Epidemiologi tidak hanya bermanfaat untuk upaya peningkatan kesehatan masyarakat tetapi juga berguna dalam praktik individual kedokteran klinis. Penerapan konsep dan metode-metode yang logis dan kuantitatif dari epidemiologi untuk memecahkan masalah-masalah yang dihadapi dalam pelayanan klinis kepada pasien, baik masalah diagnostik, prognostik, terapetik, maupun preventif, disebut epidemiologi klinik. Contoh 1, ketika seorang dokter mendengar adanya bising sistolik apikal, yakni bunyi jantung abnormal berasal dari bagian puncak (apeks) jantung ketika jantung kontraksi, bagaimana ia bisa mengetahui bahwa tanda itu mengindikasikan adanya regurgitasi mitral (yakni, membaliknya aliran darah dari ventrikel kiri ke atrium kiri)? Pengetahuan tersebut diperoleh bukan dari pengalaman memeriksa pasien, melainkan dari riset epidemiologi berbasis populasi yang menemukan adanya korelasi antara temuan-temuan auskul-tasi tentang bunyi jantung abnormal tersebut dan temuan-temuan patologis atau autopsi pada sekelompok besar pasien.
Contoh 2, tatkala seorang klinisi memberikan informasi kepada pasien bahwa tanpa terapi antiretrovirus, waktu rata-rata perkembangan infeksi HIV menjadi AIDS adalah 9 hingga 10 tahun. Rata-rata waktu kelangsungan hidup setelah mengidap AIDS adalah 9.2 bulan. Dari mana pengetahuan tentang prognosis tersebut diperoleh? Pengetahuan tersebut diperoleh bukan dari pengalaman pribadi memeriksa pasien dengan HIV/ AIDS, melainkan dari studi epidemiologi berbasis populasi yang disebut analisis kelangsungan hidup/ survival analysis (misalnya, studi Fonseca et al., 1999, tentang prognosis/ kelangsungan hidup pasien dengan se-ropositif HIV asimtomatis di Brasil).
Contoh 3, ketika klinisi memilih terapi berdasarkan ukuran-ukuran pengaruh seperti Relative Risk Reduction (RRR), Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR), dan Number Needed to Treat (NNT), dari mana ukuran-ukuran kuantitatif tersebut dikembangkan? Bukan dari klinisi murni, melainkan para klinisi yang belajar epidemiologi lalu mengadopsi prinsip dan metode epidemiologi untuk membantu pengambilan keputusan klinik, dalam subdisiplin yang disebut epidemiologi klinik. Epidemiologi klinik adalah penerapan prinsip dan metode epidemiologi untuk memecahkan masalah-masalah yang ditemukan dalam kedokteran klinis (Fletcher et al., 1996). Epidemiologi klinik adalah penerapan prinsip, metode, dan logika epidemiologi populasi untuk meningkatkan akurasi dan efisiensi diagnosis dan prognosis, meningkatkan efektivitas dan efisiensi manajemen terapi dalam praktik klinik (Sackett et al., 1991).
Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya, awal tahun 90-an para tokoh epidemiologi klinik –
Sackett, Haynes, Guyatt, dan Tugwell (1991) dan Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group (1992) dari Kanada dan Amerika Serikat memperkenalkan konsep evidence-based medicine (EBM). Evidence-based medicine menyediakan metode untuk memilih informasi yang bernilai tinggi sehingga intervensi yang diberikan klinisi kepada pasien memberikan hasil yang optimal.
Dengan ―dipersenjatai‖ seperangkat metode EBM, para klinisi diharapkan mampu menelusuri hasil-hasil penelitian, melakukan penilaian kritis, memadukan bukti-bukti yang kuat secara ilmiah, dan menerapkannya dalam keputusan praktik klinis (Shin et al., 1993; Davis et al., 1992; Davidoff et al., 1995).
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