6RDO/DWLKDQ
3HUKDWLNDQGLDJUDPWLQJNDWHQHUJLEHULNXW
5DQJNXPDQ
6HQ\DZD KLGURNDUERQ KDQ\D WHUGLUL DWDV DWRP NDUERQ & GDQ KLGURJHQ + $WRP NDUERQ
EHUVLIDW NKDV \DLWX PHPSXQ\DL NHPDPSXDQ PHPEHQWXN HPSDW LNDWDQ NRYDOHQ WXQJJDO GDQ
NHPDPSXDQPHPEHQWXNUDQWDLNDUERQVHKLQJJDVHQ\DZDNDUERQVDQJDWEDQ\DNMXPODKQ\D
%HUGDVDUNDQMXPODKDWRP&\DQJGLLNDWPDNDDWRP&DGD\DQJGLVHEXWDWDRP&SULPHUDWRP
&VHNXQGHUDWRP&WHUWLHUGDQDWRP&NXDUWHUQHU
$ONDQD PHUXSDNDQ KLGURNDUERQ MHQXK GHQJDQ UXPXV XPXP &Q+Q $ONHQD PHUXSDNDQ
KLGURNDUERQ WDN MHQXK PHQJDQGXQJ VDWX LNDWDQ UDQJNDS GXD GHQJDQ UXPXV XPXP&Q+Q
$ONXQD PHUXSDNDQ KLGURNDUERQ WDN MHQXK PHQJDQGXQJ VDWX LNDWDQ UDQJNDS WLJD GHQJDQ
UXPXVXPXP&Q+Q
,VRPHUDGDODKVHQ\DZD\DQJPHPSXQ\DLUXPXVPROHNXOVDPDWHWDSLUXPXVVWUXNWXUEHUEHGD
0LQ\DN EXPL PHQJDQGXQJ EHUEDJDL VHQ\DZD KLGURNDUERQ \DLWX DONDQD VLNORDONDQD GDQ
VHQ\DZD DURPDWLN VHUWD VHGLNLW XQVXU ODLQ VHSHUWL RNVLJHQ QLWURJHQ GDQ EHOHUDQJ 0LQ\DN
EXPL,QGRQHVLDPHQJDQGXQJNDGDUEHOHUDQJ\DQJVDQJDWUHQGDK0LQ\DNEXPLWHUEHQWXNGDUL
SURVHV SHODSXNDQ MDVDG UHQLN KHZDQ GDQ WXPEXKDQ \DQJ WHUNXEXU GL EDZDK WDQDK VHMDN
MXWDDQWDKXQ\DQJODOX2OHKVHEDELWXPLQ\DNEXPLWHUPDVXNVXPEHUGD\DDODP\DQJWLGDN
GDSDWGLSHUEDKDUXL
)UDNVLIUDNVL PLQ\DN EXPL GLSHUROHK GDUL SHQ\XOLQJDQ EHUWLQJNDW PLQ\DN EXPL EHUGDVDUNDQ
SHUEHGDDQ WLWLN GLGLK %HQVLQ PHUXSDNDQ IUDNVL PLQ\DN EXPL \DQJ SDOLQJ EDQ\DN
SHPDNDLDQQ\D WHUXWDPD XQWXN WUDQVSRUWDVL 0XWX EHQVLQ GLQ\DWDNDQ GHQJDQ ELODQJDQ RNWDQ
EHQVLQ WHUVHEXW %HQVLQ PHUXSDNDQ IUDNVL PLQ\DN EXPL \DQJ SDOLQJ EDQ\DN SHPDNDLDQQ\D
WHUXWDPDXQWXNWUDQVIRUWDVL
3DGD SHPEDNDUDQ VHPSXUQD KLGURNDUERQ WHUEHQWXN JDV NDUERQ GLRNVLGD &2 GDQ XDS DLU
+2O3DGDSHPEDNDUDQWLGDNVHPSXUQDEDKDQEDNDUPLQ\DN%%0WHUEHQWXNJDVNDUERQ
PRQRRNVLGD&2\DQJEHUVLIDWUDFXQ*DV&2MXJDGLKDVLONDQGDULDVDSURNRN(QHUJLNDORU
\DQJGLKDVLONDQSDGDSHPEDNDUDQWLGDNVHPSXUQDOHELKVHGLNLWGLEDQGLQJNDQGHQJDQ(QHUJL
NDORU\DQJGLKDVLONDQSDGDSHPEDNDUDQVHPSXUQD3HPDQDVDQJOREDOGDQHIHNUXPDKNDFD
GLVHEDENDQROHKWLQJJLQ\DNRQVHQWUDVL&2GLXGDUD
5HDNVL HNVRWHUP GLVHUWDL GHQJDQ SHPEHEDVDQ HQHUJL VHEDJDL NDORU VHKLQJJD WHPSHUDWXU
OLQJNXQJDQ QDLN GDQ HQHUJL VLVWHP EHUNXUDQJ VHUWDΔH EHUQLODL QHJDWLI 5HDNVL HQGRWHUP
GLVHUWDLGHQJDQSHQ\HUDSDQHQHUJLVHEDJDLNDORUVHKLQJJDWHPSHUDWXUOLQJNXQJDQWXUXQGDQ
HQHUJLVLVWHPEHUWDPEDKVHUWDΔHEHUQLODLSRVLWLI%DQ\DNNDORU\DQJPHQ\HUWDLUHDNVLNLPLD SHUXEDKQHQWDOSLΔHGDQGLQ\DWDNDQGHQJDQUXPXV
ΔHreaksi ΔHprodukBΔHreaktan
ΔHruas NDQDQBΔHruas kiri
.RQGLVLVWDQGDUXQWXNEHUEDJDLPDFDPΔHreaksiDGDODK&GDQWHNDQDQDWPVHUWDVDWXDQ
ΔHDGDODKN-GDQVDWXDQΔHPRODUDGDODKN-PRO .DORU UHDNVL ΔHreaksi GDSDW GLWHQWXNDQ
VHFDUD HNVSHULPHQ GLKLWXQJ GHQJDQ PHQJJXQDNDQ KXNXP +HVV GDWD SHUXEDKDQ HQWDOSL
SHPEHQWXNDQVWDQGDUΔHfGDQPHQJJXQDNDQGDWDHQHUJLLNDWDQ
3HQLODLDQ
$ -DZDEODKSHUWDQ\DDQEHULNXWGHQJDQVLQJNDWGDQMHODV
%HULNDQQDPDVHQ\DZDEHULNXWPHQXUXWWDWDQDPD,83$&
7XOLVNDQUXPXVVWUXNWXUVHQ\DZDEHULNXW
D WULPHWLOKHSWDQD
E PHWLOKHSWHQD
'LNHWDKXLΔHSHPEDNDUDQGDUL
3URSDQD&+ ΔH N-PRO
+LGURJHQ+ ΔH N-PRO
(WXQD&+ ΔH N-PRO
(WDQRO&+2+ ΔH N-PRO
D 7HQWXNDQ EDQ\DN NDORU \DQJ GLKDVLONDQ SDGD SHPEDNDUDQ JUDP PDVLQJPDVLQJ
EDKDQEDNDUWHUVHEXW
E %HUGDVDUNDQ MDZDEDQ D XUXWNDQ EDKDQ EDNDU \DQJ PHQJKDVLONDQ NDORU WHUEHVDU
KLQJJDWHUNHFLO
-LND PHWDQD WHUEHQWXN GDUL UHDNVL &JUDILW +J ĺ &+J WHQWXNDQ NDORU
SHPEHQWXNDQPHWDQDGDULGDWDEHULNXW
&+J2Jĺ&2J+2l ΔH N-PRO
+Jò2Jĺ+2l ΔH N-PRO
&JUDILW2Jĺ&2J ΔH N-PRO
3HUKDWLNDQGLDJUDPWLQJNDWHQHUJLEHULNXW
7HQWXNDQHQHUJL\DQJGLSHUOXNDQXQWXNSHQJXDSDQPRODLUGDULWXEXKNLWD
$ HWLOPHWLOKHSWDQD
% HWLOGLPHWLOKHNVDQD
& GLPHWLOHWLOKHNVDQD
' GLPHWLOHWLOKHNVDQD
( HWLOGLPHWLOKHNVDQD
1DPD\DQJEHQDUXQWXNVHQ\DZD&+&&&+&+DGDODK«
$ ±GLPHWLO±SHQWDQD
& GLPHWLORNWDQD
' WULPHWLOSHQWDQD ( HWLOPHWLOKHNVDQD
,VRPHUIXQJVLGDULSHQWHQDDGDODK
$ VLNORSHQWDQD
% SHQWHQD
& FLVSHQWHQD ' PHWLOSHQWHQD
6HQ\DZD \DQJ PHUXSDNDQ LVRPHU IXQJVL GDQ LVRPHU NHUDQJND VHFDUD EHUXUXWDQ GHQJDQ
&+&&&+&+DGDODK«
$ LGDQLL
% &+&&&+&+
& &+&+&&+&+ ' &+&+&+&+
0ROHNXO;DGDODK
$ &+±&+ &+%U±&+
7DEHO EHULNXW PHUXSDNDQ KDVLO SHQJDPDWDQ GDUL SHUFREDDQ SHPEDNDUDQ EHEHUDSD MHQLV
EDKDQEDNDUPLQ\DNEHQVLQGHQJDQVXDWXPHVLQPRWRU
$ 5HDNVLHNVRWHUPGHQJDQΔHQHJDWLI
% 5HDNVLHQGRWHUPGHQJDQΔHQHJDWLI
& 5HDNVLHNVRWHUPGHQJDQΔHQHJDWLI
' 5HDNVLHQGRWHUPGHQJDQΔHSRVLWLI
( 5HDNVLHNVRWHUPGHQJDQΔHSRVLWLI
6HEXDK NULVWDO .12 GLPDVXNNDQ NH GDODP WDEXQJ UHDNVL NHPXGLDQ GLWHWHVL GHQJDQ DLU
3DGDGDVDUWDEXQJUHDNVLWHUDVDGLQJLQ5HDNVLLQLGLJRORQJNDQ
&X2V+Jĺ&XV+2JDGDODK
$ ±N-
3DGD SHPEDNDUDQ VHMXPODK DONRKRO PHQJKDVLONDQ PRO JDV &2 GLEHEDVNDQ NDORU
VHEHVDU NNDO 0DNDΔHUHDNVLXQWXNSHPEDNDUDQPRODONRKROPHQXUXWSHUVDPDDQ
UHDNVL
'LNHWDKXLSHUVDPDDQUHDNVLSHPEHQWXNDQPHWDQD&+VHEDJDLEHULNXW
&V+Jĺ&+J ΔH N-
3HUXEDKDQHQWDOSLSHPEHQWXNDQJDVHWHQD&+GDQJDVHWDQD&+DGDODKN-PRO GDQN-PROSDGD.3HUXEDKDQHQWDOSLUHDNVL
&+JDV+JDVĺ&+JDVDGDODK
3DGD SHPEDNDUDQ VHPSXUQD HWDQRO &+2+ GLEHEDVNDQ NDORU VHEHVDU N- PRO
-LNDΔHfÛ&2 N-PROGDQΔHfÛ+2 N-PROPDNDNDORUSHPEHQWXNDQ
.XQFL-DZDEDQGDQ3HQVNRUDQ
8QLW
3HQXJDVDQ3HQDPDDQ6HQ\DZD+LGURNDUERQ
$WRP&SULPHUDGDODKDWRP&\DQJKDQ\DPHQJLNDWDWRP&ODLQQ\D
$WRP&VHNXQGHUDGDODKDWRP&\DQJPHQJLNDWDWRPNDUERQODLQQ\D
$WRP&WHUVLHUDGDODKDWRP&\DQJPHQJLNDWDWRPNDUERQODLQQ\D
$WRP&NXDUWHUQHUDGDODKDWRP&\DQJPHQJLNDWDWRPNDUERQODLQQ\D
-XPODKDWRP&SULPHUDGD
-XPODKDWRP&VHNXQGHUDGD
-XPODKDWRP&WHUVLHUDGD
-XPODKDWRP&NXDUWHQHUDGD
1DPD6HQ\DZD
7XOLVNDQUXPXVVWUXNWXUVHQ\DZDEHULNXW
1R 1DPD6HQ\DZD 5XPXVVWUXNWXU
D HWLOPHWLOKHNVDQD
E PHWLOKHNVHQD
F ±KHNVXQD
3HQXJDVDQ,GHQWLILNDVLNRGHVLPEROGDXUXODQJSURGXNSODVWLN