The Millennium Development Goals call for inte-grating principles of environmental sustainability into country policies and programs and reversing environmental losses. Whether the world contin-ues to sustain itself depends largely on properly managing its natural resources. The indicators in the Environment section measure resource use and the way human activities affect the natural and built environment. They include measures of environmental goods (forest, water, cultivatable land) and of degradation (pollution, deforesta-tion, loss of habitat, and loss of biodiversity).
These indicators show that growing populations and expanding economies have placed greater demands on land, water, forests, minerals, and energy sources. But new technologies, increas-ing productivity, and better policies can ensure that future development is environmentally and socially sustainable.
Nowhere are these risks and opportunities more intertwined than in the global effort to miti-gate the effects of climate change. A continuing rise in temperature, accompanied by changes in precipitation patterns, is projected for this century, as are more frequent, severe, and pro-longed climate-related events such as floods and droughts—posing risks for agriculture, food production, and water supplies. Poor countries and the poorest people in all countries are most vulnerable to the changing climate.
The 2012 edition of World Development Indicators included two new tables on climate
change. The first presents data on carbon diox-ide emissions by economic sector from the International Energy Agency’s annual time series statistics. And the second contains country indi-cators on climate variability, exposure to impact, and resilience.
Other indicators in this section describe land use, agriculture and food production, for-ests and biodiversity, threatened species, water resources, energy use and efficiency, electricity production and use, greenhouse gas emissions, urbanization, traffic and congestion, air pollution, government commitments, and natural resource rents.
Where possible, the indicators come from international sources and are standardized to facilitate comparison across countries. But eco-systems span national boundaries, and access to natural resources may vary within countries.
For example, water may be abundant in some parts of a country but scarce in others, and countries often share water resources. Land pro-ductivity and optimal land use may be location specific, but widely separated regions can have common characteristics. Greenhouse gas emis-sions and climate change are measured globally, but their effects are experienced locally, shaping people’s lives and opportunities. Measuring envi-ronmental phenomena and their effects at the subnational, national, and supranational levels remains a major challenge for achieving long-term, sustainable development.
3
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World Development Indicators 2013Highlights
Front ? User guide World view People
EnvironmentEast Asia & Pacific: More access to improved sanitation facilities
0 20 40 60 80 100
2010 2005
2000 1995
1990
Share of population with access to improved sanitation facilities (%)
East Asia & Pacific Samoa
Tonga
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Cambodia
China
Timor-Leste
East Asia and Pacific has more than doubled the proportion of people with access to improved sanitation facilities. This is an impressive achievement, bringing access to basic sanitation facilities to more than 700 million additional people, mostly in China. Because of its size, China dominates the regional average of East Asia and Pacific.
But some countries progressed even faster than China, such as Palau, with 100 percent access in 2010. At the other end of the spectrum is Cambodia, where only 31 percent of the population has access.
Source: Table 3.
Europe & Central Asia: Emissions fall but per capita carbon dioxide emissions remain high
0 10 20 30
Carbon dioxide emissions (metric tons per capita)
1990 2009
Europe & Central Asiaa Norway Finland Greenland Netherlands Czech Republic Russian Federation
Estonia Kazakhstan Faeroe Islands Luxembourg
Carbon dioxide emissions, largely a byproduct of energy production and use, account for the largest portion of greenhouse gases released each year. Greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and other industrial gases (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluo-rocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride)—are associated with global warm-ing and environmental damage. In 2009 the world released an esti-mated 32 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, up 44 percent from 1990. In Europe and Central Asia carbon dioxide emissions fell 25 per-cent over the same period, but emissions per capita remain the highest among developing regions. Emissions of other greenhouse gases have also risen over the last two decades. In 2010 global emissions were estimated at 7.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent for methane, 2.9 billion for nitrous dioxide, and 1.0 billion for other indus-trial gases.
a. Includes countries at all income levels.
Source: Online table 3.8.
Latin America & Caribbean: The leader in clean and efficient energy
0 25 50 75 100
Middle East
& North Africa Sub-Saharan
Africa South
Asia East Asia
& Pacific Europe
& Central Asia Latin America &
Caribbean Energy use, 2010 (%)
Alternative and nuclear energy Combustible renewables and waste Fossil fuel
Latin America and the Caribbean remains one of the world’s most efficient energy-using regions, measured by the ratio of gross domestic product to energy use. Latin American countries averaged $7.70 of output per kilogram of oil-equivalent energy used in 2010 (in 2005 purchasing power parity dollars), up 12 percent from 1990. Peru, Colombia, Pan-ama, Costa Rica, and Uruguay were the region’s most efficient energy users. Clean energy from noncarbon energy sources, which consists of alternative energy (geothermal, solar, and hydropower) and nuclear energy, is also on the rise, accounting for 9.2 percent of world energy use in 2010, but 10.4 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean, high-est among developing regions. The increase in carbon dioxide emissions slowed, but the region’s emissions still rose more than 57 percent between 1990 and 2009. Mexico, Brazil, República Bolivariana de Vene-zuela, Argentina, and Colombia were the largest emitters.
Source: Online tables 3.6 and 3.8.
Middle East & North Africa: The most water-stressed region
The world has about 42 trillion cubic meters of available freshwater, but distribution is drastically uneven. The Middle East and North Africa is the most water-stressed region, with less than 1 percent of global renewable freshwater resources. At 226 billion cubic meters, the region has only 673 cubic meters of water per person, the lowest among developing regions. By contrast, Latin America and the Carib-bean, with 32 percent of world resources, has 22,810 cubic meters per person; Europe and Central Asia, with 12 percent, has 12,516 cubic meters per person; and East Asia and Pacific, with 21 percent, has 4,446 cubic meters per person.
Renewable internal freshwater resources, 2011 (%)
Latin America
& Caribbean 32%
High income 21%
East Asia
& Pacific 21%
Europe &
Central Asia 12%
Saharan Sub-Africa
9%
South Asia 5% Middle East & North Africa 0.5%
Source: Online table 3.5.
South Asia: Some of the world’s most polluted cities
South Asia has some of the most polluted air in the world, as measured by the concentration of fine suspended particulates of fewer than 10 microns in diameter (PM10), capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing severe health damage.
The PM10 estimates measure the annual exposure of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate matter. Globally, air pollution has fallen from 78 micrograms per cubic meter to 41 over the last two decades. Among developing regions the highest concentrations are in South Asia (62) and the Middle East and North Africa (59).
City-level PM10 concentration data, however, indicate that Sub- Saharan Africa has the most cities with high levels of pollution among developing regions. Even so, the PM10 concentration has dropped significantly in Sub- Saharan Africa, falling 65 percent over
1990–2010. 0 50 100 150 200
N’djamena, Chad Shubra-El-Khema, Egypt Osh, Kyrgyz Republic Niamey, Niger Bamako, Mali Montevideo, Uruguay Xi’an, China Ségou, Mali Saint-Louis, Senegal Hyderabad, Pakistan Muzaffarpur, India Dhaka, Bangladesh Maroua, Cameroon Nyala, Sudan
Particulates of less than 10 microns in diameter, 2010 (micrograms per cubic meter)
Source: Online tables 3.13 and 3.14.
Sub- Saharan Africa: Use of biomass energy for cooking and heating increases health risks
Many poor people depend on biomass energy from plant materials or animal waste for cooking and heating. Millions of deaths are caused by indoor air pollution each year, due largely to indoor particulate pol-lution. Many are children, who die of acute respiratory infections from burning fuel wood, crop residues, or animal dung (WHO 2004). These sources of energy account for 66 percent of total energy used by more than 800 million low-income inhabitants of the world. In Sub- Saharan Africa use of combustible renewables and waste, which account for more than half of total energy use, has risen almost 3 percent over the last two decades. For this region, where an estimated 67 percent of the population lacks access to any form of electrical services, use of biomass and coal—the primary cooking and heating fuel—is still on the rise.
0 25 50 75 100
Combustible renewables and waste, 2010 (% of energy use)
World
Sub-Saharan Africa Kenya Côte d’Ivoire Eritrea Zambia Mozambique Togo Nigeria Tanzania Ethiopia
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Source: Online tables 1.1 and 3.6.
54
World Development Indicators 2013Front ? User guide World view People
Environment Deforestationa Nationallyprotected areas
Internal renewable freshwater resourcesb
Access to improved water source
Access to improved sanitation facilities
Urban population
Particulate matter concentration
Carbon dioxide emissions
Energy use Electricity production
Terrestrial and marine areas
% of total territorial area
urban-population-weighted PM10 micrograms per cubic meter average
annual %
Per capita cubic meters
% of total population
% of total population
average annual
% growth
million metric tons
Per capita kilograms of oil equivalent
billion kilowatt
hours
2000–10 2010 2011 2010 2010 1990–2011 2010 2009 2010 2010
Afghanistan 0.00 0.4 1,335 50 37 4.0 30 6.3 .. ..
Albania –0.10 8.4 8,364 95 94 2.4 38 3.0 648 7.6
Algeria 0.57 6.2 313 83 95 2.6 69 121.3 1,138 45.6
American Samoa 0.19 16.7 .. .. .. 1.9 .. .. .. ..
Andorra 0.00 6.1 3,663 100 100 0.9 18 0.5 .. ..
Angola 0.21 12.1 7,544 51 58 4.1 58 26.7 716 5.3
Antigua and Barbuda 0.20 1.0 580 .. .. 1.0 13 0.5 .. ..
Argentina 0.81 5.3 6,771 .. .. 1.0 57 174.7 1,847 125.3
Armenia 1.48 8.0 2,212 98 90 0.3 45 4.5 791 6.5
Aruba 0.00 0.0 .. 100 .. 0.8 .. 2.3 .. ..
Australia 0.37 12.5 22,039 100 100 1.3 13 400.2 5,653 241.5
Austria –0.13 22.9 6,529 100 100 0.7 27 62.3 4,034 67.9
Azerbaijan 0.00 7.1 885 80 82 1.8 27 49.1 1,307 18.7
Bahamas, The 0.00 1.0 58 .. 100 1.5 .. 2.6 .. ..
Bahrain –3.55 0.7 3 .. .. 4.9 44 24.2 7,754 13.2
Bangladesh 0.18 1.6 698 81 56 3.0 115 51.0 209 42.3
Barbados 0.00 0.1 292 100 100 1.4 35 1.6 .. ..
Belarus –0.43 7.2 3,927 100 93 0.4 6 60.3 2,922 34.9
Belgium –0.16 13.2 1,089 100 100 1.2 21 103.6 5,586 93.8
Belize 0.67 20.6 44,868 98 90 3.0 12 0.4 .. ..
Benin 1.04 23.3 1,132 75 13 4.2 48 4.9 413 0.2
Bermuda 0.00 5.1 .. .. .. 0.7 .. 0.5 .. ..
Bhutan –0.34 28.3 105,653 96 44 3.9 20 0.4 .. ..
Bolivia 0.50 18.5 30,085 88 27 2.2 57 14.5 737 6.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.00 0.6 9,461 99 95 0.9 21 30.1 1,703 17.1
Botswana 0.99 30.9 1,182 96 62 2.2 64 4.4 1,128 0.5
Brazil 0.50 26.0 27,551 98 79 1.2 18 367.1 1,363 515.7
Brunei Darussalam 0.44 29.6 20,939 .. .. 2.2 44 9.3 8,308 3.9
Bulgaria –1.53 8.9 2,858 100 100 –1.7 40 42.8 2,370 46.0
Burkina Faso 1.01 14.2 737 79 17 6.2 65 1.7 .. ..
Burundi 1.40 4.8 1,173 72 46 4.9 24 0.2 .. ..
Cambodia 1.34 23.4 8,431 64 31 2.1 42 4.6 355 1.0
Cameroon 1.05 9.0 13,629 77 49 3.3 59 6.7 363 5.9
Canada 0.00 6.2 82,647 100 100 1.2 15 513.9 7,380 607.8
Cape Verde –0.36 0.2 599 88 61 2.1 .. 0.3 .. ..
Cayman Islands 0.00 1.5 .. 96 96 0.9 .. 0.5 .. ..
Central African Republic 0.13 17.7 31,425 67 34 2.6 35 0.2 .. ..
Chad 0.66 9.4 1,301 51 13 3.0 83 0.4 .. ..
Channel Islands .. 0.5 .. .. .. 0.8 .. .. .. ..
Chile –0.25 13.3 51,188 96 96 1.1 46 66.7 1,807 60.4
China –1.57 16.0 2,093 91 64 3.0 59 7,687.1 1,807 4,208.3
Hong Kong SAR, China .. 41.8 .. .. .. 0.1 .. 37.0 1,951 38.3
Macao SAR, China .. .. .. .. .. 2.2 .. 1.5 .. ..
Colombia 0.17 20.5 45,006 92 77 1.7 19 71.2 696 56.8
Comoros 9.34 .. 1,592 95 36 2.9 30 0.1 .. ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.20 10.0 13,283 45 24 4.3 35 2.7 360 7.9
Congo, Rep. 0.07 9.7 53,626 71 18 3.0 57 1.9 363 0.6
3 Environment
Environment 3
Deforestationa Nationally protected
areas
Internal renewable freshwater resourcesb
Access to improved water source
Access to improved sanitation facilities
Urban population
Particulate matter concentration
Carbon dioxide emissions
Energy use Electricity production
Terrestrial and marine areas
% of total territorial area
urban-population-weighted PM10 micrograms per cubic meter average
annual %
Per capita cubic meters
% of total population
% of total population
average annual
% growth
million metric tons
Per capita kilograms of oil equivalent
billion kilowatt
hours
2000–10 2010 2011 2010 2010 1990–2011 2010 2009 2010 2010
Costa Rica –0.93 17.6 23,780 97 95 2.2 27 8.3 998 9.6
Côte d’Ivoire –0.15 21.8 3,813 80 24 3.5 30 6.6 485 6.0
Croatia –0.19 9.5 8,562 99 99 0.2 22 21.5 1,932 14.0
Cuba –1.66 5.3 3,387 94 91 –0.1 15 31.6 975 17.4
Curaçao .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Cyprus –0.09 4.5 699 100 100 1.4 27 8.2 2,215 5.4
Czech Republic –0.08 15.1 1,253 100 98 –0.3 16 108.1 4,193 85.3
Denmark –1.14 4.1 1,077 100 100 0.6 15 45.7 3,470 38.8
Djibouti 0.00 0.0 331 88 50 2.0 28 0.5 .. ..
Dominica 0.58 3.7 .. .. .. 0.1 20 0.1 .. ..
Dominican Republic 0.00 24.1 2,088 86 83 2.1 14 20.3 840 15.9
Ecuador 1.81 38.0 29,456 94 92 2.2 19 30.1 836 17.7
Egypt, Arab Rep. –1.73 6.1 22 99 95 2.1 78 216.1 903 146.8
El Salvador 1.45 1.4 2,850 88 87 1.3 28 6.3 677 6.0
Equatorial Guinea 0.69 14.0 36,100 .. .. 3.2 6 4.8 .. ..
Eritrea 0.28 3.8 517 61 14 5.2 61 0.5 142 0.3
Estonia 0.12 22.6 9,486 98 95 0.1 9 16.0 4,155 13.0
Ethiopia 1.08 18.4 1,440 44 21 3.7 47 7.9 400 5.0
Faeroe Islands 0.00 .. .. .. .. 0.8 11 0.7 .. ..
Fiji –0.34 0.2 32,876 98 83 1.7 20 0.8 .. ..
Finland 0.14 8.5 19,858 100 100 0.6 15 53.6 6,787 80.7
France –0.39 17.1 3,057 100 100 1.2 12 363.4 4,031 564.3
French Polynesia –3.97 0.1 .. 100 98 1.1 .. 0.9 .. ..
Gabon 0.00 14.6 106,892 87 33 2.3 7 1.6 1,418 1.8
Gambia, The –0.41 1.3 1,689 89 68 3.7 60 0.4 .. ..
Georgia 0.09 3.4 12,958 98 95 1.0 49 5.8 700 10.1
Germany 0.00 42.3 1,308 100 100 0.2 16 734.6 4,003 622.1
Ghana 2.08 14.0 1,214 86 14 3.6 22 7.4 382 8.4
Greece –0.81 9.9 5,133 100 98 0.3 27 94.9 2,440 57.4
Greenland 0.00 40.1 .. 100 100 0.2 .. 0.6 .. ..
Grenada 0.00 0.1 .. .. 97 1.3 19 0.2 .. ..
Guam 0.00 3.6 .. 100 99 1.3 .. .. .. ..
Guatemala 1.40 29.5 7,400 92 78 3.4 51 15.2 713 8.8
Guinea 0.54 6.4 22,110 74 18 3.8 55 1.2 .. ..
Guinea-Bissau 0.48 26.9 10,342 64 20 3.6 48 0.3 .. ..
Guyana 0.00 4.8 318,766 94 84 0.5 20 1.6 .. ..
Haiti 0.76 0.1 1,285 69 17 3.8 35 2.3 229 0.6
Honduras 2.06 13.9 12,371 87 77 3.1 34 7.7 601 6.7
Hungary –0.62 5.1 602 100 100 0.4 15 48.7 2,567 37.4
Iceland –4.99 13.2 532,892 100 100 0.4 18 2.0 16,882 17.1
India –0.46 4.8 1,165 92 34 2.5 52 1,979.4 566 959.9
Indonesia 0.51 6.4 8,332 82 54 2.5 60 451.8 867 169.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. 0.00 6.9 1,718 96 100 1.3 56 602.1 2,817 233.0
Iraq –0.09 0.1 1,068 79 73 2.8 88 109.0 1,180 50.2
Ireland –1.53 1.2 10,707 100 99 2.7 13 41.6 3,218 28.4
Isle of Man 0.00 .. .. .. .. 0.5 .. .. .. ..
Israel –0.07 15.1 97 100 100 1.9 21 67.2 3,005 58.6
56
World Development Indicators 2013Front Front ? ? User guide User guide
World view People EnvironmentWorld view People
Environment3 Environment
Deforestationa Nationally protected
areas
Internal renewable freshwater resourcesb
Access to improved water source
Access to improved sanitation facilities
Urban population
Particulate matter concentration
Carbon dioxide emissions
Energy use Electricity production
Terrestrial and marine areas
% of total territorial area
urban-population-weighted PM10 micrograms per cubic meter average
annual %
Per capita cubic meters
% of total population
% of total population
average annual
% growth
million metric tons
Per capita kilograms of oil equivalent
billion kilowatt
hours
2000–10 2010 2011 2010 2010 1990–2011 2010 2009 2010 2010
Italy –0.90 15.9 3,005 100 .. 0.7 21 400.8 2,815 298.8
Jamaica 0.11 7.3 3,475 93 80 0.4 27 8.6 1,131 4.2
Japan –0.05 10.9 3,364 100 100 0.9 24 1,101.1 3,898 1,110.8
Jordan 0.00 1.9 110 97 98 2.5 30 22.5 1,191 14.8
Kazakhstan 0.17 2.5 3,886 95 97 1.3 18 225.8 4,595 82.6
Kenya 0.33 11.7 497 59 32 4.4 30 12.4 483 7.5
Kiribati 0.00 22.6 .. .. .. 1.8 .. 0.1 .. ..
Korea, Dem. Rep. 2.00 3.9 2,740 98 80 0.6 52 75.1 761 21.7
Korea, Rep. 0.11 3.0 1,303 98 100 1.1 30 509.4 5,060 496.7
Kosovo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,372 5.2
Kuwait –2.57 1.1 0 99 100 2.9 91 80.2 12,204 57.0
Kyrgyz Republic –1.07 6.9 8,873 90 93 1.5 35 6.7 536 11.4
Lao PDR 0.49 16.6 30,280 67 63 4.7 45 1.8 .. ..
Latvia –0.34 16.4 8,133 99 78 –8.4 12 6.7 1,971 6.6
Lebanon –0.45 0.4 1,127 100 .. 0.9 25 21.0 1,526 15.7
Lesotho –0.47 0.5 2,384 78 26 3.7 38 .. .. ..
Liberia 0.67 1.6 48,443 73 18 4.1 31 0.5 .. ..
Libya 0.00 0.1 109 .. 97 1.3 65 62.9 3,013 31.6
Liechtenstein 0.00 42.4 .. .. .. 0.5 24 .. .. ..
Lithuania –0.68 14.4 5,135 92 86 –8.0 16 12.8 2,107 5.0
Luxembourg 0.00 20.0 1,930 100 100 2.5 12 10.1 8,343 3.2
Macedonia, FYR –0.41 4.9 2,616 100 88 0.4 17 11.3 1,402 7.3
Madagascar 0.45 2.5 15,810 46 15 4.8 28 1.8 .. ..
Malawi 0.97 15.0 1,049 83 51 4.1 29 1.1 .. ..
Malaysia 0.54 13.7 20,098 100 96 2.5 18 198.3 2,558 125.3
Maldives 0.00 .. 94 98 97 4.1 28 1.0 .. ..
Mali 0.61 2.4 3,788 64 22 4.9 111 0.6 .. ..
Malta 0.00 1.7 121 100 100 0.1 .. 2.5 2,013 2.1
Marshall Islands 0.00 0.6 .. 94 75 1.9 .. 0.1 .. ..
Mauritania 2.66 1.1 113 50 26 3.0 68 2.1 .. ..
Mauritius 1.00 0.7 2,139 99 89 0.4 16 3.8 .. ..
Mexico 0.30 11.9 3,563 96 85 1.6 30 446.2 1,570 271.0
Micronesia, Fed. Sts. –0.04 0.1 .. .. .. 0.9 .. 0.1 .. ..
Moldova –1.77 1.4 281 96 85 1.4 36 4.5 731 3.6
Monaco 0.00 98.1 .. 100 100 0.1 .. .. .. ..
Mongolia 0.73 13.4 12,428 82 51 2.9 96 14.5 1,189 4.5
Montenegro 0.00 11.5 .. 98 90 0.4 .. 3.1 1,303 4.2
Morocco –0.23 1.5 899 83 70 1.6 23 48.8 517 22.3
Mozambique 0.54 14.8 4,191 47 18 3.1 22 2.6 436 16.7
Myanmar 0.93 5.2 20,750 83 76 2.5 40 11.1 292 7.5
Namibia 0.97 14.7 2,651 93 32 3.3 42 3.6 702 1.5
Nepal 0.70 17.0 6,501 89 31 3.8 27 3.5 341 3.2
Netherlands –0.14 15.2 659 100 100 0.9 30 169.7 5,021 118.1
New Caledonia 0.00 23.9 .. .. .. 1.4 48 3.0 .. ..
New Zealand –0.01 20.0 74,230 100 .. 0.9 11 32.1 4,166 44.8
Nicaragua 2.01 36.8 32,318 85 52 1.9 21 4.5 542 3.7
Niger 0.98 7.1 218 49 9 5.0 96 1.2 .. ..
Environment 3
Deforestationa Nationally protected
areas
Internal renewable freshwater resourcesb
Access to improved water source
Access to improved sanitation facilities
Urban population
Particulate matter concentration
Carbon dioxide emissions
Energy use Electricity production
Terrestrial and marine areas
% of total territorial area
urban-population-weighted PM10 micrograms per cubic meter average
annual %
Per capita cubic meters
% of total population
% of total population
average annual
% growth
million metric tons
Per capita kilograms of oil equivalent
billion kilowatt
hours
2000–10 2010 2011 2010 2010 1990–2011 2010 2009 2010 2010
Nigeria 3.67 12.6 1,360 58 31 3.8 38 70.2 714 26.1
Northern Mariana Islands 0.53 28.4 .. 98 .. 0.5 .. .. .. ..
Norway –0.80 10.9 77,124 100 100 1.6 16 47.1 6,637 124.1
Oman 0.00 9.3 492 89 99 2.6 95 41.1 7,188 19.8
Pakistan 2.24 9.8 311 92 48 2.7 91 161.2 487 94.5
Palau –0.18 4.8 .. 85 100 1.6 .. 0.2 .. ..
Panama 0.36 11.5 41,275 93 69 2.3 45 7.8 1,073 7.5
Papua New Guinea 0.48 1.4 114,203 40 45 2.8 16 3.5 .. ..
Paraguay 0.97 5.4 14,311 86 71 2.6 64 4.5 742 54.1
Peru 0.18 13.1 54,966 85 71 1.5 42 47.4 667 35.9
Philippines –0.75 5.0 5,050 92 74 2.2 17 68.6 434 67.7
Poland –0.31 21.8 1,391 .. 90 0.8 33 298.9 2,657 157.1
Portugal –0.11 6.1 3,600 99 100 0.1 18 57.4 2,213 53.7
Puerto Rico –1.76 4.4 1,915 .. .. –0.3 15 .. .. ..
Qatar 0.00 1.4 30 100 100 6.3 20 70.3 12,799 28.1
Romania –0.32 7.8 1,978 89 73 –0.2 11 79.5 1,632 60.3
Russian Federation 0.00 9.2 30,169 97 70 0.6 15 1,574.4 4,927 1,036.1
Rwanda –2.38 10.0 868 65 55 4.6 21 0.7 .. ..
Samoa 0.00 1.2 .. 96 98 –0.5 .. 0.2 .. ..
San Marino 0.00 .. .. .. .. 0.7 8 .. .. ..
São Tomé and Príncipe 0.00 .. 12,936 89 26 2.9 28 0.1 .. ..
Saudi Arabia 0.00 29.9 85 .. .. 2.5 96 432.8 6,168 240.1
Senegal 0.49 23.5 2,021 72 52 3.4 77 4.6 272 3.0
Serbia –0.99 6.0 1,158 99 92 0.2 .. 46.3 2,141 37.4
Seychelles 0.00 0.9 .. .. .. 0.1 .. 0.7 .. ..
Sierra Leone 0.69 4.3 26,678 55 13 3.2 39 1.4 .. ..
Singapore 0.00 3.4 116 100 100 2.1 23 31.9 6,456 45.4
Sint Maarten .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Slovak Republic –0.06 23.2 2,334 100 100 –0.7 13 33.9 3,280 27.5
Slovenia –0.16 13.1 9,095 99 100 0.1 26 15.3 3,520 16.2
Solomon Islands 0.25 0.1 80,939 .. .. 4.8 31 0.2 .. ..
Somalia 1.07 0.5 628 29 23 3.6 26 0.6 .. ..
South Africa 0.00 6.9 886 91 79 1.9 18 499.0 2,738 256.6
South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. 4.7 .. .. .. ..
Spain –0.68 7.6 2,408 100 100 0.4 24 288.2 2,773 299.9
Sri Lanka 1.12 15.0 2,530 91 92 1.6 65 12.7 478 10.8
St. Kitts and Nevis 0.00 0.8 452 99 96 1.5 15 0.3 .. ..
St. Lucia –0.07 2.0 .. 96 65 –2.6 31 0.4 .. ..
St. Martin 0.00 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
St. Vincent and Grenadines –0.27 1.2 .. .. .. 0.8 22 0.2 .. ..
Sudan 0.08 4.2 672 58 26 2.6c 137 14.3 371 7.8
Suriname 0.01 12.2 166,220 92 83 1.5 20 2.5 .. ..
Swaziland –0.84 3.0 2,472 71 57 1.0 30 1.0 .. ..
Sweden –0.30 10.0 18,097 100 100 0.9 10 43.7 5,468 148.5
Switzerland –0.38 24.9 5,106 100 100 1.2 20 41.6 3,349 66.1
Syrian Arab Republic –1.29 0.6 343 90 95 2.5 54 65.3 1,063 46.4
Tajikistan 0.00 4.1 9,096 64 94 1.6 29 2.8 336 16.4
58
World Development Indicators 2013Front Front ? ? User guide User guide
World view People EnvironmentWorld view People
Environment3 Environment
Deforestationa Nationally protected
areas
Internal renewable freshwater resourcesb
Access to improved water source
Access to improved sanitation facilities
Urban population
Particulate matter concentration
Carbon dioxide emissions
Energy use Electricity production
Terrestrial and marine areas
% of total territorial area
urban-population-weighted PM10 micrograms per cubic meter average
annual %
Per capita cubic meters
% of total population
% of total population
average annual
% growth
million metric tons
Per capita kilograms of oil equivalent
billion kilowatt
hours
2000–10 2010 2011 2010 2010 1990–2011 2010 2009 2010 2010
Tanzania 1.13 26.9 1,817 53 10 4.8 19 7.0 448 4.4
Thailand 0.02 17.3 3,229 96 96 1.7 53 271.7 1,699 159.5
Timor-Leste 1.40 6.4 6,986 69 47 4.2 .. 0.2 .. ..
Togo 5.13 11.0 1,868 61 13 3.4 27 1.5 446 0.1
Tonga 0.00 9.4 .. 100 96 0.9 .. 0.2 .. ..
Trinidad and Tobago 0.32 9.6 2,852 94 92 2.3 97 47.8 15,913 8.5
Tunisia –1.86 1.3 393 94 85 1.5 23 25.2 913 16.1
Turkey –1.11 1.9 3,083 100 90 2.5 35 277.8 1,445 211.2
Turkmenistan 0.00 3.0 275 .. 98 1.9 36 48.2 4,226 16.7
Turks and Caicos Islands 0.00 3.5 .. 100 .. 2.6 .. 0.2 .. ..
Tuvalu 0.00 0.2 .. 98 85 1.0 .. .. .. ..
Uganda 2.56 10.3 1,130 72 34 5.9 10 3.5 .. ..
Ukraine –0.21 3.6 1,162 98 94 –0.1 15 272.2 2,845 188.6
United Arab Emirates –0.24 4.7 19 100 98 5.3 89 156.8 8,271 97.7
United Kingdom –0.31 18.1 2,311 100 100 0.9 13 474.6 3,252 378.0
United States –0.13 13.7 9,044 99 100 1.0 18 5,299.6 7,164 4,354.4
Uruguay –2.14 0.3 17,515 100 100 0.5 112 7.9 1,241 10.8
Uzbekistan –0.20 2.3 557 87 100 2.8 31 116.5 1,533 51.7
Vanuatu 0.00 0.5 .. 90 57 3.7 14 0.1 .. ..
Venezuela, RB 0.60 50.2 24,674 .. .. 1.7 10 184.8 2,669 118.3
Vietnam –1.65 4.6 4,092 95 76 3.1 54 142.3 681 94.9
Virgin Islands (U.S.) 0.80 1.5 .. .. .. 0.1 .. .. .. ..
West Bank and Gaza –0.10 0.6 207 85 92 3.3 .. 2.2 .. ..
Yemen, Rep. 0.00 0.7 85 55 53 4.9 34 24.0 298 7.8
Zambia 0.33 36.0 5,952 61 48 5.3 27 2.0 628 11.3
Zimbabwe 1.88 28.0 961 80 40 2.7 34 8.9 764 8.1
World 0.11 w 11.9 w 6,115 s 88 w 63 w 2.1 w 41 w 32,042.2d w 1,851 w 21,448.9 w
Low income 0.61 10.0 5,125 65 37 3.6 54 229.8 363 197.4
Middle income 0.08 12.0 5,819 90 59 2.3 46 17,344.8 1,310 10,122.1
Lower middle income 0.31 8.8 3,121 87 47 2.6 53 3,884.9 667 2,138.2
Upper middle income 0.02 13.1 8,550 93 73 2.1 42 13,460.8 1,948 7,981.7
Low & middle income 0.15 11.6 5,722 86 56 2.4 47 17,574.2 1,210 10,344.7
East Asia & Pacific –0.44 13.3 4,446 90 66 2.9 55 8,936.9 1,520 4,888.8
Europe & Central Asia –0.04 7.7 12,498 96 84 0.9 21 2,863.0 3,015 1,884.3
Latin America & Carib. 0.45 19.8 22,810 94 79 1.5 28 1,533.7 1,312 1,356.4
Middle East & N. Africa –0.15 4.0 673 89 88 2.1 59 1,320.9 1,372 638.4
South Asia –0.29 5.6 1,197 90 38 2.7 62 2,215.6 519 1,120.1
Sub- Saharan Africa 0.48 11.6 4,455 61 31 3.8 41 724.0 683 441.4
High income –0.04 12.7 8,195 100 100 1.0 22 12,727.0 5,000 11,163.7
Euro area –0.31 16.5 2,933 100 100 0.6 18 2,456.1 3,633 2,352.4
a. Negative values indicate an increase in forest area. b. River flows from other countries are not included because of data unreliability. c. Excludes South Sudan. d. Includes emissions not allocated to specific countries.
Environment 3
Environmental resources are needed to promote growth and poverty reduction, but growth can create new stresses on the environment.
Deforestation, loss of biologically diverse habitat, depletion of water resources, pollution, urbanization, and ever increasing demand for energy production are some of the factors that must be considered in shaping development strategies.
Loss of forests
Forests provide habitat for many species and act as carbon sinks.
If properly managed they also provide a livelihood for people who manage and use forest resources. FAO (2010) uses a uniform defi-nition of forest to provide information on forest cover in 2010 and adjusted estimates of forest cover in 1990 and 2000. Data pre-sented here do not distinguish natural forests from plantations, a breakdown the FAO provides only for developing countries. Thus, data may underestimate the rate at which natural forest is disap-pearing in some countries.
Habitat protection and biodiversity
Deforestation is a major cause of loss of biodiversity, and habitat conservation is vital for stemming this loss. Conservation efforts have focused on protecting areas of high biodiversity. The World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) compile data on protected areas.
Differences in definitions, reporting practices, and reporting peri-ods limit cross-country comparability. Nationally protected areas are defined using the six International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories for areas of at least 1,000 hectares—
scientific reserves and strict nature reserves with limited public access, national parks of national or international significance and not materially affected by human activity, natural monuments and natural landscapes with unique aspects, managed nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes (which may include cultural landscapes), and areas managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural systems to ensure long-term protection and mainte-nance of biological diversity—as well as terrestrial protected areas not assigned to an IUCN category. Designating an area as protected does not mean that protection is in force. For small countries with protected areas smaller than 1,000 hectares, the size limit in the definition leads to underestimation of protected areas. Due to varia-tions in consistency and methods of collection, data quality is highly variable across countries. Some countries update their information more frequently than others, some have more accurate data on extent of coverage, and many underreport the number or extent of protected areas.
Freshwater resources
The data on freshwater resources are derived from estimates of runoff into rivers and recharge of groundwater. These estimates are derived from different sources and refer to different years, so cross-country comparisons should be made with caution. Data are
collected intermittently and may hide substantial year-to-year varia-tions in total renewable water resources. Data do not distinguish between seasonal and geographic variations in water availability within countries. Data for small countries and countries in arid and semiarid zones are less reliable than data for larger countries and countries with greater rainfall.
Water and sanitation
A reliable supply of safe drinking water and sanitary disposal of excreta are two of the most important means of improving human health and protecting the environment. Improved sanitation facilities prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta.
Data on access to an improved water source measure the percent-age of the population with ready access to water for domestic pur-poses, based on surveys and estimates of service users provided by governments to the Joint Monitoring Programme of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The coverage rates are based on information from service users on household use rather than on information from service providers, which may include nonfunctioning systems. Access to drinking water from an improved source does not ensure that the water is safe or adequate, as these characteristics are not tested at the time of survey. While information on access to an improved water source is widely used, it is extremely subjective; terms such as
“safe,” “improved,” “adequate,” and “reasonable” may have differ-ent meanings in differdiffer-ent countries despite official WHO definitions (see Definitions). Even in high-income countries treated water may not always be safe to drink. Access to an improved water source is equated with connection to a supply system; it does not account for variations in the quality and cost of the service.
Urbanization
There is no consistent and universally accepted standard for distin-guishing urban from rural areas and, by extension, calculating their populations. Most countries use a classification related to the size or characteristics of settlements. Some define areas based on the presence of certain infrastructure and services. Others designate areas based on administrative arrangements. Because data are based on national definitions, cross-country comparisons should be made with caution.
Air pollution
Indoor and outdoor air pollution place a major burden on world health. More than half the world’s people rely on dung, wood, crop waste, or coal to meet basic energy needs. Cooking and heating with these fuels on open fires or stoves without chimneys lead to indoor air pollution, which is responsible for 1.6 million deaths a year—one every 20 seconds. In many urban areas air pollution exposure is the main environmental threat to health. Long-term exposure to high levels of soot and small particles contributes to such health effects as respiratory diseases, lung cancer, and heart disease. Particulate About the data