The Patterns of Address Terms in Sambas Malay

Chapter IV Finding and Discussion

D. The Patterns of Address Terms in Sambas Malay

The writer constructs the patterns based on the functions of address terms are used, since the address term used by Sambas Malay people are various. The most used of address terms are honorific address terms and common address terms. The following are the tables of address terms patterns that used.

A. Addressing Inferior

Based on data collected, the following are the table of address terms patterns used for inferior.

4.33. The Pattern of Address Terms in Addressing Inferior.

Addressee

The Patterns

Kinship Non-Kinship

Social

Status Age

Older to Younger

Same age with High Social Status

Closed Closed Unclosed Closed Unclosed

Low

Young Superior H < C

Inferior

Superior H = C

Inferior

Superior H >C

Inferior

Superior H = C

Inferior

Superior C Inferior

Old Superior

H < C Inferior

Superior H >C

Inferior

Superior H < C

Inferior

Superior C Inferior

High

Young Superior H > C

Inferior

Superior H = C

Inferior

Superior H = C

Inferior

-Old Superior Superior Superior

H = C Inferior

H > C Inferior

H = C Inferior

In addressing inferior, the people of Sambas Malay use Honorific and Common address terms to address the addressee. In kinship terms, low social status, both young and old people, mostly use Common address terms than the Honorific address terms. On the other hands, in high social status people a little bit different in using address terms. The young people from high social status mostly use Honorific address terms than Common address terms. While the old people use Honorific and Common address terms equally.

In non-kinship terms, there are two classes of addressor, that are the older people from all social status and the same age people from high social status. The closed older people address the young people from low social status with Honorific and Common address terms equally. While the unclosed older people address young people mostly with the Honorific than the Common address terms. Furthermore, the closed older people address old people from low social status mostly with the Honorific than the Common address terms, while the unclosed mostly with Common than Honorific address terms. Then, both closed and unclosed older people address young people from high social status with Honorific and Common people equally.

While the closed older people address old people from high social status with mostly Honorific than Common address terms, then the unclosed older people use Honorific and Common address terms equally.

Beside of considering the differences of age, in addressing inferior, the writer also consider the differences of social status. The young people from low social are addressed with Honorific and Common address terms equally by the closed same age people from high social status, while the old people are addressed with Common address terms only. Then both the young and old people from low social status are addressed with Common address terms only by the same age people from high social status.

B. Addressing Colloquial

Based on data collected, the following are the table of address terms patterns used for addressing colloquial.

4.34. The Pattern of Address Terms in Addressing Colloquial

Addressee The Patterns

Social Status

Age

Kinship Non-Kinship

Closed Closed Unclosed

Low

Young S1

H=C

S1 S2

H<C

Old S1

S2 C

S1 S2

High

Young S1

H=C

S1 S2

H=C

S1 S2

H=C

Old S1

H=C

S1 S2

H=C

S1 S2

H=C

In addressing colloquial, there are in kinship and non-kinship. In kinship terms, same age people from low social status use Honorific and Common address terms equally to address each other. While the old people from low

social status use Common address terms only to address each other. On the other hands, the same age of both young and old people from high social status use Honorific and Common address terms equally to address each other.

In non-kinship, the closed same age young people from low social status use Common address terms only to address each other, while the unclosed the Honorific address terms less frequently used than Common address terms. Furthermore, both young and old people from low social status use Common address terms only to address both closed and unclosed people who has same age with them. Then both young and old people from high social status use Honorific and Common address terms equally to address both closed and unclosed people who has same age with them.

C. Addressing Superior

Based on data collected, the following are the table of address terms patterns used for superior.

4.35. The Pattern of Address Terms in Addressing Superior.

Addressee

The Patterns

Kinship Non-Kinship

Social

Status Age

Older to Younger

Same age with High Social Status

Closed Closed Unclosed Closed Unclosed

Low Young

Superior H >C

Inferior

Superior H >C

Inferior

Superior H >C

Inferior

-Old Superior H >C

Inferior

Superior H >C

Inferior

Superior H Inferior

-High

Young Superior H >C

Inferior

Superior H >C

Inferior

Superior H >C

Inferior

Superior H =C

Inferior

Superior H >C

Inferior

Old Superior

H >C Inferior

Superior H >C

Inferior

Superior H >C

Inferior

Superior H =C

Inferior

Superior H >C

Inferior

In addressing superior, all social status both young and old people whether closed or unclosed people mostly use Honorific address terms then Common address terms.

Considering to those functions, there are three logically possible patterns, as follows:

1. Two reciprocal patterns

Two reciprocal patterns here are the mutual H (Honorific) and mutual C (common). Those mutual patterns are used by low status and high status in addressing inferior, colloquial, and superior. Those patterns generate the differences of social class and ages. The differences of them are the mutual H are more frequently used by high social status and the mutual C are more frequently used by low social status.

2. Non reciprocal H - C (Honorific - Common)

Non-reciprocal H - C are used by both low and high social status to address superior and inferior reciprocally. This pattern works that superior

give C to inferior and inferior give H to superior. It is different with the grounded theory of address terms by Brown and Gilman 1964, that the pattern of non-reciprocal TLN-LN generates the social strata between superior and inferior, and differences of ages, such as parent to children. In Sambas Malay culture the pattern Non-reciprocal H-C not definitely generate the social strata and family strata, although there are sometimes happens. No matter there is a distance or difference or not between speakers, the speakers prefer to use Honorific terms than Commons terms to address each other.

Discussing address terms, we have to talk about politeness. Since address terms is much banded with a culture, which in present research, the writer focus on address terms in Sambas Malay.

According to Brown and Levinson (1987), politeness is the degree of mitigation that is required that depends on three factors:

1. Social distance (i.e. a composite of psychologically real factors such as age, sex, intimacy, etc.);

2. Relative power (i.e. usually resulting from social and economical status);

3. Ranking of imposition.

Politeness strategies are developed for the main purpose of dealing with these FTAs. Suppose when I meet an older man in Sambas, I might address him: Kau/long/pak/wak. Brown and Levinson (1987) in Yassi (2011) sum up human "politeness" behavior in four strategies, some of them are negative politeness and positive politeness.

Discussing the politeness strategy in Sambas Malay, it refers to negative politeness strategy since the closer someone the more polite in addressing each other (see appendix 4). It is different with most of European culture that the closer someone the more casual in addressing each other.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

The address terms in Sambas Malay language are worked out from a varied collection of data that includes lower social status and higher social status, which each social status is divided into older, same age, and younger than respondent both closed and unclosed relationships. The people who considered as low social status are the farmers, carpenters, and retailer. While the people who are considered as high social status are noblemen, officer, Civilian Government Workers, pilgrim man, and university students.

The address terms in Sambas Malay language is numerous, then the writer classifies them into form that based on the functions. The most common address forms that are used are the common address terms (C) and honorific address terms (H). These functions in three sort of dyadic pattern, that are the Mutual C, The mutual H, and the non-reciprocal H – C. The semantic distinction between the two mutual patterns is on the user dimension. The Mutual H more frequently used by high social status than low social status, then the Mutual C more frequently used by low social status. That means that the politeness systems in Sambas Malay language is the negative politeness (Brown and Levinson), the closed person use the honorific address terms. In the non-reciprocal pattern a distinction is made in terms of status with the higher saying C and the lower H. The distinction of using the address terms are influenced by

occupation and educations, while the intimacy (distant) does not give any significant differences.

B. Suggestion

The present research on the address terms in Sambas Malay does not end here. The address terms of Sambas Malay language based on situation and sexes are not explored yet in here, then hopefully the next researcher can explore that. Finally, I hope that the present research give the information about the address terms in Sambas Malay and the next researchers can complete the knowledge about Sambas Malay language.

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Appendix 1 Instrument Penelitian

‘Pengaruh Status Sosial pada Pemilihan Istilah Sapaan’

(Suatu kajian sosiolinguistik pada Kebudayaan Melayu Sambas) Kabupaten Sambas

Desa ………

Identitas responden

Umur : ……….

Jenis Kelamin : ………

Anak ke : ………

Pendidikan : ……….

Pekerjaan : ……….

Pekerjaan Orang Tua: ……….

Tandailah jawaban anda dengan tanda (√) pada kolom, atau isilah titik-titik jika jawaban anda berbeda dengan jawaban yang telah tersedia. Anda boleh menjawab lebih dari satu.

*Sapaan menurut urutan kelahiran: Along/Angah/Acik/Udde/Alang/dst.

A. Apa Kata Sapaan yang Digunakan oleh Keluarga Anda untuk Anda?

1. Nenek/Kakek:

 Nama  Nung/dore/jong  Nama Panggilan (………….)

 Menurut urutan Kelahiran (…………) Kakak/Abang .…..…...

2. Orang tua :

 Nama  Nung/dore/jong  Nama Panggilan (………….)

 Menurut urutan Kelahiran (…………) Kakak/Abang .…..…...

3. Paman/Bibi:

 Nama  Nung/dore/jong  Nama Panggilan (………….)

 Menurut urutan Kelahiran (…………) Kakak/Abang .…..…...

4. Kakak:

 Nama  Nung/dore/jong  Nama Panggilan (………….)

 Menurut urutan Kelahiran (…………) Kakak/Abang .…..…...

5. Adik:

 Nama  Nung/dore/jong  Nama Panggilan (………….)

 Menurut urutan Kelahiran (…………) Kakak/Abang .…..…...

6. Keponakan:

 Nama  Nung/dore/jong  Nama Panggilan (………….)

 Menurut urutan Kelahiran (…………) Kakak/Abang .…..…...

7. Sepupu:

a. Yang umurnya lebih tua dari Anda:

 Nama  Nung/dore/jong  Nama Panggilan (………….)

 Menurut urutan Kelahiran (…………) Kakak/Abang .…..…...

b. Yang umurnya sama/kurang lebih dari Anda:

 Nama  Nung/dore/jong  Nama Panggilan (………….)

 Menurut urutan Kelahiran (…………) Kakak/Abang .…..…...

c. Yang umurnya lebih muda dari Anda:

 Nama  Nung/dore/jong  Nama Panggilan (………….)

 Menurut urutan Kelahiran (…………) Kakak/Abang .…..…...

B. Apa Kata Sapaan yang Digunakan oleh Orang di Luar Keluarga Anda UNTUK ANDA?

1. Apa Sapaan Anda yang Digunakan oleh Keluarga Raja Sambas yang:

a. Usianya jauh lebih tua, dan akrab dengan Anda:

 Bapak/Ibu.  Pak/Bu + Nama. Kakak/Abang  Nama

 Menurut urutan Kelahiran (…………)  (tidak disebut)