• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Saran

Pemberian pakan sapi perah harus memperhatikan kecukupan dan keseimbangan nutrien yang dapat dicapai apabila peternak memberikan pakan yang berkualitas dengan jumlah yang proporsional atau meningkatkan jumlah dan frekuensi pemberian pakan. Peternak baiknya mengikuti pola pemberian pakan dari peternak best practice tetapi menambah sumber mineral Ca seperti pemberian kapur. Untuk mengevaluasi kualitas susu, sebaiknya ditambah parameter TPC (Total Plate Count) untuk menghitung cemaran mikroba dalam susu.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

[AOAC] Associaton of Official Analitycal Chemist. 2003. Official Method of Analysis of The Association of Official Analytical of Chemist. Virginia (USA): Association of Official Analytical Chemist.

Ayubi Al S. 2009. Kemampuan instalasi biodigester dalam mengurangi beban pencemaran limbah cair dari peternakan sapi perah Kebon Pedes Bogor.

[skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Busquet M, Calsamiglia SS, Ferret A, Kamel C. 2006. Plant extracts affect in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. J Dairy Sci. (89):761-771.

[BSN] Badan Standarisasi Nasional. 2011. Definisi Susu Segar (SNI 01-3141-2011). Jakarta (ID): Dewan Standarisasi Nasional.

Coffey MP, Simm G, Hill WG, Brotherstone S. 2003. Genetic evaluation of dairy bulls for daughter energy balance profiles using linier types scores and body condition score analyzed using random regression. J Dairy Sci. 86:

2205-2212.

Conway EJ, O’Malley E. 1942. Microdiffusion methods: ammonia and urea using buffered absorbents (revised methods for ranges greater than 10 μg N). J Biochem. 36:655-661.

Despal, Permana IG, Safarina SN, Tatra AJ. 2011. Penggunaan berbagai sumber karbohidrat terlarut air untuk meningkatkan kualitas silase daun rami. Med Pet 34(1):69-76.

Despal, Lestari A, Destianingsih Y, Malyadi Z, Hartono H, Abdullah L. 2013.

Nutriens intake and their relation to milk production and qualities under

17 traditional and small scale Indonesian dairy farms enterprises. Proceeding 3rd AINI International Seminar; 2013 Sept 24-25; Padang (ID): Universitas Andalas.

Despal, Lestari A, Abdullah L. 2014. Dairy cattle sufficiency kept under traditional farming practice during rainy and drought seasons. Proceeding of the 16th AAAP Animal Science Congress Vol II, Nov 10-14; Yogyakarta (ID): Gadjah Mada University.

Edmondson AJ, Lean IJ, Weaver LD, Farver T, Webster G. 1987. Body condition scoring chart for holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 72:68-78

Ermawati N. 2015. Pendugaan performa sapi perah berdasarkan intake dan penggunaan nutrien di peternakan rakyat kawasan Bandung Utara [skripsi].

Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.

[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization. 2015. Milk and dairy hold potential for improving nutrition of world’s poor [internet]. Rome (IT): FAO

[diunduh 2015 Nov 7]. Tersedia pada:

http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3396e/i3396e.pdf

Ferris C, Vance E, Elliot C, Kilpatrick D. 2011. A comparison of three contrasting systems of milk production for spring calving dairy cows. Conty Down (IE): Agri-Food and Biosciencies Institut.

General Laboratory Procedure. 1966. Report of Dairy Science. Madison (US):

Univ of Wisconsin.

Hartadi H, Reksohadiprodjo S, Lebdosoekojo S, Tillman A, Kearl LC, Harris LE.

1980. Tabel-Tabel dari Komposisi Bahan Makanan Ternak untuk Indonesia. Edisi keempat. Yogyakarta (ID): UGM Pr.

[Kemenperin] Kementerian Perindustrian. 2014. Konsumsi susu masih 11.09 liter per kapita [internet]. Jakarta (ID): Kemenperin [diunduh 2016 April 8).

Tersedia pada: http://www.kemenperin.go.id/artikel/8890/Konsumsi-Susu-Masih-11,09-Liter-per-Kapita

Kellems RO, Church DC. 2010. Livestock Feeds and Feeding 6th Ed. New Jersey (US): Prentice Hall.

Komalasari K, Astuti DA, Widyastuti Y, Astuti WD, Ridwan R. 2014. Rumen fermentation and milk quality of dairy cows fed complete feed silages.

Med Pet 37(1): 38-42.

Kononoff P, Heinrichs J, Varga G. 2002. Using manure score evaluation to enhance dairy cattle nutrition [internet]. Pennsylvania (US): The Pennsylvania State University [diunduh 2016 Maret 20]. Tersedia pada:

http:// people.vetmed.wsu.edu/jmgay/courses/documents/manure1.pdf Lestari AD. 2014. Evaluasi kecukupan nutrien sapi perah pada musim yang

berbeda di Koperasi Peternak Sapi Bandung Utara (KPBSU) [skripsi].

Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Lestari AD. 2015. Uji komparasi ransum berbasis infomasi status nutrisi sapi perah lokal guna peningkatan produksi susu dan profitabilitas usaha [tesis].

Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Lestari AD, Abdullah L, Despal. 2015. Comparative study of milk production and feed efficiency based on farmers best practices and national research council. Med Pet 38(2):110-117

18

Malyadi J. 2014. Evaluasi kecukupan nutrisi sapi perah kawasan usaha peternakan Cibungbulang, Bogor, Jawa Barat [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.

McDonald P, Edward RA, Greenhalgh JFD, Morgan CA. 2002. Animal Nutrition 6th Ed. Gosport (GB): Ashford Colour Pr.

McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD, Morgan CA, Sinclair LA, Wilkinson RG. 2011. Animal Nutrition 7th Ed. Gosport (GB): Ashford Colour Pr.

Menke KH, WH Close. 1986. Selected Topics in Animal Nutrition. Jerman (DE):

University of Hohenheim.

Moran J. 2012. Managing High Grade Dairy Cows in the Tropic. Australia (AU):

CSIRO Publishing.

Morand-Fehr P, V Fedele, M Decandia, Y Le Frileux. 2007. Influence of farming and feeding systems on composition and quality of goat and sheep milk. J Small Rum Res 68: 20-34.

[NRC] National Research Council. 2001. Nutrient Requirement of Dairy Cattle.

Washington DC (US): National Academy Pr.

Penn State. 2004. Beginner’s Guide to Body Condition Scoring: A Tool for Dairy Herd Management. Washington DC (US): National Academy Pr.

Reitz LL, Smith WH, Plumlee MP. 1987. A Simple Wet Oxidation Procedure for Biological Material. West Lafayee (US): Purdue University Pr.

Sutardi T. 1980. Landasan Ilmu Nutrisi. Departemen Ilmu Makanan Ternak.

Fakultas Peternakan. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Syaifudin A. 2013. Profil body condition score (BCS) sapi perah di wilayah koperasi peternakan sapi Bandung Utara (KPSBU) Lembang (studi kasus) [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Tatra AJ, Abdullah L, Despal. 2015. Dampak rumput alam dan rumput unggul dalam ransum serta pengaruhnya terhadap performa ternak. Buletin Makanan Ternak 102(1):1-8.

Taussky HH, Shorr E. 1953. A micro colorimeter method for the determination of inorganic phosphorus. J Biol. Chem. 202:675-685.

Tilley JMA, Terry RA. 1963. A two stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crop. J British Grassland. 18 :104-111.

Wall E, McFadden T. 2012. Regulation of mammary development as it relates to changes in milk production efficiency. Di dalam: Chaiyabutr N, editor.

Milk Production An Up-To-Date Overview Of Animal Nutrition, Management And Health. Croatia (HR): InTech. Hlm 257-288.

Wardeh MF. 1981. Models for esmating energy and protein utilization for feeds [disertasi]. Utah (USA): Utah State Univ Pr.

Weekly Indo Perspective. 2014. Milk: nurturing asian tiger [internet]. Jakarta (ID): CIMB Principal Asset Management [diunduh 25 April 2016].

Tersedia pada: http://www.cimb-principal.com

Zahera R, Permana IG, Despal. 2015. Utilization of mungbean’s green house fodder and silage in the ration for lactating dairy cows. Med Pet 38(2):123-131.

Lampiran 1 Analisis korelasi antara kandungan nutrien dengan performa ternak BKAbuLKPKSKBETNCaPTDNPSFLPrSNFBCSBBMS BK1.812**.673**.904**.896**.990**0.124.600**.965**0.018.326**0.2290.2160.215.373**0.1590.227 Abu1 .410**.758**.654**.755**.288*.462**.682**-0.035.302*.272*0.230.231.304**0.1970.216 LK1 .848**.410**.684**-0.068.526**.764**0.2050.054.311**.243**.268*.379**0.2220.199 PK1.680**.880**0.076.630**.911**0.0890.203.369**.290*.323**.391**0.217.247* SK1.878**0.225.441**.854**-0.139.381**0.1220.1740.153.237*0.0670.145 BETN10.065.585**.963**0.041.310**0.1980.1810.181.391**0.1340.214 Ca1 -0.147-0.027-0.1610.0070.1640.2190.1430.191-0.0060.043 P1 .613**.232*0.0970.1310.170.1810.0490.2070.221 TDN1 0.046.285*0.1970.20.198.331**0.1650.2 PS1-.242*-0.166

- .347**-.280*0.1520.0150.12 F10.209.276*.286*0.0620.0490.11 L1 .741**.905**0.0640.0670.143 Pr1 .839**0.0320.1410.102 SNF1-0.0350.140.186 BCS1.336**.383** BB1.256* MS1 Keterangan: ** sangat berbeda nyata (P<0.01); berbeda nyata (P<0.05); BK: bahan kering; LK: lemak kasar; PK: protein kasar; SK: serat kasar; BETN: bahan ekstrak tanpa nitrogen; TDN: total digestible nutrient; PS: Produksi susu; F: fat; L: laktosa; Pr: protein; SNF: solid non fat; BCS: body condition score; BB: bobot badan; MS: manure score

19

Lampiran 2 Analisis korelasi antara penggunaan nutrien dengan performa ternak VFANH3KCBKKCBOMENEl Prod.SusuFL PrSNFBCSBBMS VFA1.447** .702** .697** .603** .647** -0.067.250* 0.226.294* .240* .315** 0.110.193 NH31.566** .574** .474** .343** .262* 0.0780.0610.1120.1030.1230.1810.166 KCBK11** .922** .931** 0.039.285* .317** .260* .274* .423** 0.165.242* KCBO1.922** .927** 0.045.284* .313** .259* .272* .418** 0.171.245* ME1.933** -0.056.354** 0.1290.150.135.320** 0.0890.158 NEl1-0.125.369** .266* .233* .249*.372** 0.1130.227 Prod.Susu1-.242* -0.166-.347** -.280* 0.1520.0150.12 F10.209.276* .286* 0.0620.0490.11 L 1.741** .905** 0.0640.0670.143 Pr1.839** 0.0320.1410.102 SNF1-0.0350.140.186 BCS1.336** .383** BB1.256* MS1 Keterangan : ** sangat berbeda nyata (P<0.01); berbeda nyata (P<0.05); VFA: volatile fatty acid; NH3: ammonia; KCBK: koefisien cerna bahan kering; KCBO: koefisien cerna bahan organik; F: lemak, L: laktosa; Pr: protein; SNF: solid non fat,; BCS: body condition score; BB: bobot badan; MS: manure score

20

Lampiran 3 Kandungan nutrisi pakan Jenis pakan Bk (%)

Komposisi nutrisiMineral ABU (%) LK (%) PK (%) SK (%) Beta-N (%) Ca (%) P (%) Bahan konsentrat Konsentrat Konsentrat mulyo feed merah80.148.575.4212.6012.3561.060.2980.610 Konsentrat mulyo feed biru87.1711.046.5312.849.2560.340.5420.749 Konsentrat koperasi86.0218.001.807.0816.1257.002.8640.702 Ampas tahu Cimanggu11.983.367.5916.0621.0951.900.3930.551 Citereup12.113.147.4214.9718.5555.920.2450.400 Babakan madang11.323.759.5816.8519.7850.040.3540.546 Jakarta (mentah)14.793.543.6915.8416.5160.420.4460.691 Bogor12.801.717.2215.5620.8354.680.2900.353 Jakarta11.872.637.9421.1114.8453.480.3850.585 Ampas tempe Bogor20.093.052.3311.3232.4450.860.3800.457 Cimanggu18.533.222.0910.2633.5950.840.4160.349 Jakarta21.622.694.6313.4227.8151.450.2361.099 Hijauan Rumput Rumput Pak Ismed (R1)19.6714.481.366.2326.4851.450.2070.253 Rumput H Aput (R2) 22.438.771.677.1925.3157.060.3181.245 Rumput Pak Epi (R6)26.0912.931.337.1930.0748.483.2810.566 Rumput Pak Damyati (R8) 24.1310.223.087.1022.7356.870.0820.151 Rumput Pak Mubaroh (R10)21.5312.981.247.4222.2956.070.2360.378 Limbah sayur Limbah tauge6.966.261.9836.348.0447.380.4750.301 Limbah sawi4.2720.281.0926.4611.6840.490.2710.443 Limbah daun kol 11.3012.883.2622.329.3252.220.4020.618 Kulit jagung19.862.810.504.0928.2864.320.4750.244

21

RIWAYAT HIDUP

Dokumen terkait