CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
B. Suggestions
Based on the analysis of the research above, there are some suggestions that the writer proposes to :
1. English Lecture and The Department
This writer investigates maxim flouting and hedging of Cooperative Principles in a conversation, especially in court. However, there are many
71 thesis which have used the theory to investigate several topic, but the sources from the Library of Cultural Science Faculty are still considered limited.
To solve this problem, the researcher suggests that the lecturers or stakeholder give more comprehesible and recommendable sources (journal, textbooks, thesis, or etc.) about the flouting and hedging maxims. So that the students can recognize how to apply maxim flouting and hedging in conversation better.
2. Linguistics students and Readers
In Lingusitics study, The flouting and hedging maxim are the common subjects. There are many similar researches or study conducted under these subjects. Since the objects of the study is quite unusual, the writer hopes that it can be served as a reference for the linguistic study.
The writer also hopes that the study about the investigation of the hedging and flouting maxim can be continued in other objects. So it can be enriched the knowledge about the subject. Furthermore, the most impotant thing is the application on using the Cooperative principle and recognizing the flouting and hedging of maxims.
72 REFERENCES
Brown, G. & Yule, G . 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Burhan, Sarah Rosalinain.2014.Flouting Maxims In The Main Characters of UP!
Animated Movie. Unpublished Thesis. Malang : English Departments of Languages and Literature Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Brawijaya
Cook, Guy. 1989. Discourse. New York : Oxford University Press.
Cutting, J. 2002. Pragmatics and Discourse, A Resource Book for Students. London and New York: Routledge.
Grice, P. 1975. Logic and conversation. In Syntax and Semantics III: Speech Acts,ed. by Peter, C. and Jerry L. M., 41–58. New York: Academic Press.
Grundy, P. 2000. Doing Pragmatics (2nd Ed.). London: Arnold.
Hornby, A. S. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (5th Ed.). Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Jovani, Praisya. 2013. Flouting and Hedging Maxims in BBC Podcast The English We Speak Taken From BBC Learning English. Unpublished Thesis.
Malang : English Departments of Languages and Literature Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Brawijaya.
Leech, G (1983). The Principles of Pragmatics. In Oka. (Ed.). Prinsip-Prinsip Pragmatic. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.
Levinson, S. C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Levinson. Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge. Cambridge Univesity Press.
Mey, J. L. 2001. Pragmatics, An Introduction (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
73 Oktavia, Yani. 2014. The Flouting of Maxims in Movie Ice Age: Dawn of The Dinosaurs. Unpublished Thesis. Malang : English Departments of Languages and Literature Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Brawijaya
Pridham, F. 2001. The Language of Conversation. New York: Routledge.
Rokhmania, Nastiti. Descriptive Analysis on Flouting and Hedging of Conversational Maxims in the “Post Grad” Movie”. Jawa Tengah : STAIN Salatiga.
TVONE. “[Full] Sidang Jessica Wongso 5 September 2016 (Beng Beng Ong)”.
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktD0l3N1b1E Yule, G. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
74
APPENDIX
APPENDIX I Beng Beng Ong (pathologist)
00:06:50 after we ask you identity we also would like you and the translator or the enterpreteur to take an oath before thi court.
75 Yes my lord.
00:07:18 Your name is Beng Beng Ong ? Yes, My Lord.
00:07:24 Your place and date of birth ? Penang, 10 November 1964 00:07:41 Sex ? your sex ?
Male
00:07:48 Your Religion ? Budhist
00:07:58 your address ?
Now I’m staying 10th the enclif, number 10 the enclif underwood in queensland Australia.
00:08:29 What is your citizenship, nationality?
Australia
00:08:39 Do you have any [of] family relationship with the [aaa][sus] [hhm]
with the defendant ? No.
00:08:55 You are going to take an oath [aa] according to your religion.
I can take an oath according to religion or through affirmation. (1) 00:20:15 Please explain to us your experience as a forensic pathologist ?
My main type of work is to perform post-mortem examination, and I perform roughly 2500 cases, apart from the autopsy work I am an examiner for the royal college of pathologist AustralAsia in forensic pathology, I am also in the comitee of the royal college in the appointment of (spesialis terlatih), I am also a reviewer for several forensic journal, and I am also in the international criminal court of list of expert for forensic pathology.
00:23:03 Have you ever been assign to work as part of a forensic team in UK or overseas ?
76 I have been two, At least two, one is to Cosovo and the second is in Bali, Indonesia.
00:23:35 Why did you go to Cosovo ? what for ?
It is after the civil war, there were examine bodies that had been touched (penyiksaan), and I was a pathologist under the British forensic team.
00:24:20 What about your assignment in bali ? who assign you to go to Bali
?
It was through the Australian Federal Police because of the bombing disaster in Bali.
00:24:42 what examination that you perform in Bali ?
I perform post of mortem (paska kematian) examination on the victims.
00:25:04 was that, did you do that in the knowledge of the Indonesian police of Indonesia, Indonesia national police ?
Yes, and I think that I was given a certificate of appreciation. (2) 00:25:22 By whom ?
Indonesian Police 00:25:29 For what ?
For assisting in the Bali bombing disaster.
00:25:45 Could you show us the token of the appreciation that you get from Indonesian police ?
Yes
00:27:07 apart for being assign to Cosovo and Bali, have you also been assign to other contries such as Samoa, Singapore, Bruney, and Australia ? I have been an expert forensic witness in Malaysia, Singapore, bruney, and Australia. I work as a forensic pathologist in Samoa apart from Australia.
00.28.16 Have you ever make or have you ever written articles or publication for journals ?
77 I have published about 19 articles on pathology in whereas medical journal, I also have published 3 chapters of forensic pathology subjects in international textbooks.
00.41.18 Could you tell explain to the court base on your expertise, matters on the case that led to the death of the victim which clould be help or assistance of for the court ?
I have prepared a power point presentation.
00.53.22 You are basically you are explaining that cyanide if inhaled the effects will be different from when it is injected ?
Yes.
00.53.51 let me confirm with you first here we are not talking about death but about collapse, is it true ? -base on your experience what is the difference in terms of the time ellapse when somebody inhale cyanide and when somebody ingest cyanide, before they collapse ? Yes, Generally, inhalation will be faster that the ingestion. It is also dependent to the consentration of the poison. So the higher doses effects faster, and lower doses the effects will be slower. (3)
00.56.10 let’s say the amount of cyanide 100 mg, one is inhaled, the other one is ingested, which one would ingest collapse faster ?
Definitely inhalation.
00.56.44 You said, you cited in the article that when the toxin ingested the victim would collapse after 30 minutes, is that true or please give us an explaination ?
The article states clinical symptoms will arise roughly after 30 minutes.
00.57.27 So clinical symptoms due to ingestion of cyanide would appear after 30 minutes more or less ?
Yes
00.58.59 If a person ingest cyanide and within 5 minutes he or she collapses could it be concluded that the person collapse’s due to the cyanide ?
78 We have to do the examination to confirm. we cannot confirm base on the clinical circumstances.
00.58.42 But you said that the symptons would appear after 30 minutes ? Yes, because of that I cannot confirm that is due to cyanide.
00.59.25 we can see here Mirna is drinking, if I am not wrong less than 2 minutes later she collapses. Base on the theory and also based on your experience if somebody collapse after drinking something within a period of less than 5 minutes, could it be conclude because of cyanide ?
I wouldn’t suspect that is cyanide. I would consider other causes, including natural disease.
1.05.35 I would like to ask you a question did you find this in the document that I have sent to you ?
This feature was not described by the pathologist when he describe this slice.
1.06.09 what is your conclusion then ?
I would like to make the conclusion later.
1.06.33 once again, in the toxicology report that had been sent to you, you did not find this ?
It is the autopsy report, yes I did not find this.
1. 10.48 before you go on to autopsy examination, I would like to ask you, during the examination here did you find any traces of cyanide in the liver ?
I think the toxicology report, there was no cyanide detected.
(Hedging)
1.33.10 Actually what do you want to say by showing this cases report, are you going to say that if the amount of the cyanide ingested is this, and the amount of cyanide found on the stomach would be this ? This is illustrate, when cyanide is taken orally, we expect the very high level of cyanide in stomach.
79 1.43.38 You said that based on your presentation , you said that the cause of
death is cannot be determine, and you have also erlier mentioned about the negative result of liver and so on, can you say that or can you conclude that the death in this case is not cause by cyanide ? I will say that the death is very highly not to be cause by cyanide.
1.44.24 could you tell us what is an autopty actually is ?
Autopsy is an examination of the body to find a cause of death and in other circumstances to confirm that the death was due to the suspected mechanism.
1.46.33 so if a victim dies and the victim does not die in a hospital, but the victim is brought to you as a pathologiest, do you have to perform an autopsy in order to find out the cause of death of the victim ? Yes certainly. especially when the victim is young.
1.47.02 why ?
Because they can be many different cause of death, and as I mention earlier the death can be natural, and we got to find out the cause of death, not only for the family, but in some circumstances because the victim is young, he or she might die from a condition that is inheritable. And we do the post-mortem examination we can advice the family if we find a genetic cause. We need full toxicology examination especially if the person is young.
02:49:40 Without post-mortem change would it be possible for the (cairan) was negative to turn into positive.
I do not think so. it is not possible.
1.50.40 So the amount is very little, could the cyanide be detected with this very little amount ?
The first thing that I am not a toxicologist, but I know that the sensitive instruments they can analize on very little amount, but the important thing in here that is the toxicology result by the toxicologist, so I assume that the result is valid. In my center, if I
80 sent a sampel and they cannot analize it I would get result back as insufficient for analisys. (4)
1.52.56 If the result is already there then meaning that the result is valid ? That is what I assume.
1.53.14 is it your assumption or your conclusion ? My conclusion because it is a sign report.
1.57.48 In this case they are not perform any autopsy, but they have taken samples from the body, do you think that this is enough to established the cause of death ?
No. especially in a young person. As I explain earlier we have to look at all the internal organ to look any natural cause of death. Then we look at the toxicology result and based on the finding and result, we conclude the cause of death. We just cannot do one investigation and hope that, that would bring the cause of death
1.59.42 If autopsy is to be perform, which part of the body shal be examine
?
I will examine all the major organs. That is the brain, heart, liver, lungs various endeocrine organs, the gastrointestinal organ, kidneys and bladder, genetalia organs.
2.01.03 Do you think that for any death respective of the case, autopsy shall be perform ?
If a person is ready known to be ill, and a doctors is willing to issue the cause of death, then it is probably not necessary. But for young person who died unexpectedly. I think, autopsy is necessary.
2.2.27 If you have no idea about a background of the victims and then the victim was brough to the hospital shall pathology, pathological examination be perform on the victim ?
I think so, because we don not know the cause of death, we do not know, there is no medical background he essentially, we have to find out what he or dhe dies of.
81 2.3.54 You said earlier that the cause of death of the victim in this case
Mirna cannot be ascertain, how ever you also said that it is not because of cyanide, is that the statement that you made ?
Yes, as I mentioned earlier. All the test for cyanide, at all the internal organs including the stomach-aspirate are negative. Except for the stomach contains only a low lever was detected. There is nothing in the test to show that the person has dies from cyanide toxicity or cyanide poisoning.
2.05.55 What do you mean by found in a small amount within the body of the victim. Do you refer to the …. (cairan lambung) after the embalming ?
The stomach contains after the embalming obtain during the autopsy examination which is BB5.
2.06.33 While the result for BB4 are negative ?
Yes and because it is negative, it means that it is very, we can rule out she died from cyanide poisoning.
2.07.29 You said earlier that the because of the reason that you have mentioned the cause of death of the victim cannot be ascertain, please explain to us what did you mean by that ?
That means the victim or the individual has (meninggal) by from a condition. But because no post-mortem examnation then the condition cannot be found. Enhance, the cause of death even has not ascertain.
2.09.19 In the case, like this. There are 2 experts are involved, the first one is patholoigist, the other one is toxicologist, in your opinion which one has a competence to determine the cause of death ?
The first thing is that the cause of death is usually sign out by the medical doctor.
Wheter he died in a hospital or died after post-mortem examination. The second one, in a case of autopsy, the pathologist examine the body take samples for toxicology, and review the result, and base on the post-mortem examination and toxicology
82
result, he will then conclude the cause of death. The toxicologist only look at the toxicology result and therefore he cannot conclude the cause based on one item.
2.12.01 If this is the case, can a toxicologist determine the cause of death of the victim ? I don not think so
2.12.17 So are you saying that only pathologist are able to or have competence to determine the cause of death ?
In post-mortem case, yes. In a case of autopsy, yes.
2.12.49 What if there is no autopsy being perform, in this case only samples are taken from the body, in this case can the pathologist also has authority or competence to determine the cost of death ?
The pathologist have to consider carefully because it is only base toxicology result and nothing else.
2.14.14 I would like to ask you question concerning what you explained earlier about the in term of time, between cyanide poisoning by inhalation versus by ingestion, the question, how could that happen in case of suicide ?
In a person who has intention to commit suicide, when the takes the poison, he will ensure that he takes a large of doses, and because of that the poison will act faster, so in case of cyanide, because cyanide is a very strong poison, death manifestion will come in very early, even that literature has say that would take at least 5 minutes if not longer for symptoms to manifest. In case like this when the victim has only tak a sip. The amount of cyanide though adequate to kill, is just about the little lever and the manifestation may take even up to hours and death may occure only after this.
2.18.31 Lets us assume that 20 ml of cyanide get into the body of the victim and that amount is equated 289 mg of cyanide, so how come could that the result of the examination found negative in the stomach ?
Some of the cyanide will be absorb in the body to cause effects to the person. There were still a fair amount , still left in the stomach for detection.
2.20.17 How much cyanide could be left in the stomach ?
I think it is vey difficult to estimate because we do not know what really happen to the person, but assuming that the stomach contains a bit of fluid, when you diluted
83
298 mg over cyanide, the consentration still very high. For example, if there is 100 ml of fluid in the stomach, the consentration will be about 2000, so even is some of cyanide has been used up, there were still be a high consentration left behind.
2.22.22 You mean how much when you say a large content of stomach, how much, could you mention it ?
I expect to be about 100-1000 and this has been illustrated in the two cases report.
2.23.10 Lets say if the cyanide after the investigation of the cyanide, the cyanide would get in the stomach and the syanide will go in the system, will the cyanide be detected in the liver ?
I think that definitely,
2.23.41 In this case, has any cyanide been found the liver ? According to toxicology result, no.
2.24.03 You said earlier in your presentation that one of the symptoms of cyanide poisoning is bright-red discoloration, could you please explain or elaborate more on that ? The reason why the person look bright red is because of the way of cyanide works, the cyanide will inhibit an enzyme known as Cythochrome C430, to put in simple terms, it was stop the body from using oxygen. the blood on the body will contain oxygen, as we know oxygenited-blood is bright red in color, the blood that where oxygen has been taken away will be more dark or dusky red. Because there is a lot of oxigenited-blood in the person who died from cyanide toxicity, they will reveal (dari kulit).
2.26.51 What about the lips, would not the lips color turn in to dark and blackish color ? Less tendency for this to change occure in a person who died from cyanide poisoning.
2.28.11 Earlier you have explain about this picture, you mention that this is a picture of vacuolation of Basal cell, could explain once again because you earlier you mentioned that vacuolation is a sign of cyanide poisoning which you could not found in the report ?
Let me clarify, this feature has been seen in people who die from Cyanide poisoning and shows erosion of the stomach. In the pathologist report he actually examine the stomach and describe the histology report, he did not describe this feature.
84
2.30.10 Even the fact that there are no such a features in the toxicology report, what conclusion can you make?
First, Correction, it is not the toxicology report, it is the pathology report. The second, as I mentioned earlier you do not just take only one feature, you look at the overall features and then you can make a conclusion and base on this, as I mention in my slide the victim did not show any feature of cyanide toxicity, the clinical features are not typical and the toxicology analysis doe not point to cyanide and when we base on overall these features then my conclusion is the cause of death Is not ascertain and she does not appeal to die from cyanide toxicicty.
2.32.48 Before I ask questions, I would to confirm whether or not you an Australian citizen
? Yes
2.35.15 What is the objective or the intention of you coming in Indonesia ?
I consulted by Mr. otto regarding this case, I was given the information and after reviewing the information, I told Mr. otto that I can assist him.
2.36.12 When did you came to Indonesia ? I came on Saturday, 3rd of September.
2.39.24 With what visa did you came to Indonesia ? I came with a visitor visa
2.39.41 Visitor visa, what kind of visit?
There is no form to fill
2.40.42 Do you give consultation and then give an expert witness before this court in accordance you with your profession ?
Yes
2.41.01 Do you receive fee for that ? -
2.48.12 Apart from the forensic pathology examination that you conducted during the Bali bombing in Indonesia have you ever done any forensic pathology examination in Indonesia.
No.