Discussion - FINDING AND DISCUSSION - The effect of overlap on the use of expressive speech act

CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND DISCUSSION

B. Discussion

The researcher goes over the findings from the previous chapter. In the discussion part, the researcher looks deeper into the three research questions. First, in the DIVE Studios podcast episode "K-Pop Daebak Show," the researcher discusses the many types of expressive speech acts. Second, in the DIVE Studios podcast episode "K-Pop Daebak Show," the researcher responds to concerns about various types of overlaps. Third, the researcher addresses the research question of how overlapping in conversation affects the use of expressive speech acts.

1. Type of Expressive Speech Acts

The researcher generated 204 expressive speech actions in total, but the data used in this study are solely expressive speech acts followed by overlap. The researcher was able to identify 12 expressive speech acts that was followed by overlap based on that statement.

0 1 2 3 4 5

Repetition The lengthening of sound

Suddenly cut-off Faster in pace

The effect of the emergence of overlap

The findings show that the compliment is the expressive speech act most followed by the appearance of overlap. A compliment is often a pleasant statement that expresses admiration for goods, ideas, or people.

Complimenting someone is a common expressive speech act used to make them happy. This is in accordance with Chaer's statement (2010), which says that the expressive speech act of compliment occurs because the speaker wants to please the speaker. In the podcast researched by the researcher, the expressive speech act of compliment is used by speakers to praise the work and behavior of the interlocutor. Songs and live performances are used in this context because what is discussed in the podcast is similar to the work of a musician, given that the hosts and guest stars are singers. This can be seen in datum 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8. One example is in datum 8, "you're better than me." In that sentence, the host praised Jessi's (Stage precence) appearance as better than him.

Second, the researcher was successful in identifying one expressive speech act of thanks that was followed by the overlap. Thanking expresses our appreciation for a benefit acquired as a result of someone else's helpful or beneficial activities. Thanking is regarded a courteous type of action, and societal norms cause us to feel good about individuals who have done something for us. This statement is in line with Chaer (2010), which states that the expressive speech act of thank is a speech act in which the speaker expresses gratitude for the speaker's assistance or kind treatment of oneself.

The expressive speech act of thank is employed by the speaker in the podcast

to convey gratitude for the good treatment received from the other person, as in datum 1, 2, 9, 10, and 11. One example is in datum 1, "thanks for coming," stated by the host since Young K has agreed to be a guest star on episode 60 of the podcast.

Third, the researcher found 1 expressive speech act of boast which was followed by the overlap. This speech act conveys satisfaction with the speaker's behavior toward the interlocutor. This expressive speech act demonstrates pride. This statement is in line with Martinez (2013), who says that when someone boasts, they are feeling pleased with themselves for achieving something or getting beyond a difficult situation. The speaker hopes that by expressing his feelings of satisfaction through boasting, others will also feel a sense of pride and achievement. For example, in datum 7,

"it's pretty pretty pretty pretty pretty pretty popping." In this sentence, the host is proud of his podcast which is known by many people, especially K-Pop fans, considering that the target of the podcast is K-K-Pop fans.

Fourth, the researcher found 1 expressive speech act of welcome which was followed by the overlap. This form of expressive communication conveys happiness or joy at someone's arrival or presence. It indicates that we greet people warmly when we greet them. For example, in datum 1,

“welcome to the show.” In this sentence, the host welcomed Young K's arrival on podcast episode 60. The reception was done to appreciate Young K, who was willing to come to be a guest star, and to create a warm podcast atmosphere without any awkwardness.

In this study, it was found that the type of expressive speech act that appears the most is compliment. The reason for the frequent emergence of expressive speech acts of the compliment type in this study is because speakers often praise their interlocutors. In the podcast studied, the expressive speech act of compliment is mostly used to compliment their song. Why song? Because both of them are singers, the thing that is most likely to be praised besides their abilities is their songs. Besides that, compliments have an important function when having a conversation, especially in the context of a podcast. The host may not belittle, ridicule, or say bad things to his guest stars, which means the host is required to make the guest stars feel safe and comfortable during the podcast. Therefore, the expressive speech act of compliment is needed to create such a comfortable atmosphere.

Furthermore, the fewest expressive speech acts found are the expressive speech acts of boast and welcome. Both are also the least overlapping speech acts. This demonstrates that the podcast is not the place to brag about our accomplishments because it will make us look bad in the eyes of podcast connoisseurs. In addition, the expressive speech act of welcome is more often used to welcome guest stars according to its function of welcoming someone. This shows that the expressive speech act of welcome is only used at a certain time (when welcoming someone), unlike the expressive speech act of compliment, which can be used at any time

during the conversation. This could be one of the reasons why the expressive speech act of welcome is one of the least common.

The findings in this study are in line with research conducted by (Tanjung, 2021), who also found that the most dominant expressive speech act was praise/compliment. This is because the speaker feels admiration for objects, people, and places, which makes him often praise these things.

However, if that research used expressive speech acts of praise, to praise objects, people, and places, this research uses expressive speech acts of compliment to praise a work, such as songs, music albums, and appearances on stage, because the podcast is an artist-themed podcast.

On the other hand, the findings in this study are different from previous studies. Research conducted by (Widyowati, 2019) and (Indriyana et al., 2021) showed that the most common expressive speech act is thanking. In (Widyowati, 2019), this is because the speakers in the movie often get help from other people. Meanwhile, in (Indriyana et al., 2021), this was caused by the many netizens who thanked Joe Biden for appreciating the good things about him. Research conducted by (Anggraeni et al., 2019) showed that the most common expressive speech acts is wishing. This is because the context of this research is the COVID-19 virus. The expressive speech act of wishing is used to express hope that things will get better.

Research conducted by (Rosyadi, 2020) and (Selviyani & Pujiati, 2019) showed that the most common expressive speech acts is apologize because the character often makes mistakes that require to apologize. Research

conducted by (Mazidah, 2018) showed that the most common expressive speech acts is welcoming because EFL students and instructors were involved in this study's classroom interactions.

From the information above, it can be concluded that the differences in the findings are caused by different contexts. Therefore, the common types of expressive speech acts found are different, such as thanking, wishing, apologizing, and welcoming. Meanwhile, in this study, the expressive speech act that was found to be most common was the compliment, because it was intended to please the guest star so as not to offend the guest star and so that the podcast would run smoothly and comfortably.

2. Type of Overlap

The three video podcasts show that both the host and the guest stars appear to be quite excited. The enthusiasm of the two parties makes it common for overlaps to happen by mistake. They talked in sync because one spoke before the other had finished his sentence. The term

"overlapping" refers to this simultaneous speaking event. In the three videos analyzed. The researcher found 69 overlaps but the data used in this study are only the overlap that follows expressive speech acts. The researcher was able to identify 11 overlap that follows expressive speech acts.

The most common type of overlap that follows expressive speech acts is transitional. It can be seen in datum 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 11.

One of the example is in datum 2, when Young K started his sentence when the host had not finished saying the word "excited" in the sentence " I’m super excited for”. From the examples, it can be seen that transitional overlap appears adjacent to the Possible Completed Point (PCP) and is directed at the syntactic completeness of an utterance and transitional overlap happens when a listener enters a discussion and takes the speaker's turn at the relevant transition point, just as the current speaker is about to quit speaking. When the participants in a conversation are excited and constantly exchanging words, transitional overlap occurs. According to this statement, the host and guest stars were so enthusiastic throughout their conversation that it resulted in a continuous interchange of words and let to transitional overlap. This statement is supported by transitional overlap is the most commonly found.

Second, the researcher found 1 recognitional overlaps. It can be seen in datum 7, when the host said "pretty pretty pretty pretty popping", Jessi suddenly spoke, "I heard his pretty popping". The overlap is included in the recognitional overlap type because it occurs when Jessi starts her speech very early, when she recognizes the end of host's speech, "pretty," which will be followed by the word "pretty popping." From the explanation, recognitional overlap appears when the next speaker draws the essence or conclusions from the previous speaker's speech (knowing what the previous speaker will say that has not been completed). This shows that the host and guest stars pay close attention to the words said by their interlocutors

because they can recognize what the other person will say. However, this type is the least found. This shows that the speaker does not know what the interlocutor will say.

In this study it has been found that the most common type of overlap is the transitional type. In line with the research conducted by (Santoso &

Lukmana, 2019) also found that the most common overlap is transitional. The cause of the frequent emergence of transitional overlap itself is because the speaker (which causes the overlap) is quite active in responding to the speech of his interlocutor and has a preference for realizing speech over before a speech produced by a complete speech partner is spoken and is in the TRP area.

On the other hand, the findings in this study are different from previous studies. Research conducted by (Harahap, 2020) showed that the most common overlaps is turn-terminal, this is because the speaker often starts his speech when the interlocutor has not finished speaking. The speaker feels that the interlocutor is going to finish, but when the speaker starts talking, it turns out that the interlocutors have not finished what they said. That's where the turn-terminal overlap occurs. In this context, the difference in findings occurs because this research used Sidnell and Stivers's theory, which divides overlap into three types, namely terminal, turn-initial, and mid-turn. Meanwhile, this study used Jefferson's theory, which divides overlap into three types: transitional, progressional, and recognitional. Next, research conducted by (Iman & Winata, 2021) showed

that overlapping aims produced by Indonesian speakers are dropping, rejecting, confirming, and continuing. The findings of this study are different because the purpose of the research was to find the aims of using overlap, while this study aims to find the types of overlap.

3. The Effect of Overlaps on The Use of Expressive Speech Acts

The researcher found that there was an overlap that affected the use of expressive speech acts in the video podcast of the Youtube channel DIVE Studios for the K-Pop Daebak Show segment. The study discovered just two types of overlap that affect the use of expressive speech acts, namely transitional and recognitional overlap. The study also discovered that the emergence of overlap disrupted or affected three types of expressive speech acts, they are compliment, thank, and boast. The researcher discovered four of the six disturbances and difficulties caused by the appearance of overlaps outlined by Schegloff (2000): faster in pace, suddenly cut off, the lengthening of the sound, and repetition.

The most common effect found in the use of expressive speech acts due to overlap is repetition. The researcher found four repetitions. The repetition can be seen in datum 3, 6, 7, and 9. The expressive speech acts that are repeated due to the overlap are 2 expressive speech acts of compliment, 1 expressive speech act of thank, and 1 expressive speech act of boast. One example is in datum 3, where the host repeats the expressive speech act of compliment as a result of the emergence of transitional

overlap, "You don't lo[ok it. You don't look it.]" in the example, the host repeated his words of praise because his words were overlaid by Jessi's words, who also spoke at that time. This shows that the repetition was carried out by the presenter so that his praise was heard and well received by Jessi.

The second effect is the lengthening of the sound. Researcher found only one effect the lengthening of the sound. This effect can be seen in datum 4. Expressive speech acts that become longer are expressive speech acts of the compliment type. Datum 4 is "Oh wha : : t?! That wou[ld be ama : : zing ]" in this example, the presenter stretches the expressive speech act of compliment because Jessi speaks when the host has not finished speaking, which causes a transitional overlap. The stretching of the sound occurs in the word 'amazing' which is denoted by the colons symbol ( : ). In addition to stretching, the presenter also put a little emphasis on saying the word "amazing," which is included in the expressive speech act of compliment. By lengthening the sound, the host wanted to synchronize his overlapping words with Jessi's. So, Jessi can focus on her praise.

The third effect is faster in pace. Researcher found one such effect.

An expressive speech act whose faster in pace is boast. The speaking speed becomes faster as can be seen in datum 7. Datum 7 is "Yeah, it's pretty pre[tty pretty pretty pretty popping.] In this example, the overlap that appears is recognitional overlap. The appearance of this overlap causes the host to utter the expressive speech act of boasting faster. The speed of

speech becomes faster is is indicated by the the pair of inward symbol (  ). From the perspective of the researcher, the host uttered the expressive speech act of boasting faster because she felt embarrassed (in a positive way) when Jessi kept on bombarding her with compliments. He couldn't help but pride himself in saying his words faster. It can be seen at minutes 1:00:17–1:00:20 of episode 73 with Jessi as a guest star.

The last, the effect that the researcher found on the use of expressive speech acts due to overlap is the suddenly cut off. Researchers only found one suddenly cut off. This effect can be seen in datum 8. An expressive speech act that is interrupted suddenly is a type of compliment uttered by the presenter. Datum 8 is "I know, but like you're better than me so li[ke

is-" in this example, the expressive speech act of compliment was interrupted suddenly because Jessi spoke when the presenter had not finished speaking, which caused transitional overlap to appear. The sudden stop was indicated by the hyphen symbol (−). In the researcher's perspective when watching the podcast, the host chose to stop talking and not continue his speech because he felt his words would be useless because Jessi continued to speak quickly without any signs of stopping. It can be seen at minutes 1:03:50-1:03:52 episode 73 with Jessi as a guest star.

From the explanation above, there are 4 effects that appear, which consist of 1 faster pace, 1 sudden cutoff, 1 the lengthening of the sound, and 4 repetitions. This shows that the most frequent effect is repetition, which occurs 4 times.

This research contributes to the world of education, especially in linguistic studies. This research also proves that in this increasingly modern world, there are many objects that can be used as sources of data for research, one of which is podcasts, which have recently been loved by the wider community. It is hoped that this contribution will have as much impact as possible in the world of linguistic education, which discusses speech acts and overlaps.

and recommendations based on expressive speech acts and overlaps that can be seen in conversations between the host and guest stars in the video podcast segment of the K-Pop Daebak Show podcast episodes 60, 73, and 80 from the DIVE Studios Youtube channel. To be clear, this conclusion is founded on the findings and discussion from chapter four before. Additionally, researchers offer suggestions for potential future study projects.

C. Conclusion

In conclusion, the types of expressive speech acts found in the DIVE Studios video podcast segment of the K-Pop Daebak Show are included in the types of expressive speech acts proposed by Searle (1985). The expressive speech act that is often affected by the emergence of overlapping is the expressive speech act of compliment, as many as 4 data. Meanwhile, those that were the least affected by the emergence of overlapping were the expressive speech acts of thank and boast, each of which was 1 data.

Furthermore, according to Jefferson's theory (1984), the overlap that most influences the use of expressive speech acts is the transitional overlap, which affects the data of expressive speech acts. Meanwhile, the one that least influences the use of expressive speech acts is recognitional overlap, which only affects 1 data of

expressive speech acts. The researcher did not find any progressional overlap affecting the use of expressive speech acts.

Researchers managed to find 4 out of 6 effects that occur on the use of expressive speech acts caused by the appearance of overlap based on the theory of Schegloff (2000). The effects found are faster in pace, suddenly cut off, the lengthening of the sound, and repetition.

D. Suggestion

Based on the conclusions above, the researcher provide suggestions for next researchers. The first suggestion that can be given to next researchers is that you can read this research as a reference for researching expressive speech acts. In addition, the researcher suggests analyzing expressive speech acts in other objects such as novels, films, songs, and others. If the researcher wants to analyze the same object, the researcher can look for types of speech acts other than expressive speech acts. The next suggestion is, researchers can associate expressive speech acts with other disturbance besides overlapping. The second suggestion is for those who are just getting started with podcasting. This research will hopefully help them to demonstrate how good a podcast conversation is. Such as how to best employ expressive speech acts when speaking and respect more in turn to talk so that overlapping does not disrupt speech.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anggraeni, Y., Indrayani, L. M., & Soemantri, Y. S. (2019). The Expressive Speech Act on Ridwan Kamil’s Comments in Instagram Posting about First COVID-19 Case in Indonesia. Journal of English Education and Teaching )JEET), 3(4), 522–532.

Arifin, A. & Suprayitno, E. (2015). Flouting the Grice’s Maxims Found in Mr.

Poppers’ Penguins Movie. Proceeding of National Seminar ‘Prasasti’, 1(1),

pp. 1-8. UNS Surakarta. Retrieved online from

https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/prosidingprasasti/article/view/434/400 Austin, J. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford: Clarendon.

Chaer, Abdul. (2010). Kesantunan Berbahasa. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Chaer, Abdul. (2010). Sosiolingiustik: Perkenalan Awal. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Chamalah, Evi dan Turahmat. (2016). “Tindak Tutur Ekspresif pada Bak Truk sebagai Alternatif Materi Ajar Pragmatik”. Bahastra, Vol. 35 (2): 27—40.

DOI: Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.26555/Bahastra.V35i2.4859

Coates, J. (2013). Women, Men and Languages. A Sociolinguistics Account of Gender Differences in Language (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.

Cohen, A.D. (1996). ‘Speech acts’. Dalam N. H. Hornberger & S. L.

McKay. Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching. Cambridge: CUP

Creswell, John W. (2010). Research Design Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Mixed. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar

Gee, J.P. & Handford, M. (2013). The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis.

New York: Routledge.

Harahap, D. I. N. (2020). CONVERSATION ANALYSIS OF OVERLAPPING TALK AND BACKCHANNEL IN PRINCE HARRY AND MEGHAN MARKLE INTERVIEW. UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA.

Iman, T. R., & Winata, E. Y. (2021). Overlaps in Conversations by Speakers of Bahasa Indonesian. LINGUA JURNAL PENDIDIKAN BAHASA, 17(2), 154–

163. https://doi.org/10.34005/lingua.v17i2

Indriyana, M. B., Nurulaen, Y., & Ardiansyah, E. A. (2021). EXPRESSIVE SPEECH ACTS ON NETIZENS’ COMMENTS IN JOE BIDEN’S INSTAGRAM ACCOUNT. CALL, 3(2), 114–135.

Jefferson, Gail (1984).“Notes on some orderlinesses of overlap onset”. Discourse Analysis and Natural Rhetoric: 11-18.

Leech, Geoffrey. 1993. Prinsip-prinsip Pragmatik. Jakarta: UI Press.

Liddicoat, A. J. (2007). An Introduction to Conversation Analysis. London:

Continuum International Publishing Group.

Martinez, N. D. (2013). Illocutionary Construction In English: Cognitive Motivation and Linguistics Realization: A study of the sytactic realizations of the directive, commissive, and expressive speech acts in English. Bern: Peter Lang AG.

Mazidah, N. Y. (2018). Expressive Speech Act Found in Efl Classroom.

Moloeng, Lexy J. (2007). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya Offset.

Norrick, Neal. 1978. Expressive illocutionary acts. Journal of Pragmatics 2 (3):

277-291.

Rahardi, K. 2005. Pragmatik: Kesantunan Imperatif Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta:

Erlangga

Ronan, Patricia. (2015). “Categorizing expressive speech acts in the pragmatically annotated SPICE Ireland corpus”. ICAME Journal, Vol. 39 (1). DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1515/icame-2015-0002

Rosyadi, I. (2020). EXPRESSIVE SPEECH ACT IN COCO’S MOVIE BY DARLA K ANDERSON. In UIN Sutha Jambi.

Rustono. 1999. Pokok-Pokok Pragmatik. Semarang: IKIP Semarang Press.

Sacks, H.,Schegloff,E.A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A Simplest Systematic for the organization of turn-taking in Conversation. Language, 50,696-735.

Santoso, I., & Lukmana, S. I. (2019). TUMPANG TINDIH (OVERLAPS)

DALAM INTERAKSI PERCAKAPAN DI PERKULIAHAN

KETERAMPILAN BERBAHASA JERMAN SEBAGAI BAHASA ASING.

PARAMASASTRA Jurnal Ilmiah Bahasa Sastra Dan Pembelajarannya, 6(2), 39–55.

Dalam dokumen The effect of overlap on the use of expressive speech acts in the Podcast (Halaman 69-88)