Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded:
1. In fulfilling their daily needs, especially food needs, poor households have carried out various strategies, both for generating additional income and cutting back expenses.
2. Overall, social capital of urban poor households in Jambi Province is in category of moderate. Based on the element of social capital, it appears that elements of social norms are categorized high. On the contrary, the trust and social network element is categorized as being moderate.
3. Only 7.50 per cent of urban poor households in Jambi Province are categorized as food secure. The rest are mostly categorized as food insecure (56.50 per cent).
4. Family characteristics have a significant effect on the level of family food security. Social capital has a significant direct effect on economic coping strategies. However, social capital doesn‟t have significant direct effect on family food security. Although economic coping strategy has a significant effect on food security, it has a negative direction. It shows that the economic coping strategy for survival carried out by urban poor communities worsens the condition of household food security.
21 5.2 Recommendations
In increasing the food security of urban poor households, it is recommended that local governments regulate policies to increase household social capital and promote balanced health food patterns for poor households in particular and in urban households in general. Referring to the interrelationships between household characteristics, social capital, economic coping strategies and the level of food security, the main recommendations for policies that could be created by the government specifically are: 1) improving the knowledge and awareness of household‟s head regarding nutrition and nutrirional food; 2) encouraging community social organizations to be able to play a role in increasing social capital of urban communities; 3) growing employment opportunities for the urban poor.
In addition, to enrich and deepen the study, this study also suggests further research of other socio-economic factors that affect the level of food security of urban poor households.
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Appendix 1. Generating additional income strategies of urban poor households in Jambi Province in 2018
Strategies Score
High
1. Head of the family/mother works harder 4.49
2. Looking for side jobs 4.14
3. Starting a small business 4.02
4. Planting consumable plants in the garden/land near the house 3.92
Moderate
1. Raising livestock (chicken, goat, cow, fish, etc.) 3.50
2. Involving family members in productive age to work for additional income 2.95
3. Gathering wild foods (on the outskirts of the field/garden) 2.91
4. Seek scholarships for children's education 2.84
5. Getting food from relatives 2.41
Low
1. Receiving assistance from government 2.20
2. Receiving coupons for raskin (beras miskin) 1.94
3. Migration 1.72
Average 3.09
Source: Field survey 2018
Appendix 2. Cutting back expenses strategies of urban poor households in Jambi Province in 2018
Strategies Score
High
1. Repairing home and household appliances on their own 4.00
2. Reducing frequency of trips 3.90
3. Reducing frequency of purchasing clothes 3.83
4. Reducing frequency of purchasing household furnitures 3.81
Moderate
1. Reducing water/electricity/telephone use 3.64
2. Buying cheaper foods 3.47
3. Going to cheaper treatment place if getting sick 3.30
4. Buying cheaper medicines instead of the expensive ones if getting sick 3.20
5. Changing the priority of food purchases 3.12
6. Reducing the type of food consumed 3.03
7. Buying foods of lower value (e.g. rice – cassava) 2.80
8. Reducing food portions 2.75
Low
1. Suspending treatment if there is a sick family member 2.47
2. Children quit school 2.22
3. Reducing the amount of money for children (daily) 2.00
4. Asking/Borrowing used uniforms, shoes or books 1.90
5. Buying used uniforms, shoes, or books for school 1.62
6. Entrust children to other families temporarily or permanently 1.54
7. Children have to skip school 1.16
8. Not eating for a whole day (fasting) 1.14
Average 2.74
Source: Field survey 2018
26
Appendix 3. Social capital of urban poor households in Jambi Province in 2018
Elements of social capital Score
A. Trust 2.87
1. There is a self-trust to be able to make the best decisions for the family, for example deciding the best
for a child's life. 3.06
2. There is a self-trust to be able to make the best decisions in community, for example deciding to help
neighbors/not, deciding to interact with family/not 2.95
3. There is mutual trust as the basis / foundation in establishing relationships with all family members 3.06 4. There is mutual trust as the basis / foundation in establishing relationships with neighbors or other
community members 3.02
5. There is mutual trust as a source for making domestic work more quickly done (for example, a mother
believe her children can help her with domestic work well) 3.02
6. There is a mutual trust as a source of getting community work done faster (e.g. in mutual cooperation,
everyone believes that others have completed their respective work properly) 2.95 7. There is mutual trust as a means to create peace and reduce the chaos that arises in the family 3.17 8. There is mutual trust as a means to create peace and reduce the chaos that arises in community 2.99 9. There is mutual trust that can guarantee the integrity of the family 3.12 10. There is mutual trust that can guarantee the integrity of community or with neighbors 3.05
11. Residents in this village can be trusted 2.91
12. Residents in this village trust you (e.g. lending money or goods) 2.82
13. The community members can be trusted 2.84
14. The community members will help when you are facing difficulties (example: lending money,
taking to a hospital) 2.86
15. Keep contributing to community group activities that don't benefit you directly (example:
gotong royong) 2.87
16. When I tell secret matters to family, friends, and neighbors, they tell it to others 3.71
17. Have trust in the current government? 2.32
18. Have trust in the members of DPR/MPR as people‟s representatives? 2.22
19. Have trust in the existing NGOs? 2.21
20. Believe that the village/kelurahan apparatus has carried out their duties properly? 2.40 21. Believe that religious leaders in the community can act as moral role models? 3.03 22. Believe that community leaders in the neighborhood where you live can play a role in helping to
overcome residents‟ problems? 2.56
B. Social networks 2.56
1. There are acquinted families in the neighborhood 2.46
2. There are close families in the neighborhood 2.34
3. There are acquinted friends/relatives of husband/wife 3.04
4. There are close friends/relatives of husband/wife 3.01
5. There are close friends of children (in the neighborhood/in school/other places) 3.00 6. Friends/relatives of husband/wife come from a different ethnicity, religion, economic background,
and education background. 3.22
7. Friends/relatives of children come from a different ethnicity, religion, economic background, and
education background. 3.03
8. Organizations/groups help the family (getting access of education, traning, health, credit,
etc.) 2.62
9. If you are suddenly in need of money for family needs, how many people are willing to help? 2.68
10. The number of local organizations/groups you join 2.39
11. The engagement (activeness) in organizations or social groups 2.31
12. The engagement (activeness) in decision making in organizations/social groups 2.27 13. The engagement (activeness) in regular meeting of organizations or social groups 2.37 14. The engagement (activeness) in paying regular fees of organizations or social groups 2.36
15. Benefits of the organizations/groups you join 2.70
16. Participation in gotong royong 2.68
17. Family members participate in community group activities 2.21
18. Family members contribute money / goods in community groups 2.16
19. Family members contribute to work in community groups 2.25