Alkaline phosphatase expression activity and bone-like nodule formation in RBM cells showed a greater increase on plates with immobilized bispho-sphonate than on as-received titanium, indicating that bisphobispho-sphonate immobilization has no toxic effect on osteoblasts and that it provides a favorable microenvironment for osteogenesis [26]. In an in vivo test using beagle dogs, fluorescence was widely observed in newly formed bone tissue around bisphosphonate-immobilized implants, and the ratio of bone contact to the bisphosphonate-immobilized implants was significantly higher than around other implants at 12 weeks [38] (Fig. 6.13). In addition, confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that bone formation significantly increased around bisphosphonate-immobilized implants compared with pure titanium implants [47] (Fig. 6.14).
around implants. It is necessary to clarify the optimal thickness and solubility of CaP coatings for biomedical use.
Appendix: Significant references for this chapter
Reference Technique Evaluation, significance
2 Ion implantation Ca ions, 1017ions/cm2, Ti substrate
3 Single-beam IS Post annealing: 6008C in air for 1 hour, XRD, solubility, bond strength
4 Magnetron IS EPMA. XRD, Bond strength, in vitro, in vivo
5 IS Fluorapatite, in situ annealing, post annealing,
XRD, TEM
6 Radiofrequency IP EPMA, XRD, XPS, bond strength, dissolution
7 IBDM Post annealing, XRD, XPS, FTIR, bond strength,
dissolution
8 Ion implantation Histologic study, rat tibia
9 Magnetron IS Dissolution, XRD, FTIR
18 IBDM Post annealing, rapid heating, dissolution, bonding mechanism, EPMA, XRD, XPS
19 Magnetron IS Post annealing, rapid heating, dissolution, EPMA, XRD, FTIR
20 Elecrophoretic deposition
Crystallinity, XRD, FTIR
25 IBDM Cell culture, magnetron IS, histologic study, rabbit femur
26 Ion implantation, IBDM
Ca ions, bisphosphonate, cell culture, ALP activity
33 IS Post annealing, crystallinity, XRD, FTIR
34 Magnetron IS Surface roughness, film thickness, torque test, goat 35 Magnetron IS Surface topography, film thickness, histologic study,
goats
37 IBDM Surface topography, histologic study, rabbit femur 38 IBDM Post annealing, rapid heating, bisphosphonate,
histologic study, dogs, mandible
39 Magnetron IS Thickness, post annealing, crystallinity, histologic study, rabbits
47 Ion implantation Ca ions, bisphosphonate, histologic study, rat tibia Ti, titanium; IS, ion sputtering; XRD, x-ray diffraction; XPS, x-ray photoelectron spectro-scopy; IP, ion plating; EPMA, electron probe microanalysis; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; IBDM, ion beam dynamic mixing; ALP, alkaline phosphatase
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Calcium Phosphate Coating Produced by a Sputter Deposition Process
Joo L. Ong, Yunzhi Yang, Sunho Oh, Mark Appleford, Weihui Chen, Yongeing Liu, Kyo-Han Kim, Sangwon Park, Jeol Bumgardner, Warren Haggard, C. Mauli Agrawal, David L. Carner, and Namsik Oh
Abstract The properties of implant surfaces play critical roles in inducing a biological response. In the case of dental and orthopedic implants, deposition of calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings on these implant surfaces are often employed as means of enhancing implant osseointegration with the bone. Although most implants are coated using a plasma spraying process, sputtering is currently being accepted by some implant vendors as one of the means for depositing thin CaP coatings on dental and orthopedic implants. Acceptance of the sputtering technology and recent research are indications that the sputtering process is promising and has potential for eliminating some of the problems associated with the plasma-spraying process. This chapter discusses some of the various modes of sputtering, properties of thin CaP coatings, and the biological responses to these coatings in vitro and in vivo. The limitations and strengths of the sputtering process are also addressed.