Improving food security? Setting indicators and observing change of rural household in Central
5. Conclusion
Forest and Society. Vol. 1(1):154-161, November 2017 160
The pattern shows that household food security rose gradually, with 628 households standing in better food condition, increasing from just above 70% to 90% over the period of study (Figure 4). This is associated with the increasing food security of the household throughout the period.
This was experienced by 61 of the households that have experienced better food conditions. On the other hand the number of people who are food insecure has declined by 23.73 % over the year (Table 3).
Table 3. Food Security and the distributions
Variables Year
Pooled (N)
2001 (N)
2004 (N)
2006 (N)
Secure 628
(81.45)
183 (71.21)
201 (78.21)
244 (94.94) Insecure
143 (18.55)
74 (28.79)
56 (21.79)
13 (5.06)
N 771 257 257 257
Source: Author’s calculation from the survey data. Percentage is in parentheses.
Kuwornu, J.K.M., Mensah-Bonsu, A., & Ibrahim, H. (2011). Analysis of Foodstuff Price Volatility in Ghana: Implications for Food Security. European Journal of Business and Management 3 (4.): 100-118
Measey, M. (2010). Indonesia: A Vulnerable Country in the Face of Climate Change". Global Majority E-Journal, 1(1), 31-45.
Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment. (2015). Climate change profile Indonesia.
The report in a cooperation between the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), Ms.
K. Warner and Mr. P. van de Logt (IGG) the Centre for Development Innovation (CDI) of Wageningen UR, Ms. M. Brouwer and Mr. A.J. van Bodegom the Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP),The Netherlands.
Vyas & Lilani, K. (2006). Constructing Socio-Economic Status Indices: How To Use Principal Components Analysis. The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Oxford University Press.
World Bank. (2015). Country Data for Indonesia. Available at:
http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/indonesia/overview
Guideline for Preparing Manuscript Types of paper
1. Regular research papers. Research articles which have not been published previously, except in a preliminary form, may be submitted as regular papers/original research papers. The word limit is 8000 words (but not restricted), excluding Tables, Figures and Reference.
2. Review papers. Review papers exists for the expression of opinions, and allows authors to submit material which may not be appropriate for original research articles but which contains ideas worthy of publication, which include letter from editor or letter to editor 3. Reports. The Reports section consists of brief factual summaries of research and reports from
institutions. Reports and Review Papers should comprise 500-5000 words.
4. Book reviews and conference reports. Book reviews should comprise 800-2000 words and conference reports 1000-2500 words.
5. Forthcoming meetings. Notices of forthcoming meetings for listing in the Calendar section are welcomed. Entries must be received at least three months before publication.
6. Special Section: Section that invites original research papers and article reviews for specific themes. A special section enables us to publish papers focusing on specific themes, often related to a “hot topic”
Guideline for Online Submission
After this submission, Authors who submit the manuscript will get a confirmation email about the submission. Therefore, Authors are able to track their submission status at anytime by logging in to the online submission interface. The submission tracking includes status of manuscript review and editorial process.
Formatting requirements
There are no strict formatting requirements but all manuscripts must contain the essential elements needed to convey your manuscript, for example Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Conclusions, Artwork and Tables with Captions.
If your article includes any Videos and/or other Supplementary material, this should be included in your initial submission for peer review purposes.
Divide the article into clearly defined sections.
Preparing manuscript
Manuscript should be typed using word processors (preferably Microsoft Word) software. Please keep the words accounts as short as possible. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible as well
Manuscript submitted to this journal should follow the heading below, except for the review article: Title; Authors Name; Authors Affiliation; Abstract; Keywords; Introduction; Materials and Methods; Results and Discussion; Conclusions; Acknowledgments; and References.
Title : This is your opportunity to attract the reader‟s attention. Remember that readers are the potential authors who will cite your article. Identify the main issue of the paper. Begin with the subject of the paper. The title should be accurate, unambiguous, specific, and complete. Do not contain infrequently-used abbreviations.
Article structure
Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section numbering). Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line.
Authors Name and Affiliations
Write Author(s) names without title and professional positions such as Prof, Dr, Production Manager, etc. Do not abbreviate your last/family name. Always give your First and Last names. If you have one word name such as Isehu, write Isehu Isehu. Write clear affiliation of all Authors.
Affiliation includes: name of department/unit, (faculty), name of university, address, country.
The abstract should be clear, concise, and descriptive. This abstract should provide a brief introduction to the problem, objective of paper, followed by a statement regarding the methodology and a brief summary of results. The abstract should end with a comment on the significance of the results or a brief conclusion. Abstracts are preferably not more than 300 words.
Keywords:
Maximum of 8 keywords separated by semicolon (;), crucial to the appropriate indexing of the papers, are to be given. e.g: policy; ecology conservation; economics; interest.
Introduction
The introduction part (recommended length: 500-1000 words) gives the reader and enticing glimpse of what is to come. It must grab teh reader‟s attention by stimulating attention, interest, desire and action. In other words, the introduction must effectively “sell” the manuscript.
The introduction generally consists of: a broad statement about theme or topic of the study;
summary of available literatures and cites the most important studies that are relevant to the current research; statement about controversies, gaps, inconsistencies in the literature that the current study will address; statement about problems/questions to be addressed in the study or objectives of the study. You can also state at the end of introduction outline of the structure of the rest of the article.
Materials and Methods
Materials and methods section describes materials used in research and steps followed in the execution of the study. A brief justification for the method used is also stated so the readers can evaluate the appropriateness of the method, reliability and validity of the results.
Results (Separation or combination of Results and Discussion section is accepted)
Results should be clear and concise. The results should summarize (scientific) findings rather than providing data in great detail. Please highlight differences between your results or findings and the previous publications by other researchers.
The discussion should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them.
Separation or combination of Results and Discussion section is accepted. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature.
In discussion, it is the most important section of your article. Here you get the chance to sell your data. Make the discussion corresponding to the results, but do not reiterate the results. Often should begin with a brief summary of the main scientific findings (not experimental results). The following components should be covered in discussion: How do your results relate to the original question or objectives outlined in the Introduction section (what)? Do you provide interpretation scientifically for each of your results or findings presented (why)? Are your results consistent with what other investigators have reported (what else)? Or are there any differences?
Tables and Figures
All figures and tables should be cited in the main text as Figure 1, Table 1, etc.
Tables are sequentially numbered with the table title and number above the table. Tables should be centered in the column OR on the page. Tables should be followed by a line space. Elements of a table should be single-spaced, however double spacing can be used to show groupings of data or to separate parts within the table. Tables are referred in the text by the table number. eg: Table 1. Do not show vertical line in the table. There is only horizontal line should be shown within the table.
Figures are sequentially numbered commencing at 1 with the figure title and number below the figure as shown in Figure 1. Detailed recommendations for figures are as follows:
Ensure that figures are clear and legible with typed letterings.
Black & white or colored figures are allowed.
Hard copy illustrations should, preferably, be scanned and included in the electronic version of the submission in an appropriate format
Equations
Equations should be numbered serially within parentheses as shown in Equation (1). Equation should be prepared using MS Equation Editor (not in image format). The equation number is to be placed at the extreme right side.
Units, Abbreviations and Symbols
Metric units are preferred. Define abbreviations and symbols at the first time as they are introduced in the text.
Conclusions
Conclusions should answer the objectives of research. Tells how your work advances the field from the present state of knowledge. Without clear Conclusions, reviewers and readers will find it difficult to judge the work, and whether or not it merits publication in the journal. Do not repeat the Abstract, or just list experimental results. Provide a clear scientific justification for your work, and indicate possible applications and extensions. You should also suggest future works and/or policy implication.
Acknowledgment
Recognize those who helped in the research, especially funding supporter of your research.
Include individuals who have assisted you in your study: Advisors, Financial supporters, or may other supporter i.e. Proofreaders, Typists, and Suppliers who may have given materials.
Footnotes
Footnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article. Many word processors can build footnotes into the text, and this feature may be used. Otherwise, please indicate the position of footnotes in the text and list the footnotes themselves separately at the end of the article. Do not include footnotes in the Reference list.
Appendix
The appendix is an optional section that can contain details and data supplemental to the main text.
For example, explanations of experimental details that would disrupt the flow of the main text, but nonetheless remain crucial to understanding and reproducing the research shown; figures of replicates for experiments of which representative data is shown in the main text can be added here if brief, or as Supplementary data. Mathematical proofs of results not central to the paper can be added as an appendix. All appendix sections must be cited in the main text. In the appendixes, Figures, Tables, etc. should be labeled starting with „A‟, e.g., Figure A1, Figure A2, etc.
References
There are no strict requirements on reference formatting at submission, but we encouraging to use APA citation output. References can be in any style or format as long as the style is consistent.
Where applicable, author(s) name(s), journal title/book title, chapter title/article title, year of publication, volume number/book chapter and the pagination must be present. Use of DOI is highly encouraged. The reference style used by the journal will be applied to the accepted article by Editor at the proof stage. Note that missing data will be highlighted at proof stage for the author to correct.
Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. Please use Reference Manager Applications like EndNote, Mendeley, Zotero, etc. Use other published articles in the same journal as models.
All publications cited in the text should be included as a list of references. References are listed alphabetically. Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa).
References in the text should be in full if they have one or two authors (e.g.: Jusoff, 2013; Jusoff and Arsyad, 2013); in the case of more than three or multiple authors they should be cited as Jusoff et al. (2013) or (Jusoff et al., 2013). Full References should be provided in the References section.
Batubara, Ridwanti; 6, 68 Bong, Indah Waty; 78
Brockhaus, Maria; 9, 25, 78, 79, 81, 87, 91, 92, 93 Choenkwan, Sukanlaya; 144, 147, 152
Dhiaulhaq, Ahmad, 8, 9, 20, 25, 121, 122-124, 131-135 Febryano, Indra Gumay; 137, 142, 143
Fisher, Larry A; 8, 25, 26 Fisher, Micah; 1, 5,6, 58, 107 Gandaseca, Seca; 6, 60, 67,
Gritten, David; 8, 9, 20, 121, 134, 135
Jongruck, Patamawadee; 55, 56, 58, 98, 105, 108, Kane, Seth; 121
Kim, Yeon-Su; 6, 8, 10, 20, 25, 26 Klasen, Stephan; 154
Latifah, Sitti; 6, 8, 21, 26 Makarom, Madani; 8, 21
Maryudi, Ahmad; 1, 3, 6, 18, 26, 79, 80, 81, 87, 89-91, 94, 95 Moeliono, Moira; 25, 78, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95
Nuraeni, Sitti; 110
Nyangon, Laurna; 6, 60, 67
Pazi, Ahmad Mustapha Mohamad; 6, 60, 67
Sahide, Muhammad Alif K.; 1, 3, 4, 6, 10, 19, 26, 95 Salampessy, Messalina Lovenia; 137, 142, 143 Strasser, Hillary; 5, 6, 27
Thaworn, Rawee; 121, 134 Thuy, Pham Thu; 78
Tindit, Albert Empawi; 60, 67 Wiset, Kanchana; 121, 131, 134 Wong, Grace Yee; 78, 89, 93 Zaitunah, Anita; 6, 68 Zulfiani, Dini; 137
Keyword Index
Agroforestry; 5, 6, 25, 68-77, 92, 95, 116, 137, 138, 143 Alternative development; 6, 48, 49, 51-56, 98, 104-108 Business ethics; 27, 46
Community forestry; 3, 6, 19, 25, 26, 78- 87, 90, 92-96, 117, 137, 138 Conflict transformation; 25, 121-123, 127, 128, 130-135
Conflict resolution; 8, 12-14, 16, 18, 23, 134-136 Cost analysis; 6, 60, 63- 67
Crop substitution; 48, 53, 54, 57 CSR; 5, 27-47, 142
Debt bondage; 137, 138, 142
Drug control; 48, 51, 52, 56, 98, 99 Economical value; 68, 70, 72, 74
Empowerment; 18, 24, 78, 80, 81, 83, 86, 88, 89, 91, 93, 94, 123, 131, 134 Energy; 24, 27, 29, 31- 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 46, 60, 66, 67
food security; 55, 75, 154-156, 158-161
forest conflict; 6, 8, 10, 15, 18, 25, 26, 79, 121-123, 132, 134 Forest conservation; 48, 80, 87, 105, 107, 126, 132
Forest harvesting, 1, 5, 6, 60-67 High value crop; 55, 144
Hill tribes, 48-51, 53, 54, 57, 98, 100, 102, 107, 121 Indonesia sericulture; 110
Karen, 49, 50, 54-58, 98-109, 121, 124, 134
Land use; 1-4, 6, 9, 15, 24, 26, 75, 79, 81, 83, 86, 87, 92, 105, 109, 121, 124, 126, 128 , 130, 135,137, 144, 152
Mangrove; 1, 5, 6, 60-67, 143
Mediation; 20, 25, 26, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127-135 Mixed methods; 1
Mountain agriculture; 144
Myanmar; 1, 2, 5, 6, 27-35, 37-54, 98-102, 104, 108 NTFP development; 68, 76
Nutmeg dusung; 137, 138, 139, 140, 141 Oil and gas; 27-29, 31, 34-36, 45, 46 Opium eradication; 48, 108
Philanthropy; 27, 30, 37, 40, 43, 44 Principal agent; 137, 138, 143
Productivity; 5, 6, 9, 60-67, 73, 75, 111, 114, 118, 131, 137, 142, 145, 149, 154
Responsibility; 1, 5, 6, 8, 14, 15, 19, 23, 25, 27-30, 32, 34, 37, 39, 41-47, 53, 82, 85, 89, 140 Rural households; 154, 155, 158, 160
Rural livelihoods; 110, 118, 144 Silk disease; 110
Smallholder silk production; 110
Social forestry; 3, 4, 6, 9, 16, 78-82, 91, 93-96, 111, 117, 138
Southeast Asia, 1-6, 25, 26, 31, 49-51, 58, 59, 78-91, 93-95, 100, 108, 109, 123, 132, 134, 136 Sustainable forest management; 3, 8, 89, 137
Swiddening, 49, 51, 54-56, 98, 100, 102, 104, 105
Thailand 1, 2, 5, 6, 25, 31, 34, 46, 48-60, 92, 95, 98-109, 111, 117, 121-127, 131, 134-136, 144-148, 152
Time study; 60, 61, 62, 64, 66 Tourism Park of Sibolangit, 68 Tree mortgage system; 137-142 Unit cost; 60, 64, 66 Vietnam; 2, 49, 51, 78-96
Watershed management; 90, 121, 122, 124, 128, 129, 132, 133, 135 Zomia; 2, 48, 49, 98, 101, 107