Pendidikan Moral kerana untuk mendapatkan maklumat dan merancang keperluan latihan yang diperlukan oleh guru Pendidikan Moral untuk menjadi guru yang berkualiti.
Seterusnya, kepentingan hasil dapatan kajian ini adalah kepada pihak tertentu yang terlibat dalam melaksanakan pendidikan amnya, dan Pendidikan Moral khususnya. Dapatan kajian ini dapat membantu pihak jawatan kuasa kurikulum institusi penyediaan guru atau Kementerian Pendidikan untuk mengemas kini modul kursus-kursus teras program penyediaan guru Pendidikan Moral, agar lebih berupaya untuk memudah cara pemikiran moral pasca-konvensional guru pelatih melalui pendekatan dan teknik tertentu yang lebih sesuai, serta memastikan guru Pendidikan Moral yang terhasil mempunyai pemikiran moral yang matang dan berupaya menyampaikan pengajaran dan pembelajaran Pendidikan Moral yang berkualiti di sekolah kelak. Kajian ini akan dapat memperbaiki amalan terbaik dalam penyediaan guru Pendidikan Moral, juga meningkatkan kualiti guru yang dihasilkan melalui program pendidikan guru Pendidikan Moral dengan memberi pengetahuan kepada pensyarah mahupun ‘teacher trainer’ betapa pentingnya untuk memberi fokus terhadap amalan kuliah tertentu semasa pengajaran dan pembelajaran bagi memudah cara pemikiran moral pasca-konvensional guru pelatih. Kajian ini penting kerana kajian tentang pemikiran moral pasca-konvensional di kalangan guru pelatih Pendidikan Moral tidak pernah dijalankan di negara ini. Dapatan kajian ini bakal membantu Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia membuat penambahbaikan antara bahagian-bahagian dalam kementerian contohnya, Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum yang bertanggungjawab menyediakan kurikulum Pendidikan Moral untuk menggiatkan usahasama yang mantap dengan Bahagian Pendidikan Guru, universiti-universiti dan institusi pendidikan lain dalam menyediakan guru Pendidikan Moral yang berkualiti dan terlatih
.
1.7 Batasan Kajian
Menurut Norliza (2010), batasan kajian perlu dijelaskan untuk membantu pembaca menilai limitasi yang berkaitan dengan dapatan kajian. Batasan kajian membolehkan pengkaji untuk memberi fokus terhadap skop kajian dan menghadkan perluasan kajian. Antara limitasi yang terdapat di dalam kajian ini adalah,
1. Pemilihan peserta kajian terhad kepada sampel guru pelatih tahun akhir program Bacelor Pendidikan (Pendidikan Moral) di sebuah institusi pengajian tinggi. Justeru, generalisasi kepada guru-guru pelatih Pendidikan Moral yang lain adalah kurang wajar.
2. Tumpuan kajian ini adalah untuk memahami elemen-elemen yang memudah cara pemikiran moral pasca-konvensional guru pelatih Pendidikan Moral serta mengesan teknik mahupun strategi pengajaran dalam kuliah teras program Bacelor (Pendidikan Moral) yang memudah cara pemikiran moral pasca-konvensional guru pelatih Pendidikan Moral.
3. Walaupun faktor jantina turut dikatakan menyumbang kepada pemikiran moral individu (Gilligan, 1971), namun pemilihan peserta kajian ini tidak
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
12
berdasarkan jantina, bangsa mahupun umur. Oleh itu aspek perbezaan budaya tidak diambil kira walaupun tujuh peserta kajian ini adalah terdiri daripada kaum Melayu, Cina, India dan Iban.
4. Kajian ini adalah kajian kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kajian kes dengan persampelan bertujuan. Dapatan kajian ini akan lebih bermakna jika kaedah kualitatif ditriangulasi dengan kaedah kuantitatif.
1.8 Rumusan
Huraian tentang latar belakang kajian ini telah mencetuskan beberapa persoalan kajian. Dalam bab ini turut dihuraikan definisi operasional yang relevan dengan kajian tentang pemikiran moral ini. Bagi membina landasan yang betul, tinjauan literatur perlu dilakukan bagi memastikan wujud keselarasan antara kajian ini dengan kajian terdahulu. Oleh itu, bab 2 akan menghuraikan tentang domain yang berkaitan elemen-lemen yang memudah cara pemikiran moral pasca-konvensional guru pelatih Pendidikan Moral. Tinjauan kajian lampau akan menyorot kajian-kajian dalam dan luar negara yang bersesuaian dengan kajian ini.
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
86
RUJUKAN
Abdul Ghafar Don & Zaleha Mohd Ali. (2008). Dakwah dan Cabaran De-Islamisasi di Malaysia. Shah Alam: Karisma Publications Sdn. Bhd.
Abdul Ghani, A.H. (2004). Tingkah laku etika ketua dan subordinat di bank-bank di utara Malaysia. International Journal of Management Studies, 11(1): 227-250.
Abdul Rahman, Mohd Anuar, & Norshahril. (2011). Kesan persekitaran terhadap pembangunan emosi pelajar di Fakulti Pendidikan, UTM. Journal of Education Psychology & Counseling, 1(8): 141-161.
Abdolmohammadi, M. J., Gabhart, D. R., & Reeves, M. F. (1997). Ethical cognition of business students individually and in groups. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(16): 1717-1725.
Adams, M., & Zhou-McGovern, Y. Connecting Theory and Research to College Teaching Practice: Developmental Findings Applied to Social Diversity Classes. Paper presented at the eighth annual Adult Development Symposium of the Society for Research in Adult Development, Amherst, MA. June 1993. Abdur Rahman an-Nahlawi. (19950. Pendidikan Islam di Rumah, Sekolah dan
Masyarakat. Jakarta: Penerbit Gema Insani.
Abdull-Sukor, A. (2008). Learning assessment on the effectiveness of teaching delivery in manufacturing engineering education. Journal of Engineering Education, 7(2): 225-305.
Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (1994). Observational Techniques: Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
Ahmad Munawwar Ismail. (2009). Pengetahuan Akidah dan Penghayatan Akhlak dalam Kalangan Pelajar Sekolah Menengah. (Tesis Ph.D). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.
Ahmad Munawar Ismail & Zakaria Stapa. (2011). Pemikiran Asha’irah dalam Akidah Islam, Hubungannya Dalam Membentuk Dinamika Jati Diri Muslim. Brunei: Universiti Islam Sultan Sharif Ali.
Alavi, H. R. (2010). Al‐Ghazāli on moral education. Journal of Moral Education, 36(3): 309-319.
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (1980). The Concept of Education in Islam: A Framework for An Islamic Philosophy of Education. Kuala Lumpur: Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia.
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
87
Al-Ghazali, M. (1898). Ihya’ ‘ulum Ad-din [Revival of the religious sciences] (vol. 3). Cairo: al-Matba’a al-Azhariya.
Al-Ghazali, M. (1952). Ayyuha ‘l-wala [Letter to a disciple]. Beirut: Catholic Press. Althof, W. & Berkowitz, M. (2006). Moral education and character education: their
relationship and roles in citizenship education. Journal of Moral Education, 35(4): 495-518.
Armstrong, M. B. (1987). Moral development and accounting education. Journal of Accounting Education, 5(1): 27-43.
Aroff, A. R. M. (1984). Matlamat pendidikan moral: Suatu penilaian terhadap matlamat projek pendidikan moral di Malaysia. Jurnal Pendidik dan Pendidikan, 6: 52-59.
Aroff, A. R. M. (1986). Pengenalan Pendidikan Moral. Kuala lumpur: Siri Pendidikan Fajar Bakti.
Aroff, A. R. M. (1999). Pendidikan moral: Teori Etika dan Amalan Moral. Serdang: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Aroff, A. R. M., & Chang, L. H. (1994). Pendidikan Moral. Petaling Jaya: Longman Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.
Asmawati Suhid. (2009). Pendidikan Akhlak dan Adab Islam: Konsep dan Amalan. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn Bhd.
Astin, A.W. (1993). What Matters in College: Four Critical Years Revisited. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Attaran, M. (1989). Trends of Educational Culture and History in Iran And Europe. Tehran: Negah.
Azizi Yahaya, Jaafar Sidek Latif. (2005). Membentuk Identiti Remaja. Bentong, Pahang: PTS Publication & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.
Balakrishnan, V. (2004). Penggunaan dilema kehidupan sebenar (real-life) dalam pengajaran pendidikan moral. Jurnal Pendidikan, 24: 161-173.
Balakrishnan, V. (2006). Role of religion in moral decision-making in a pluralistic society. Jurnal Masalah Pendidikan, 29: 15-26.
Balakrishnan, V. (2010). The development of moral education in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education, 25: 89-101.
Balakrishnan, V. (2009). Pendidikan Moral untuk Universiti dan Kolej. Kuala Lumpur: Arah Pendidikan Sdn Bhd
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
88
Bandura A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Oxford: Prentice-Hall
Barnett, B. M., Evans, N. J., Rest, M. (1995). A framework for assisting student affairs staff in fostering moral development. Journal of Counseling & Development, 66(4): 191-194.
Bar-Yam, M., Kohlberg, L., & Naame, A. (1980). Moral reasoning of students in different cultural, social, and educational settings. American Journal of Education, 88(2): 345-362.
Bebeau, M. J. (1993). Designing an outcome-based ethics curriculum for professional education: Strategies and evidence of effectiveness. Journal of Moral Education, 2: 313-25.
Berk, L. E. (1989). Infants and Children. Pearson: Allyn and Bacon.
Berliner, B. (1958). The role of object relations in moral masochism. Journal of Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 27: 38-56.
Berkowitz, M. W., & Grych, J. H. (1998). Moral reasoning. Journal of Moral Education, 27(3): 371-391.
Berkowitz, M. W. (1964). Moral character among childs. Journal of Moral Education, 2(11): 112-122
Beyer, L. E. (1991). Schooling, moral commitment, and the preparation of teachers. Journal of Teacher Education, 42(3): 205 -215.
Beyer, L. E. (1997). The moral contours of teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 48(4): 245-254.
Binet, A., & Simon, T. (1914). Mentally Defective Children. London: Edward Arnold.
Blacksher, E. (2002). On being poor and feeling poor: Low socioeconomic status and the moral self. Journal of Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 23(6): 455-470.
Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (2004). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory And Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Bok, D. (2006). Our Underachieving Colleges: A Candid Look At How Much Students Learn and Why They Should Be Learning More. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bonawitz, M. F. (2002). Analysis and Comparison of The Moral Development of Students Required to Graduate with An Ethics Course. Florida: Florida International University Press.
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
89
Bonwell, C. C., & Eison, J. A. (1991). Active Learning: Creating Excitement in The Classroom. Washington, DC: ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Publication. Boss, J. A. (1994). The effect of community service work on the moral development
of college ethics students. Journal of Moral Education, 23(2): 183-198. Bowman, N. A., & Brandenberger, J. W. (2012). Experiencing the unexpected:
Toward a model of college diversity experiences and attitude change. The Review of Higher Education Journal, 35(2): 179-205.
Brown, B. B. (2004). Adolescents’ Relationships With Peers. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology (pp. 86-98). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Burwell, R. M., Butman, R. E., & Van Wicklin, J. (1992). Values Assessment at Three Consortium Colleges: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study. Houston, NY: Houghton College.
Burn K. A., & Howard, M. J. (1984). Interpreting and reporting qualitative research. Journal of Research in Nursing & Health, 7(1): 17-24.
Campbell, E. (2013). Judgment in teaching. Journal of Curriculum Inquiry, 43: 181-188.
Caravita, S. C. S, Giardino, S., Lenzi, L., Salvaterra, M. & Antonietti, A. (2012). Socio-economic factors related to moral reasoning in childhood and adolescence: The missing link between brain and behavior. Journal of Social Health, 3(4): 17-29.
Carlo, G., Fabes, R. A., Laible, D., & Kupanoff, K. (1999). Early adolescence and prosocial moral behavior II: The role of social and contextual influences. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(2): 133-147.
Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., McGinley, M., Tur-Porcar, A., Samper, P., & Streit, C. (2013). The structure and correlates of a measure of prosocial moral reasoning in adolescents from Spain. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2: 1-16.
Chang, M. (2003). Racial differences in viewpoints about contemporary issues among entering college students: Fact or fiction. NASPA Journal, 40(4): 55-71.
Chang, L. H. (1998). Moral Reasoning of Malaysian Students: A Study on Choices of Action, Values, and Orientations of 16 Year-Old Students. (Doctoral dissertation). Macquarie University.
Chang, L. H. (1994). Using dilemma vignettes in a study on moral reasoning of Malaysian students. Journal of Educational Research, 19: 47 – 68.
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
90
Chang, L. H. (2006). Teachers as agents of values: Malaysian perspective. Jurnal Pendidikan, 26: 51-60.
Chen, X. (2011). Culture, Peer Relationships, and Human Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chua, Y. P. (2006). Basic Research Statistics: Ordinal Scale and Nominal Scale Data Analysis. Kuala Lumpur: McGraw-Hill.
Chuah, T. I. (1989). Attitudes towards Environmental Issues in The Context of Moral Development of Standard Six Pupils. (M.Ed. thesis). University of Malaya. Clarkeburn H. (2002). The aims and practice of ethics education in an undergraduate
curriculum: Reasons for choosing a skills approach. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 26(4): 9-20.
Cohen, J. R., Pant, L. W., & Sharp, D. J. (1982). An examination of differences in ethical decision-making between Canadian business students and accounting professionals. Journal of Business Ethics, 30(4): 319-336.
Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Gibbs, J., Lieberman, M., Fischer, K., & Saltzstein, H. D. (1983). A longitudinal study of moral judgment. Journal of Child Development, 3: 1-124.
Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Creswell, J. W. (2008). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Michigan: SAGE Publications.
Cummings, R., Maddux, C. D., & Richmond, E. (2006). Principled moral reasoning of students in education and counseling: Assessment and intervention. Journal of Change: Transformations in Education, 7(1): 17-30. Cummings, R., Dyas, L., Maddux, C., & Kochman, A. (2001). Principled moral
reasoning and behavior of preservice teacher education students. American Education Research Journal, 38(1): 143-158.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2005). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. Frankfurt: Sage Publications.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S., (1994). Turning Points in Qualitative Research: Tying Knots in a Handkerchief. Stuttgard: Altamira Press.
Denzin, N. K. (1988). Triangulation, Educational Research Methodology, and Measurement: An International Handbook. New York: Press World
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
91
Dewey, J. (1983). How We Think: A Restatement of the Relations of Reflective Thinking to The Educative Process. Boston: D.C. Heath.
Dewing, J. (2010). Moments of movement: Active learning and practice development. Journal of Nurse Education in Practice, 10 (1): 22-26.
Dewing, J., (2008). Becoming and Being Active Learners and Creating Active Learning Workplaces: The Value of Active Learning. London: International Practice.
De Wolfe, T. E., & Jackson, L. A. (1984). Birds of a brighter feather: Level of moral reasoning and similarity of attitude as determinants of interpersonal attraction. Journal of Psychological Reports, 54(1): 303-308.
Di, Y., & Neil, H. P. (2011). Assessing students’ moral reasoning of a values-based education. Journal of Psychology Research, 6(1): 385-391.
Dodge, K., Lansford, J., & Dishion, T. (2006). Deviant Peer Influences in Programs for Youth: Problems and Solutions. New York: Guilford.
Dubas J. S., & Gerris J. R. M. (2002). Longitudinal changes in the time parents spend in activities with their adolescent children as a function of child age, pubertal status and gender. Journal of Family Psychology, 16: 415–26.
Dunn J. F., & Munn P. (1985). Becoming a family member: Family conflict and the development of social understanding in the second year. Journal of Child Development, 56: 480–492.
Durkheim, E. (2002). Moral Education. New York: Courier Dover Publications. Durkheim, E. (1961). Moral Education: A Study in The Theory and Application of
Theory. New York: Free Press.
Durkheim, E. (1956). Education and Sociology. New York: Free Press
Eisenberg, N. (2010). Age changes in prosocial responding and moral reasoning in adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15(3): 235–260.
Emler, N., Palmer‐Canton, E., & James, A. (1998). Politics, moral reasoning and the Defining Issues Test: A reply to Barnett et al. (1995). British Journal of Social Psychology, 37(4): 457-476.
Endicott, L., Bock, T., & Narvaez, D. (2003). Moral reasoning, intercultural development, and multicultural experiences: Relations and cognitive underpinnings. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4): 403-419.
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
92
Eow Boon Hin (2000). Pendidikan Moral. Petaling Jaya: Pearson Education Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.
Evans, N. J. (1995). A framework for assisting student affairs staff in fostering moral development. Journal of Counseling & Development, 66(4): 191-198.
Fadzly, M.N. (2010). Values and moral development of undergraduate accounting students at an Islamic university and a non religious university in Malaysia. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27: 239-246.
Farah, M. J., Noble, K. G., and Hurt, H. (2007). The Developing Adolescent Brain in Socioeconomic Context. In D. Romer and E.F. Walker (Eds.), Adolescent Psychopathology and the Developing Brain (pp. 81-92). Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
Fatanah Mohamed (1997). Kajian Terhadap Masalah Peribadi Pelajar-Pelajar Sekolah Berasrama Penuh dan Tidak Berasrama Penuh di Pengkalan Chepa. (Disertasi Sarjana). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Fraenkel, J. R. (1977). How to Teach About Values: An Analytic Approach. Englewood Califf, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Frankenberg, S. J., Rindstedt, C., Rubenson, B., & Holmqvist, R. (2012). Being and becoming a responsible caregiver: Negotiating guidance and control in family interaction in Tanzania. Journal of Childhood, 2(5): 124-135.
Finger, W., Borduin, C., & Baumstark, K. (1992). Correlates of moral judgement development in college students. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 153(3): 221-223.
Fisher, D. G., & Sweeney, J. T. (1998). The relationship between political attitudes and moral judgment: Examining the validity of the Defining Issues Test. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(8): 905-916.
Frederick, L., Nelson & Troy Sadler. (2013): A third space for reflection by teacher educators: A heuristic for understanding orientations and components of reflection. Journal of Reflective Practice: International and Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 14(1): 43-57.
Friday, J. (2004). Education in moral theory and the improvement of moral thought. Journal of Moral Education, 33(1): 23-33.
Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Common Ingroup Identity Model. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
Gasser, L., Malti, T., & Buholzer, A. (2013). Children's moral judgments and moral emotions following exclusion of children with disabilities: Relations with
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
93
inclusive education, age, and contact intensity. Journal of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(3): 948-958.
Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian, P. W. (2006). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications. San Francisco: SAGE publication.
Gibbs, J. C., Basinger, K. S., & Fuller, D. (1992). Context and the measurement of moral judgement. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 18(3): 537-556.
Gifford, M., & Nancy, K. T. (1992). The Relationship of Moral Reasoning Level of Instructors to Their Teaching Style and Adult Student Perception of The Learning Environment. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Nebraska. Gilligan, C. (1971). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s
Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Goodlad, J. I. (1990). The Moral Dimensions of Teaching. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Goodlad, J. I. (1994). Educational Renewal: Better Teachers, Better Schools. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Gooldin, S. (2013). ‘Emotional rights’, moral reasoning, and Jewish–Arab alliances in the regulation of in-vitro-fertilization in Israel: Theorizing the unexpected consequences of assisted reproductive technologies. Journal of Social Science & Medicine, 2(7): 223-233.
Gorman, M. (1994). Service experience and the moral development of college students. Journal of Religious Education, 89(3): 422-431.
Gottman, J. M., Katz L. F., Hooven C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(2): 243–68.
Graham, G. (1969). The Public School in The New Society. New York: Harper & Row, Greenwood.
Grimes, P. M. (1974). Teaching Moral Reasoning to Eleven Year Olds and Their Mothers: A Means of Promoting Moral Development. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Nevada.
Grossman, P. L. (1990). The Making of A Teacher: Teacher Knowledge and Teacher Education. New York: Teachers College Press
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Journal of Qualitative Research, 2: 163-194.
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
94
Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Journal of Improving Human Performance Quarterly, 8(4): 268-76.
Guthrie, K. H. (2000). Locus of control and field independence-dependence as factors in the development of moral judgment. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 146(1): 13-18.
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Journal of Psychological Review, 108(4): 814. Hamzah, S. R. A., Suandi, T., Hamzah, A., & Tamam, E. (2013). Pengaruh rakan
sebaya ke atas tingkah laku hedonistik belia IPT di Malaysia. Jurnal Teknologi, 63(1): 78-88.
Hansen, D. T. (2001). Teaching and the moral life of classrooms. Journal for A Just and Caring Education, 2(1): 59-74.
Hansen, B. A., & Morrow, L. E. (2012). Invitational inclusive education: First steps on a journey to develop perspectives and practices. Journal of Invitational Theory and Practice, 18: 27-37.
Haydon, G. (2004). Values education: Sustaining the ethical environment. Journal of Moral Education. 33(2): 115-129.
Haydon, G. (2006). Respect for persons and for cultures as a basis for national and global citizenship. Journal of Moral Education, 35(4): 457-471.
Hoffman, L. (1996). Progress and problem in the study of adolescence. Journal of Development Psychology, 32: 777-780.
Hoon, C. L. (2007). Moral reasoning of Malaysian adolescent. The International Journal of Learning, 14 (5): 149-159.
Hudec, S. M. (2002). Inducing Voluntary Community Service in Undergraduates: The Relative Contributions of Prior Experience, Coursework, and The Dispositions of Empathy and Moral Development. (Doctoral dissertation). New York University.
Huitt, W. (2000). Desired Student Outcomes. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University.
Huitt, W. (2004). Moral and Character Development. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University.
Hurt, N. (1977). The relationship of preschoolers' reasoning about prosocial moral conflicts to prosocial behavior. Journal of Child development, 1(4): 356-363.
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
95
Howey, K. R., & Zimpher, N. L. (1989). Profiles of Preservice Teacher Education. Albany: New York Press.
Hurtado, S., Mayhew, M. J., & Engberg, M. E. The Impact of The College Experience on Students’ Learning for a Diverse Democracy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Portland, OR. July 2003.
James M. L., Tonia, B., Jay, B. & Thomas, A. T. (2012). The effects of off-campus service learning on the moral reasoning of college students. Journal of Moral Education, 41(2): 189-199.
Janesick, V. J. (2000). The choreography of qualitative research design: Minuets, improvisations, and crystallization. Journal of Qualitative Research, 2: 379-399.
Jarrar, A. (2013). Moral values education in terms of graduate university students' perspectives: A Jordanian sample. Journal of International Education Studies, 6(2): 136-142.
Jas Laile Suzana Jaafar. (2008). Pengenalan Kepada Psikologi Kanak-Kanak dan Belia. Shah Alam: Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.
Jorgensen, D. L. (1989). Participant Observation: A Methodology for Human Studies. New Jersey: Sage Publications.
Joseph, P.B, & Efron S. (1993). Moral choices and moral conflicts: Teachers’ Self perceptions. Journal of Moral Education, 22: 201-21.
Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah: Sukatan Pelajaran Pendidikan Moral KBSM (2000). Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur. Laporan Awal Pelan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013-2025: Pelan Pembangunan
Pendidikan Malaysia (2012). Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur.
Laporan Jawatankuasa Kabinet Kementerian Pendidikan: Dasar Pendidikan Kebangsaan (1979). Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur Kilgannon, S. M., & Erwin, T. D. (1992). A longitudinal study about the identity and
moral development of greek students. Journal of College Student Development, 33(3): 253-59.
Kohlberg, L., & Mayer, R. (1972). Development as the aim of education. Journal of Harvard Educational Review, 42(4): 449-496.
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
96
Kohlberg, L., & Gilligan, C. (1971). The adolescent as a philosopher: The discovery of the self in a postconventional world. Journal of Early Adolescence, 100(4): 1051-1086.
Kohlberg, L. (1976). Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral development and behavior: Theory, research and social issues (pp. 67-78). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Kohlberg, L. (1981). The Meaning and Measurement of Moral Development.
Worchester, MA: Clark University Press.
Kuhn, D., & Crowell, A. (2011). Dialogic argumentation as a vehicle for developing young adolescents’ thinking. Journal of Psychological Science, 22: 545–552. Laible D., & Panfile T. (2009). Mother-Child Reminiscing in the Context of Secure
Attachment Relationships: Lessons in Understanding and Coping with Negative Emotions. In L. Johnson (Ed.), Emotion and Memory in Development: Biological, Cognitive, and Social Considerations (pp 34-49). New York: Oxford University Press
Laird, R. D., Pettit G. S., Bates J. E., & Dodge K. A. (2003). Parents’ monitoring-relevant knowledge and adolescents’ delinquent behavior: Evidence of correlated developmental changes and reciprocal influences. Journal of Child Development, 74: 752–768.
Langton, K. P. (1969). Political Socialization. New York: Oxford University Press. Lies, J. M., Bock, T., Brandenberger, J., & Trozzolo, T. A. (2012). The effects of
off-campus service learning on the moral reasoning of college students. Journal
