation to d etermine more exactl)· the probable retp1irements ns far as the <lose ancl the i.ntenals heh,·een aclmini;;tration 11·ere t·onc-ernecl. The a<hantage of treatmeu t ll'itb t

his

drug

-would be the

ease of administration, the sub cutaueon::;

rou

te being the one ernployetl.

AmLl='IGE.\lEXT oF THE ExPERDlEN'J'.

FiYe

hm~eo>

were utilised in the experime nt. The intenab of administration were on e wpek, h1·o weeJ;-s, and tlnee 1veeb. 'l'hP doses were :3 · 75 gm. and 0 · 25 gm., repeated a numbel' of times, and ascenJ.ing do;;es of 3 gm., 5 gm

.,

ancl 9 gm. Control of the results of the treatment was baseJ. on the r esult of the examinat ion of stained blood 6mear s, on the appearance of the temrwrature curve and on t

h

e _complement fixation test. Iu a fe11· cases it '"as possible to test the sterilih· further bY subinon1lation i11to

horse~

and re- inoclllahon of t

h.e p1·esumed R'terile.

The table

is

arranp;erl to g

ive the Yari.ous rletails in

connectioll with the h-Patment of each horse.

Equines.

I

^\\'eight

in l(g.

1809il L 7980

17990 19431 19079

35:2

-i:~l

423 374 308

TABLE l.

Jntimosan Therupp.

Xumucr of doses and dosage.

() closes of 6 · :25 grn ..

(j doses of :3 ·76 grn ... . 8 closes of 3·7fi grn ..

8 doses of fi · 26 grn ... . :1 doses of 3. (i and 9 gm .. .

281

I In ten· a Is.

3 weeks 3 :2 :2 1

Total

ll~C'd.

3l·ii gm.

22·ii gm.

;~()·0 gm.

-i2·0 gm.

18·0 gm.

Sterilisation.

Failure.

.Failure.

Sterilisation.

Stcri lisation.

(2)

T. HlllTJ-:1 I .\ 1: I·:C T I () S 0 1: 1-: (J l I S l-. ,._ .

Tlw \\·eig-hts ol' lilt• hor~l'~ \l"l'l'l' obtained af"tL'I' i!H· l'lllllpietloll of the t'XJIL'I"iliiPnt, t'llll>l'l[1H'Ittl.l· tltP ,,·eig·hb of tlw t\l·o Ltil11re" \Yl'I"P prol1.thh· ~lighth· higher. t·ontparatin•l\·. tha11 i-< itldi1·:1l!'d h1· thP tahl1•. J"or. a~ a l'l'"ult of a ,.;nc\'e,,fnl tn•:illlll'llt. thl'I"P lH'l'tllTI'll a ¹¹ ittlpltl\"t'JIIelt! i11 ronrlitiott. fio\\·en·r. 1'\.l'li thoug·h the hor.-'p.; IID:-IJ :llld I I!!!H) ll't'l"l' failtu·t·-< a.; f:11· a- .;tl'l'ili-ation

,,·a-

^,.Oll^i'^Pl'll!'!l. n•t 1 hP1· :tbo ~hli\l·e,] a ddinitt• itnprt>Yl'IIIPttl in ('ondition. Thtt', ;lOt\l·itJ;_

-<Ltndin.g· tl1P =-light r]i,parit_l of ,,·pig·ht-. thr re,lllt' :n·p I'Pg·ardPlt a.;

!'01lljl<ll<!i>ll'.

[t (';til thlh lH• "Pt'll t!J:11 t!J1• do··!' I•' .j·j.-1 ~oll., l'\.t'll t!JIJIIg·h g·iYt'll J'l'JH':ttPdi\· a11d :d intt•rYal.; oi" t110 antl tlnt•P \\t'!'l;-. ,,·n1ild aJ'Jl• ar 1u ]J,. totl >111<111 to J>n>tlll\'t' ,;fr·rili-<ntiotl i11 ti!P 1'·.1(> hor"''' IIHI"!J <ltlll II~J!JO.

Itt tltt'>l' i11o l'<l>t'' l':tiilll"l' ""'

,ft. ,.

,JIIPd l11 tl11' tl!>ll'l'tion t>f

r.

^lu·u^r'f'^/ Ill ldotHI .;j)l(';j!"-< Ill till· Dth \\{'(:,, <llld J::t!J \\'('l'k l'l''Jil'l'til'l'J.\. it.\ :1 fHhill\'l' l'OillpiPilll'lil fi.\;ttioli 1t•,j i11 l>ot!J, <I lid 1>.\·

l't'<1Jif1l'<lla¹H·t• of t!J1• 'f". /u-1/('('j tt•Jtipt·l":ll\il!' t·JJI\'t'> i11 t!JI' Jlt!J \\.1'1'1;

i It l1ot It <·:t-t·.;. Blood of hor.;c IID~!i 11·a, l'nrl hnmon• .;11hi JIO!·ttht!Pd into :1 llllllllwr ol other !Hll>l''· 11 hl'ittg· 11-etl a, <I !"t'-<'I"YOII' of

'/'. lu·llr'l'l ;till':!\":' 11·ith po.;ifin• 1'1''111!-. '!'hi.; !tor'!' tli,·:l l11·o \l':tt·.;

:~1'11'.1' l'l'l'!'il·itl!.!' ih Li'-'1 lrt•attlll'nl. lt harl)()tll'!'d

T.

^lu·uf'l·i d;tring t!ti,., pniod an·d Jl'IIWitted i11 lair t·!lllllitiotl.

tJf tlu-• lht·<·!' hot·-<t'' fhat 11'1'1'<' -terili~t·d. onP 11·a- !rt·ai!'d at tli\1'- ,,.Pt'kly illtl'I'Y<~i~, oil!' at t1Yo 11-I'Pk,., aJIC! ont· <tl t!Jrrt• ,,.<'Pk-. Long·pr itlll'l'\'a]..; \\"('1'!' llid ft•:tsihlP. ll!'I'<IH'l' 01\ <I!'('Ollllt of j!Jp '1'\"l'l'itY of

/'. f!I'UI'I'l infl'd ion in !Jot',.;(·~ the I'Pajljll'<ll'aiii'P of fl',\'fJ<lllO~Olll~> i11 t !te hloiHl i.; a..;,ociatPil 11·it h :t r<tpitl lo..;..; of f·Otltlit it'll and i !tP

deY!'lopmenl ol" markl'd :-:_nnpiolll..;. Tr_\'jl<llllhUllll'' 1\t'l'l' not fotul!l in

ihe;-;p titre!' hm·;-;e~ 1luring· tit!' interYal,., hl'tii'E'I'U trP<Itlll!'llt, ln1l \I<'I'P found duri11g- thP iut!'l'Y:d.:: in the t\\·(, failm·p.., in !lite ca-t• a.; earl,\·

"' f!Jp !Jilt da_1·. '!'his findi.n_g· tllig-hl J,p reganlt·d a~ <tddilio11al t•Yid<•lu·t• th:tlthe do"t' tt...;Prl in the laiiurP' ''."" 011 thP ,nwll ,itll' .

. \ diftil'ult.l· ill till' ,judy oJ' 1[u• t·lw!llothctajl\ oJ' 11_\.flHI!IIcOlllia.;i..;

i.; t!tnt of delt•rtnitling whPn an a11imd i..; ,;il'rili.;l'd. J.'m- t•xntnplt•.

in the l'a;-;P of hor;-;e ID-±:;] :tlttl al"1 of lwr;-;e l~t)!J.-J it i, 1p1ile likt·h·

1i~;~f ~il'l'ili..;a{ion had heen oh1ai11Pd long- l>Pfore th1• ce-,;;dion of tn-•<t1tllt'tll. ()J' gl'l·at intl'n·-t in th1• ma1tl't' of 1!J,. do.;a~·~· i:; till'

slt•I·ili~:J{ion old:1itlt'd itt !tor.;,• ]!JtJI¹l. J.'nJIII 11:t• illitllltl;diotl ohl:iitJt•tl l'mnt tilt' i ii'IJ L1ii111'1''· file f-ir..;f do.;p ll"t'd. ll:tltl<'ll'. :{ g-111.. 111<1.1· J,p l'l·g·anll'd a..; too .;nJ<tllto protlll('!' -tPrili,<!tillll. ('t~thi'IJ\II'tdl.l -1t•rili . ..;a- lioll llltt.;t li:tn• ht'!'l\ pmdltf·l•d h1· !'if b•r (ill' (j glll. or I !J,. ¹) gill. tlo-1'.

'L'hl'l'l' \l'illtld no1. thPrei'on•. haH' hel'll :ttl\' intt•l'i't•J'!'III'l' 11·if It t !w t•lht·:H·\· of th1• -IIIJ..;eqlll'llt t!o..;p,.; h1· t!tP atl;llini-tr;ilillll ol' tit<' fit·-t d,:,..;,•. The s:1111e Jli'Oh:tld.\· l1olds goo(l in ( Itt• t'<l"<'' ol' I ltl' ot li<·t· I 11·o ctl'rili.-;t•d <lllil\\:11.', TOi' in thl' jll'l'\'l!l\1..; 1':\jll'l'illll'lll tltt• u.;l' ol" 11\'tl t!oct'"

t'<ll'li oJ' (j gill. a( :Ill illil'n·a] of <I \\"('(']; did Jlo( f'l'tldll!'l' ..;(pri]i.;af ion.

'1'!11• <I"I'Ptlflitl!.!' do.;P" ,,·hir·h toh1iled ]~ g·tll.

,,- ,.n•

t hP m;,..;t t~t·OtiOlllit·al in fhi.; e:\fJt'l'illlP111. hut it i.-.; quill• likt·l.\-1h;tl :1 retlnf'lion in tiJ,> loh1l allllllllll u.;prJ in thP "tht'l' t11·o •·a-P-< of :'tPrili.-.;ntion mig-ht l>e broug-ht :thont 11_1" dP(;I'l':t~ing- tlw ll\llltill'l'

or

^do.;(-'f'^. ^VmJJI ^{tlw po}^illt

of ila11dling- 11·hil'h i,- nh,-a_,., ol' illlpoltHIIt·e in dP<tling- "·ilh hor:<t•.;

11·hi,·h :tre 110i ^<1':1 ro1tlit1e ila11dlet! d:1ih. tile u,;p of l:tl'!!'P il(be~ i..;

illl]i('al!•d. ldtl'till'l' OJ' tile >;)1111' .;iz!'

OJ:

:1-t'!'lllling- ('allll.Ol 110\\' be .;ta\Pd.

282

(3)

H. S. P.\lni:TX.

'l'b.e Jllo.-;t itupm(ant an<1, as ltas aheacly Leen l>uintell rmt.

<1iffieult point in tlw efficiPnt control of the re:-;ult.s ohtaiu<'<l in the heatment of iryp;mosomia;;Ps is the deterruiJJ:d ion of ,;(eli I ity. .\.fter treatment "·ii.h antimo~an 1'. lu·ucei heconH'S e:xln•m<'h· rare in th<' blood. Consecpwnil~- negatiYP hloo<1 slllear <·:x:aminati;•nc; is llut uf great sig-nifican('e unless it he c;arrie<l 011 oYel· a long- period and receiYes the support of other e,·iclenc<', e.g. ilH' tempendure 1'1trYe.

Bnt Letter still is the ::;ubinoc;ulation of Llnod into horse' ,,·hic;h ar·<' then examined. The <·ompleme11t fixation i.e~t alJ(l re-i nfrci.ion han•

also been ntili,;ed for the purpose. 'l'he former !.('lYe' g-oo<1 rP:->1tltt;

lmt-. unforhmatel_,. a horse <l<w,; not hecomr JJeg·atiYP for some litrle time after sterilisation. 'l'he lai.ter was used in :til tlll'eP ca,;e;;. !1 n:1hu·<tlly re,mlb in lh<' re-infection of the u.nim:1l if it i,; .-dPrilise<L. il ('oru1ition ''"hich might 11ot ahYa~·s lw desirable pn•tt \llHln lah(Jt:tlr!!,\

<·ondition" :m<l 11 eYet· ('Hll be nn der fielil I'O]l(l i ( i ous. It i~ propo.,ed to deal "ith e:~<·h of these mdliods of rle(eJJUination of .~terilit\' i11

i.ltr three ster ili,;f•rl horse:-, ill turn. ·

Blootl smem· Pxami.nation .,;bo\\'ed ihat <'ilch ot the three lwt·cP~

,,-~h positiYe h2fm·e t1'<'flbnent "·a::;· commPn<·f'<i. Smf':~t· f'x:nninniioll' were t·anied out lin<'<' iiJU<'S \1'1'<-JidY. To illusirai<' lll<' dilli.<·nlt....- of

<1eteding- '/'. fnttl·ci "·hil'h one meets\,·iiu at times, onl' might llH't;tim1 hor,;p lHOifi \1-bich only sho\\'ecl 'l'. ln·uc('i once in blood ~mem·~ o\·er a perio1l of 1 :j weeks. During the (rentmPnt of hor.-<e lUOifl ncJ t r,ql:mo~ome,; "·ere found. Completl' slllear l'X:tmination ·mbseqnl'Ilt io trenhnent ,,·a~ uol eanietl out, for tl1er~· \H're hor~es aYailaLlP for

"uhinoeulation.

Tn

horse lfJ.±3"1 smear exatui11Jiim1 \\"U' ('anied out tlm·ing· arHl for

1:2

\\Peks :1ftPr <"essatiou of tr<•:dment \l·ith l1PC!':lliYP 1·csnlb. ln horse 1SO!):) similarly fm· a pPriotl of ll \H'l'k~ ne~~·;J( in·

n•sulb "·ere ol>laitJe,l.

'J'he tempPmture c;1nYe "·a,; a\·ailahle for lwrsp i!Jili!J for 'IX

"·eeks "·hen re-intel'hon "·as ('<trried ont, an<l for l10rses 1H4:-n all<l 18090 for

17

\\'eeks.

'l'he

in<licai.ions \\'ere that non<' of the lhrre

\I'P1'e infecte(l. 'l'he trmpet·ahne.-; IYerP some11·hnt inP~~·nlar in ho1>es J!J-t:H aud J80Go tluriug- the last· inten-:tl, 1.e. hdot'<' the atllllinistration of ihP last (lose.

The (;0111plt~mr>nl iixai ion ie,;t \\'Ub (':tl'J'iPd oui Oil rht~ hor.-;e,; in the experimPut. The_,. all g-a.-e positin• r·esnlt;; Pither hefme or dnri11g·

treatmf>ni. The ultimatP iesi, of course, in ho1·.-:es I :<!J.S9 antl 179!!1)

"·as pu~iti ,.<'. Iu horse 1n07D the test \Y:ts posiiiYe hn> <la_,-~ h<•fon·

the last dose of anlimosan, 1mt was aegntiYe on the :28th rl:ly afiP1' c;<•,;sation of trenimeni. This uegatiYe r<'sult \\·as ol>tni11e<l on thte -l::2nd dn,· aftt•r <·ommf>nc;eiuent of the tr<•atmrld. fn hone 19-±:ll the test. 1\'ilS posilin• nHer four <loses had he<'ll g-iY<'II aucl became negntiw L I \1 el'b after i l1e lasi dose, heiug- <lonbHnl tlnri11g· the 7th "·eek. lu horst' JRmFi the (e~1 \Y:J,.; uf>g·aiiw after the lhin1 lh.-:1'

<Jllr1 abo <luring thP (ith \n•ek afirr the la.-:t tlose. The fonner of the (11·o results iu horse lRWJ!) is nlihP1· suqn·i~ing-, for it 'ePIJJs (o iH<lic,de ih:d si<·t·ili.-:niion mnst han• l>een ]>l<Hhlct'c1 h_, eitht>r· tlw first m· the ~el'on<1 do:-;<', a possihilits· "·hi('h i~ not .-:np]H•derl IJy the t<•mveJ·ahu·e cm·Ye. At any nde, it r·an he ;;aid !hut lhP <·ompll'lllenl fixation test lH-'t·onJe.-: aegaii"Ye withir, <I short JIPl'iod aftt•r .sterili,;ntion.

283

(4)

THEAT~fE:\'T OF " 'J'. mn:CEI .. l~FECTIO::> 01' EQrJXES.

As furth

e

r cn:;e..; ofT. brucei

infection ,,·ere required for auother ex

perim

en t t

h

e opportunity '"as t.a ken to test the

~terilit;.·

of horse

18078

by thf' injection of 50 c .c. of b

lood of this

horse into horses

18085

and 19401. These f\yo "·e1 e thell kept under ohsen·ation fm·

10 (lays "

·ith

.negative

resu lts

ns

far as the blooll smears and temperatures were concerne(l. Th e

ir

:;u :;cept

ib

ility \\·as JlfOYell hy t he injection of 50 e.c. of

bloo<l of

hm·se 17!J8H, one of thf' failures. In both cases

tr~·panowmes

were fou

nd

in the blood ,;mear:; on the -l:th lla,v, temperatures of

JOG

and lOG· '2° re,;pel'tiYely being reconled on

thnt dn;.r.

·

The ob1ienatio11 s in ('Olllledion

"

·ith t he :;nseeptibility of horses

J 8085 and 19401

an

rl

"ubse quently of h orse ] 8079 " ·hi ch when iu jectecl '"ith blood of

h

orsf' 17989 also b <>c::nne infected, are regarded as a g oocl meth od of

detenuinir1

g sterility, because the ;;amP

~train

of

T. brucei "

·a s

u

tili sed.

The::>P w

.

-;ults obtained in thf'

t

reatme nt of

T. lJntcei

infection of horses are dc>finitel 7

pnnnisillg-.

It \\·oul<l seem that no difficulty

\\·onlll be

<'X

pPriPnced iu obta

ining ~tPril

i:<<liiou if tlw

clo~c>

be ::;

uffieiPnil.v lm·ger

. Th e east' of

arlmini~tration

an<l furthc>rmore th e cos( of UlP

<·Olll'~E'

of treatment ar e both in faYour of ihe usf' of

An

timo,a

1

1 for this

hypanosomia~is

of

hor~es.

LlTI<:nA'ITHK

PARKIN, B. S. (1930). ~-\ntimony tlwrapy in equme trypanosomiasis ('l'·ryzJa?tUSUIII<r umcei). JGtll HI'Jd. })iT. T'et. Sen:. c(; Anim. lndnst., Union of S.A., pp. 55-GO.