The conceptual framework above describes that will be conducted by the researcher. The Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the field of education, requiring the government to establish policies to ensure proper learning continues. As a result, in order to avoid Covid-19, students must learn online.Online learning is a system that allows students to learn more generally, broadly, and diversely. Learning media, according to Adam
& Syastra (2015, p.79), is anything in the form of physical and technological learning processes that can assist teachers in transmitting subject matter to students in order to enable the achievement of specified learning objectives.The researcher focus on the use of smartphones in learning English during pandemic.
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Figure 1.1
The use of smartphones in learning English during pandemic 1.10 Research Method
The research methodology is a process by which researchers locate, organize, and present their study findings. Sugiyono (2017) defined a research method as a set of procedures used by researchers to collect data from data sources. However, according to (Arikunto, 2010), research procedures are a systematic series of actions for gathering the needed data.
Therefore, the actions taken to get the data, analyze it, and draw a conclusion from the research constitute the research methodology.
1.10.1 Research design and steps of the data
This research takes a qualitative approach and employed qualitative descriptive analytic methods.Qualitative research, according to Sutopo (2016, p.179), is research that results in detailed and in-depth descriptions of both conditions and processes, as well as relationships or interrelationships relating to the research objectives.
Bogdan and Taylor (in Moleong, 2014, p.4) define qualitative research as"research that produces data in the form of words, both written andspoken from individuals, as well as observable behavior”. Qualitative research aims to comprehend the phenomenon of what research participants experience, such as behavior, perception, motivation, action, and so on, comprehensively and descriptively in the form of words and
Online Learning
Learning Media
The process of using smartphones in learning English during pandemic
The advantages and disadvantages of using smartphone applications in learning English
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language, in a natural setting and utilizing various natural methodologies.
Because it possesses qualities that are suitable with qualitative research.
The descriptive qualitative design was used in this research. It discussed the use of smartphones in learning English during pandemic at MTsN 1 Majalengka. This is an analytical descriptive research, which means that in order to collect as much data as possible, it uses a variety of procedures that are organized methodically to collect data from optimal research outcomes. Because of the nature of the problem and the study aims to be achieved, the researcher using descriptive qualitative. The analytical descriptive method, as defined by Sugiyono (2015), is a method for describing or providing an overview of a research object using samples or data acquired and drawing widely accepted conclusions.
The analytical descriptive method's characteristics can be summarized as simply collecting data, research rushes to provide an overview of phenomena, and it is sometimes necessary to test hypotheses, collect data using interview techniques, and make predictions and implications of a problem under study.
In this research, the researcher face 3 phases, namely : 1) Planning
Planning belong with make the research plan, choose the research location, regulate the permission, observation, choose the information, organize the instrument, and all activities related to conduct the research. The first step before conducting the research, the researcher should make a praparation, there are:
a) Looking for permission letter from the institution.
b) Obtaining permission and approval from the school that it will be researched.
c) Asking the research plan.
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In application phase the researcher collecting the data by observation, interview, and documentation by:
a) Follow the research preparation b) Take the permission to the teacher c) Entering to the field
d) Observing the English teaching learning process by using Smartphone at MTsN 1 Leuwimunding.
3) Research Report
In the last phase, the researcher make a report related the result of observation, interview, and documentation of the research that have done at MTsN 1 Leuwimunding.
1.10.2 Source and types of the data
Data sources, according to Sutopo (2006, p.56-57), are sites where data is gathered by certain techniques, such as persons, objects, or papers.
The key data sources in qualitative research, according to Moleong (2014, p.157), are words and acts, with extra data such as documents and other sources. A combination of viewing, listening, and asking actions is used to record data sources through interviews or observations. These activities are carried out purposefully, directed, and always with the goal of getting the necessary information in a qualitative thesis. Researchers employed both primary and secondary data in this research.
The source of data in those research is one English teacher namely Mrs.Pipit Laila Fitri, S.Pd and 3 students ninth grade at MTsN 1 Majalengka. So, the total number of source of data in this research is 4 respondents.
34 1.10.2.1 Primary data
Primary data are the most important information that is directly relevant to the research's discussion.The researcher gathers primary data from the teacher and students for this research.
Primary data is information gained or collected directly in the field by the researcher or the person who requires it (Hasan, 2002, p.82).
Primary data gathered from sources such as informants or individuals, such as the finding of observations, interviews, and documentation from the original source.
In this research, In IX.2 class MTsN 1 Majalengka, primary data can be collected through online class activities.The researcher presented several descriptions of all sources result such as observations, interviews, and documentation.
1.10.2.2 Secondary data
Secondary data, on the other hand, is information retrieved or gathered from existing sources by those performing study (Hasan, 2002, p.58). Secondary data is used to back up primary data gathered from library materials, literature, previous study, books, journals, and other sources.
1.10.3 Data collection and Instrument
Three different methods are used to get the data for this research.
The three basic techniques are observation, interviews, and documentation.
The researcher herself is the instrument for this study. The researcher is vital to every step of the research process, including gathering and analyzing data (Cresswell, 2009, p.175). In which the researcher isresponsible for deciding the research's focus, choosing informants as data sources, collecting data, evaluating the data's quality, analyzing data, interpreting data, and drawing conclusions about her findings.
35 1.10.3.1 Data Collection Techniques
There are certain data collection techniques, according to Suharsimi Arikunto. Test, questionnaire, interview, observation, rating scale, and documentation are the different types of tests.
Observation, interview, and documentation were employed as techniques in this study.Researchers use the following methods to collect data:
1.10.3.1.1 Observation
Observation is a method of gathering data in order to create a realistic image of an event or series of occurrences in order to answer research questions, better understand human behavior, and evaluate, i.e., to measure particular qualities and provide feedback on these measurements. the outcomes of observations in the form of specific actions, events, objects, circumstances, or atmosphere (Sujarweni, 2014).During three meetings, the researcher took notes on everything that occurred during the teaching and learning process. In order to gather accurate information about the learning process for MTsN 1 Majalengka, the researcher joined in while observing the online class.
1.10.3.1.2 Interview
In an interview, the respondent is directly questioned by the interviewer, and their written responses are written down as part of the data collection process.Typically, interview activities are presented orally to the subject of study. According to Basrowi and Suwandi (2008, P.127), an interview is a conversation between two people for a defined goal, with the interviewer acting as the questioner and the interviewer acting as the answerer.
In this research, researcher used the interview method by semi-structured and in-depth interview to collect data. Researcher
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interviewed the respondents in MTsN 1 Majalengka. There are 4 respondents (1 teacher and 3 students).
1.10.3.1.3 Documentation
The word documentation is derived from the word document, which meaning "written goods." A data collection approach used to analyze past data is known as the documentation method. Sugiyono (2015, P.329) defines documentation as "a strategy for obtaining data and information in the form of books, archives, documents, written numbers, and photos in the form of reports and information that can help study."
In addition to employing the interview approach, data can be collected through facts preserved in the form of letters, diaries, photo archives, and activity journals. Researchers can utilize the data in the form of this document to investigate historical information.
1.10.3.2 Instrument of the Research
The researcher is used as a human instrument in this research. "In qualitative research, the human researcher is the principal instrument for acquiring and evaluating data," Ary et al. (2010, p.453). The person who observes (the researcher) and interviews is the human instrument. These instruments are used to ensure that observation data is accurate and reliable.
1.10.4 Data Analysis Techniques
Bogdan (in Sugiyono, 2015, p.332) defines data analysis as the technique of carefully searching and collecting data gathered from interviews, field notes, and other materials so that it can be easily understood and the findings may be informed. Data analysis in qualitative research can be separated into three parts, according to Miles and
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Huberman (2014) that data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing or verification. The following is an explanation of those terms:
1.10.4.1 Data Reduction
The process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, searching for themes and patterns, and ignoring required data is known as data reduction (Miles, Huberman & Saldana, 2014).The amount of information obtained from the field was enormous. As a result, it must be lowered.
Summarizing, selecting, and emphasizing the important data as a topic is what data reduction entails. In this step, the researcher focused on the use of smartphones in learning English during pandemic.
1.10.4.2 Data Display
The data in qualitative research can be presented as a flowchart with a briefexplanation. "The most common form of display data for qualitative research data in the past has been narrative text," according to Miles and Huberman (1984).Data visualization aids the researcher in comprehending what is going on and performing additional analysis or caution based on thatunderstanding. To explain the data in this study, the researcher employs narrativeprose.
The data is display in the form of a brief description written in original text, which can also take the form of graphs, matrices, and charts (Miles, Huberman & Saldana, 2014).
1.10.4.3 Conclusion Drawing/Verification
The conclusion drawing is the next stage. The researcher must locate fixed data in order to obtain trustworthy data. If the first conclusion and the end conclusion are the same, then the data is reliable. The preliminary conclusion based on the data supplied is still provisional and will change if evidence that supports strong data collecting is not uncovered during the following step. Because, as previously stated, issues and problems in qualitative research are still preliminary and will be
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developed after field research, the conclusion in qualitative research may be able to address the formulation of the problem that was created from the beginning, but it may not.
The conclusion is the last phase in the data analysis process. The researcher concluded the main points from all the data that has been collected, so that is will become clearly. The conclusion will be an answer to the problem formulation at the begin.
1.10.5 Triangulation
Triangulation, according to Cohen (2000, p.112), can be defined as the combination of two or more data collection research techniques of some aspect of human behavior. As a result, triangulation technique refers to when a researcher collects data using two or more techniques to ensure validity. The purpose of triangulation is to improve the findings' credibility and validity.The researcher used the triangulation approach to assess the data's validity and reliability.