He was also guest editor of the January 2004 special issue on South Africa's Working for Water programme. Barney Pityana, former chairman of the South African Human Rights Commission; and myself, a retired judge of the Constitutional Court.
A green culture versus a cultural tradition
It further highlights why social change is often prioritized over environmental intervention in South Africa.
On a risk-adjusted basis, I demonstrate that bond yields appear most attractive in the short to medium maturity range.
Bond risk and returns
Conclusion
5 Coastal and Marine Research Unit, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Our aim was to facilitate reflection and debate on aspects of the science–policy–governance interface in South Africa, and this commentary provides a summary of the forum's discussions.
The gap between policy support and science: How messy is it really?
The Integral Coastal Management Act (ICM) is a good example of the decoupling between science and policy within the context of the gap between science and policy. A lack of mutual understanding of the scientific process and policy cycle, including the time scale and characteristics for achieving a successful outcome.
Converting scientific findings into policy
Since its declaration, there have been several attempts (often in the run-up to elections) to gain access for local communities to fish within the marine protected area. Despite the availability of such strong scientific evidence to the contrary, access to fish in key areas of the marine protected area was recently granted in response to political pressure from a small group of local residents.
Differences in scale
Many years of research have provided solid evidence of the positive effects of this closed area in protecting certain linefish species, not only within the confines of the marine protected area itself, but also over a much wider geographical area, where far-reaching positive spillovers from closed area contribute to the recovery of depleted fish stocks throughout their range. Furthermore, research has shown that the associated benefits to coastal communities more widely (ie, spanning hundreds of kilometers on either side of the closure area) outweigh the benefits that can be gained from small and highly localized communities catching fish within the closure area.
Taking success in informing international policy back to South Africa
Eventually, the case reached the courts, at which point the scientific evidence and the administrative process the government used to grant access were fully considered and the decision reversed. This is a clear example of how political influence can be used to override 50 years of scientific evidence.
Better integration of science into policy: Some perspectives
On the one hand, decision makers require an understanding of the scientific information and how it has been generated. If the end user is part of the project team (and both receives scientific products and provides significant conceptual input), the science to policy process is shortened.
Acknowledgements
The authors include academics and practitioners (both military psychologists and private practitioners) and most (10) are members of the South African National Defense Force. In my opinion, all the chapters make a constructive contribution to the general theme of the book.
Introduction
In this review, we offer both clinical and social perspectives on the use of skin lighteners in Africa, with a particular emphasis on South Africa. We narratively examine the timeline associated with the use of skin lighteners in South Africa and attempt to weave together the social rhetoric of this particular paradigm.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Despite the risks associated with exposing the skin to known components of these formulations, such as hydroquinone and mercury, chronic use continues. Despite legislation banning hydroquinone and mercury in cosmetics in South Africa, these ingredients are present in widely available products.
Use of skin lightening agents and their biological consequences
Unfortunately, chronic use of this highly potent corticosteroid leads to serious consequences such as cutaneous atrophy, with clinical manifestations of skin thinning and fragility, telangiectasia and striae.24. In terms of managing the use of skin brighteners, it is – undoubtedly – the current undivided global view among most clinicians and scientists that the inclusion of inorganic and other compounds in cosmetic formulations should be strictly prohibited.18 However, difficulties arise with compliance and relates to each country's policies and their enforcement.
South Africa and depigmenting agents
Today, skin-lightening cosmetics are widespread, and new marketing campaigns depicting the 'success' of those with lighter skin have included products appealing to both young men and women across Africa.31 However, not all people who use these products do so to lighten up. their complexion. In a recent South African study of 600 women of African and Indian descent, it was reported that 32.7% used skin-lightening products, but the main reason cited was to treat skin problems (66.7%), with skin lightening which accounts for only 33.3% of use.44 This point emphasizes the need to inform the population that early and immediate treatment of conditions such as acne vulgaris reduces the risk of tooth decay.
Policies and recommendations
Conclusions
Authors’ contributions
Women's perceptions of the benefits and risks of skin whitening creams in two South African communities. An epidemiological study of the use of skin lightening cosmetics among traders in Lagos, Nigeria.
Site description and sampling
The multiple age ranges for Poz-64220 and Poz-64221 refer to different intersections of the dates in one of the SHcal13 curve plateaus. Determined from the central age model for UW3114, and by the largest component of the finite mixture model for UW3113.
Dating
The LSA middens are associated with typical 'informal' Southern Cape coastal stone tool assemblages characterized by a low level of curation and 'non-standardised' artifacts and described as the 'Kabeljous'. This industry sometimes coexists with the Wilton industry on the coast.37(p.151) In the Kabeljous industry there are few formally retouched tools, but the thick-sharpened scraping blades, sometimes called giant crescents34(p.127), are quite distinctive.37 In addition to stone artifacts, Singer and Wymer34 recorded and described querns, ponders, a drilled stone, a fluted stone, a slate palette, ostrich eggshell beads, a perforated cowry, and sinkers.
Palaeomagnetic study
All of the vector projection diagrams illustrated in the figures are field-corrected directional data. Normal directions in the central part of KR1 (#6-31) and KR2 (#14-29) show the paleo-secular variation record of the normal GMF.
Discussion and conclusion
The anomalous orientations of the lower part of KR1, in the WS member, may play a role. Sedimentary stratigraphy of the Middle Stone Age sequence at the mouth of the Klasies River, Tsitsikama Coast, South Africa.
Material and methods
Results and discussion
The surface area, pore volume, and pore size of the smectite-rich clay soil were determined using the Brunauer-Emmett-. Fluoride adsorption from groundwater by smectite-rich clay soil was performed at optimum pH (pH 2) and natural pH (pH 7.8).
Adsorption modelling
This finding may be due to the presence of competing anions such as Br-, PO43- and SO42- in field water. The value of RL, a dimensionless equilibrium parameter, and the value of 1/n – the Freundlich adsorption intensity – were between 0 and 1, indicating that the adsorption of F- on the smectite-rich clay soil was favorable.
Adsorption kinetics
Ultrafiltration of lignin from black liquor was performed in a stirred batch cell using polyethersulfone membranes. Fractionation of lignin by sequential precipitation from industrial softwood liquor samples collected from different stages of chemical pulping was investigated by Alekhina et al.8 The authors studied the isolation efficiency as well as the influence of fractionation and pulping roughness on the structure of lignin.
Materials and methods
Table 2 shows that the membrane resistance increased with decreasing membrane cut-off size. In each academic year, between 43% and 60% of the participants were second language students.
Conceptualising rural-based universities in a South African context
One way to make universities relevant is to strengthen their interaction with local communities, civil society organizations, businesses and industrial partners for local development.17,18 According to the then South African Department of Education (DoE)17 (pp. 4-5), would achieve this with Students participating in such campaigns are exposed to practical and relevant training that equips them with the skills needed to improve local and national development. 1,9,19 Such initiatives or programs must reflect the voices of the students involved and the concerned members of the community, in accordance with the adage 'Nothing about us without us'20.
Community development in perspective
Rarely do university researchers share the results of their work with the communities in which the research is conducted. Before describing the study area, the context of a rural-based university in South Africa is clarified to build a better understanding of what the present study entailed.
Community engagement clarified
Bodorkós and Pataki16 claim that the lack of credibility of science today stems from the way it is currently institutionalized. Thus, considering this situation, an exploratory case study was conducted to 'harvest' the perceptions of students at the University of Venda (Univen) in South Africa on what they considered to be appropriate criteria that could be used to assessed the importance of a university based in the rural area in the development of the community.
Description of the study area
Univen lies about 180 km northeast of Polokwane, the capital of Limpopo province. The university's vision, which was adopted in 2007, is "To be at the center of tertiary education for rural and regional development in Southern Africa".
Research methodology
Communities are aware of their development needs and the nature of the relevant support required from the university. Programs or projects managed by the university that create jobs for its graduates or other members of the community •• • 3 Response to social challenges.
Discussion
The purpose of this investigation is to assess the field of energy research in the country. For example, the number of research publications produced is related to the expertise and financial resources available in the field in the country.
Energy research in South Africa
The platform was surveyed to identify South African authors who published in the field of 'Energy and Fuel' during the period 2003-2013. The top five most productive institutions in the country make more than 50% of the country's contribution to nuclear energy and fuel literature.
Introduction and motivation
Eight expected learning outcomes were then documented for the development of the HOTS, in the context of studying first-year undergraduate computing. It was found that about 37% of the participants did not answer the tasks.
Research question
Those expected outcomes were used to formulate sample tasks designed to target the development of the eight abilities. Furthermore, it was found that approximately 31% of the participants were able to critically evaluate a given possible solution to a problem and make a value judgment.
Review of literature
In the context of the study of mathematics, we believe that a clear perception of the attributes of HOTS will contribute to the development of problem-solving skills. Further, for the concept of the definite integral of a function, education should focus on the development of spatial visualization ability in students.
Conceptual framework
The first teaching and learning implication from the above studies is that when the antiderivative (improper integral) of a function is introduced, this should be linked to the concept of derivative. It should be noted that only when a student has a deeper understanding of the structure of the definite integral, then the use of 'area under a curve' is useful in solving problems.30 This reinforces the assumption by Godino10 that mathematics is the study of a symbolic language.
Findings and discussion
Proceedings of the 27th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education; 2003 July 13–18; Honolulu, HI, USA. Proceedings of the 28th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education; 2004 July 14–18; Bergen, Norway;.
Results
The vegetation types that experience the highest frequency of fires occur in the northeastern and eastern parts of the country. Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal, both located in the far eastern regions of the country, experience a peak in fire activity during August.
Spatial cognition and the human visual system
PC1 in this plot mainly accounts for the relative width of the tooth with some shape variability (28% of covariance). The modern human molars included in the analysis showed the greatest intra-species variability of the four species included in the study (Figure 2).
