Orofacial Stem Cells for Cell-Based Therapies of Local and Systemic Diseases
8.4 Closing Remark
97
cardiomyocyte phenotype with beating and Nkx2-5 expression. Interestingly, these cells preserve their expression of connexin43 and appear to form gap junctions, as indicated by the transfer of dye and synchronization of calcium transients among adjacent cells. Collectively, these fi ndings strongly suggest tongue progenitors may be ideal for cell therapy in heart disease [ 37 ]. Although their in vitro studies prove promising and their in vivo fi ndings are limited, this may also be due to the markers that are used to isolate the progenitors which may not be targeted to the myogenic progenitors.
Myogenesis including cardiogenesis is complexly orchestrated. Understanding the developmental governance and the regulatory factors that determine the cell fate of the orofacial myocytes may shed light into both the function of the orofacial musculature and the cardiac repair mechanisms.
marrow and dental pulp. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(4):696–704.
16. Jensen J, et al. Dental pulp-derived stromal cells exhibit a higher osteogenic potency than bone marrow-derived stromal cells in vitro and in a porcine critical-size bone defect model. SICOT J. 2016;2:16.
17. Creuzet S, et al. Negative effect of Hox gene expression on the development of the neural crest-derived facial skeleton. Development. 2002;129(18):4301–13.
18. Caplan AI. Review: mesenchymal stem cells: cell-based reconstructive therapy in orthopedics.
Tissue Eng. 2005;11(7–8):1198–211.
19. Ding G, et al. Effect of cryopreservation on biological and immunological properties of stem cells from apical papilla. J Cell Physiol. 2010;223(2):415–22.
20. Djouad F, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells: innovative therapeutic tools for rheumatic diseases.
Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2009;5(7):392–9.
21. Li Z, et al. Immunomodulatory properties of dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
Oral Dis. 2014;20(1):25–34.
22. Yang KL, et al. A simple and effi cient method for generating Nurr1-positive neuronal stem cells from human wisdom teeth (tNSC) and the potential of tNSC for stroke therapy.
Cytotherapy. 2009;11(5):606–17.
23. Miura M, et al. SHED: stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(10):5807–12.
24. Kerkis I, et al. Isolation and characterization of a population of immature dental pulp stem cells expressing OCT-4 and other embryonic stem cell markers. Cells Tissues Organs.
2006;184(3–4):105–16.
25. Laino G, et al. In vitro bone production using stem cells derived from human dental pulp.
J Craniofac Surg. 2006;17(3):511–5.
26. Kerkis I, et al. Early transplantation of human immature dental pulp stem cells from baby teeth to golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs: local or systemic? J Transl Med.
2008;6:35.
27. Gandia C, et al. Human dental pulp stem cells improve left ventricular function, induce angio-genesis, and reduce infarct size in rats with acute myocardial infarction. Stem Cells.
2008;26(3):638–45.
28. Nor JE. Tooth regeneration in operative dentistry. Oper Dent. 2006;31(6):633–42.
29. Thesleff I, Aberg T. Molecular regulation of tooth development. Bone. 1999;25(1):123–5.
30. Tucker A, Sharpe P. The cutting-edge of mammalian development; how the embryo makes teeth. Nat Rev Genet. 2004;5(7):499–508.
31. Sakai K, et al. Human dental pulp-derived stem cells promote locomotor recovery after com-plete transection of the rat spinal cord by multiple neuro-regenerative mechanisms. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(1):80–90.
32. Zeng W, Wang C, Yang X. Identifi cation of medicinal gualou (fruit-rind of Trichosanthes) and its mixed fruits in Sichuan. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1992;17(1):9–12. 62.
33. Huang GT, Gronthos S, Shi S. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental tissues vs. those from other sources: their biology and role in regenerative medicine. J Dent Res.
2009;88(9):792–806.
99
34. Gomes JA, et al. Corneal reconstruction with tissue-engineered cell sheets composed of human immature dental pulp stem cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(3):1408–14.
35. Iohara K, et al. A novel stem cell source for vasculogenesis in ischemia: subfraction of side population cells from dental pulp. Stem Cells. 2008;26(9):2408–18.
36. van Eijden TMGJ, Turkawski SJJ. Morphology and physiology of masticatory muscle motor units. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2001;12(1):76–91.
37. Shibuya M, et al. Tongue muscle-derived stem cells express connexin 43 and improve cardiac remodeling and survival after myocardial infarction in mice. Circ J. 2010;74(6):1219–26.
38. Abraham MR, et al. Antiarrhythmic engineering of skeletal myoblasts for cardiac transplanta-tion. Circ Res. 2005;97(2):159–67.
39. Mazhari R, Hare JM. Mechanisms of action of mesenchymal stem cells in cardiac repair:
potential infl uences on the cardiac stem cell niche. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2007;4 Suppl 1:S21–6.
40. Fazel S, et al. Cardioprotective c-kit+cells are from the bone marrow and regulate the myocar-dial balance of angiogenic cytokines. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(7):1865–77.
41. Zhou B, et al. Nkx2-5- and Isl1-expressing cardiac progenitors contribute to proepicardium.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;375(3):450–3.
42. Tzahor E, Evans SM. Pharyngeal mesoderm development during embryogenesis: implications for both heart and head myogenesis. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;91(2):196–202.
43. Tirosh-Finkel L, et al. Mesoderm progenitor cells of common origin contribute to the head musculature and the cardiac outfl ow tract. Development. 2006;133(10):1943–53.
44. Kelly R. Core issues in craniofacial myogenesis. Exp Cell Res. 2010;316(18):3034–41.
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, duplica-tion, adaptaduplica-tion, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appro-priate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the work’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if such material is not included in the work’s Creative Commons license and the respective action is not permitted by statutory regu-lation, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to duplicate, adapt or reproduce the material.
8 Orofacial Stem Cells for Cell-Based Therapies of Local and Systemic Diseases
101
© The Author(s) 2017
K. Sasaki et al. (eds.), Interface Oral Health Science 2016, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1560-1_9
Abstract Dental caries is one of the most widespread diseases in humans and has become a heavy economic burden. Tremendous progress aiming at improving the clinical performance of dental composite has been made in the past decades but secondary caries still remains a main problematic issue in composite restoration failure. Recently, some novel biomaterials have been developed in caries prevention and treatment and showed broad prospects of application. Nanoparticles of amor-phous calcium phosphate (NACP) and CaF 2 were synthesized and could release calcium/phosphate and fl uoride ions, contributing to remineralize tooth lesions and neutralize acids. Biomineralization agents, PAMAM, could mimic the natural min-eralization process of dental hard tissues. Quaternary ammonium methacrylates (QAMs) were identifi ed to be effective against dental biofi lms. These biomaterials are promising for incorporation into dental composite in preventive and restorative dentistry, thus improving the effi cacy and success rate in caries prevention and treatment.
Keywords Dental caries • Dental materials • Mineralization • Antibacterial • Quaternary ammonium methacrylates • Calcium phosphate nanoparticles
L. Cheng • Y. Jiang • Y. Hu • J. Li • L. He • X. Zhou (*)
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road , Chengdu 610041 , China
Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
e-mail: [email protected] H. H. K. Xu
Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics , University of Maryland Dental School , Baltimore , MD , USA
B. Ren
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road , Chengdu 610041 , China
102
Dental caries is a dietary carbohydrate-modifi ed bacterial infectious disease caused by biofi lm acids and is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases of people world-wide [ 1 – 4 ]. It’s the main cause of oral pain and tooth loss, affecting the oral health of human beings seriously and also creating a heavy fi nancial burden; meanwhile, it has been associated with some systematic diseases as well [ 5 , 6 ]. Basically, dental caries is a multifactorial disease, but demineralization of susceptible dental hard tissues resulting from acidic by-products from bacterial fermentation of dietary car-bohydrates is considered to be the fundamental mechanism. Once biofi lm acids have caused tooth decay, the most effective treatment currently is to remove the carious tissues and fi ll the tooth cavity with a restorative material [ 7 , 8 ].
Resin-based dental composites are increasingly used for tooth cavity restoration due to their excellent esthetics and improved performance [ 9 – 12 ]. Signifi cant prog-ress has been made to equip the esthetic composite restorations with less removal of tooth structures, enhanced load-bearing properties, and improved clinical perfor-mance [ 13 – 16 ]. However, as composites tend to accumulate more biofi lms/plaques in vivo than other restorative materials, plaque adjacent to the restoration margins could lead to secondary caries [ 17 , 18 ]. Indeed, previous studies demonstrated that secondary caries and bulk fracture are considered to be the most important factors leading to dental composite restoration failure, among which secondary caries are a main reason for replacing the existing restoration materials [ 19 , 20 ]. As a result, half of all dental restorations fail within 10 years, and nearly 60 % of the average den-tist’s practice time is expended on replacing them [ 21 , 22 ]. Replacement dentistry costs $5 billion annually in the USA alone [ 23 ]. Therefore, there is a great need to explore novel anticaries materials to combat secondary caries by incorporating bio-active agents possessing remineralization and antibacterial properties into the resin composites and bonding systems.