BAB 13. Perlindungan dan Pemeliharaan Lingkungan Laut
13.2. Kerja sama Regional dan Internasional
tersebut, setiap Negara diharuskan melakukan kerja sama baik kerja sama regional maupun global. Keharusan untuk melakukan kerja sama regional dan global (global and regional co-operation) diatur oleh Pasal 197-201 Konvensi Hukum Laut 1982. Pasal 197 Konvensi berbunyi :
“States shall cooperate on a global basis and, as appropriate, on a regional basis, directly or through competent international organizations, in formulating and elaborating
international rules, standards and recommended practices and procedures consistent with this Convention, for the protection and preservation of the marine environment, taking into account characteristic regional features”.
Negara-negara harus bekerja sama secara global dan regional secara langsung atau melalui organisasi internasional dalam merumuskan dan menjelaskan ketentuan dan standard internasional serta prosedur dan praktik yang disarankan sesuai dengan Konvensi bagi perlindingan dan pelestarian lingkungan laut dengan memperhatikan keadaan regional tersebut.
Kerja sama regional dan global tersebut dapat berupa kerja sama dalam pemberitahuan adanya pencemaran laut, penanggulangan bersama bahaya atas terjadinya pencemaran laut, pembentukan penanggulangan darurat (contingency plans against pollution), kajian, riset, pertukaran informasi dan data serta membuat kriteria ilmiah (scientific criteria) untuk mengatur prosedur dan praktik bagi pencegahan, pengurangan, dan pengendalian pencemaran lingkungan laut sebagaimana ditegaskan oleh Pasal 198-201 Konvensi Hukum Laut 1982. Di samping itu, Pasal 207-212 Konvensi Hukum Laut 1982 mewajibkan setiap Negara untuk membuat peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur pencegahan dan pengendalian pencemaran laut dari berbagai sumber pencemaran, seperti sumber pencemaran dari darat (land-based sources), pencemaran dari kegiatan dasar laut dalam jurisdiksi nasionalnya (pollution from sea-bed activities to national jurisdiction), pencemaran dari kegiatan di Kawasan (pollution from activities in the Area), pencemaran dari dumping (pollution by dumping), pencemaran dari kapal (pollution from vessels), dan pencemaran dari udara (pollution from or through the atmosphere).
Konvensi Hukum Laut 1982 menunjuk aturan hukum internasional lainnya tentang pencemaran laut tersebut karena pengaturan tentang persoalan pencemaran laut dan aspek-aspek hukum terkait lainnya telah dikembangkan dengan baik oleh Organisasi Maritim Internasional (IMO) yang bermarkas di London. IMO telah mengeluarkan beberapa perjanjian internasional mengenai pencemaran laut dan terus diamandemen sesuai dengan perkembangan di lapangan. Beberapa aturan hukum internasional tentang pencemaran laut yang telah dibuat tersebut adalah antara lain sebagai berikut :
1. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 (OILPOL) 1958;
1. International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, 1969 (INTERVENTION) 1975;
2. Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter, 1972 (LDC) 1975;
3. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL) 73/78) 1983; ada 6 Annexes;
4. International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC), 1990;
Beberapa contoh kerja sama regional yang telah dilakukan oleh Negara-negara yang tergabung dalam kawasan regional sebagai upaya perlindungan dan pelestarian lingkungan laut adalah sebagai berikut :
a. Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, 1974, due to be replaced by the 1992 Convention of the same name or 1992 Baltic Conventions. The Baltic Conventions themselves contain detailed obligations and therefore do not have supplementary protocols;
b. Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution 1976 (Barcelona Convention), amended in 1995, together with its protocols on dumping (1976), co- operation in emergencies (1976), land-based sources (1980), specially protected areas (1982 and 1995), sea-bed activities (1994), and transboundary movement of hazardous waste (1996); c. Arabian/Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman : Kuwait Regional Convention for Co-operation on the Protection of the Marine Environment from Pollution 1978 (Kuwait Convention); d. Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region 1981 (the West African Convention); e. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Coastal Area of the South- East Pacific (the South-East Pacific Convention), together with its agreement and supplementary protocol on co-operation in emergencies (1981 and 1983) and protocols on land-based sources (1983), radioactive pollution (1989) and protected areas (1989); f. Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Environment 1982 (the Red Sea Convention), together with its protocol on co-operation in emergencies 1982;
g. Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of Wider Caribbean Region 1983 (the Caribbean Convention);
h. Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region 1985 (the East African Convention); i. Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South
Pacific Region 1986 (the South Pacific Convention), together with its protocols on co- operation in emergencies (1992) and dumping (1992);
j. Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution 1992 (the Black Sea Convention), together with its protocols on land-based sources (1992), co-operation in emergencies (1992) and dumping (1992);
k. Agreement for Co-operation in Dealing with Pollution of the North Sea by Oil 1969, replaced by the Agreement for Co-operation in Dealing with Pollution of the North Sea by Oil and other Harmful Substances 1983;
l. Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft 1972, it was replaced the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic 1992, upon its entry into force in 1998, Paris Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment on the North-East Atlantic;
m. Convention fot the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Land-Based Sources 1974, it has been replaced by the 1992 Convention …;
n. The four Nordic States (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden) : Agreement
concerning Co-operation in Measures to deal with Pollution of the Sea by Oil 1971 and Convention on the Protection of the Environment 1974;
o. France, Italy and Monaco in 1976 signed an Agreement relating to the Protection of the Waters of the Mediterranean Coast;
p. Denmark, Germany and Netherlands signed a Joint Declaration on the Protection of the Wadden Sea in 1982