SENARAI SINGKATAN
1.9 Definisi Istilah
1.9.4 Kesediaan Terhadap Perubahan Guru
1.9.4 Kesediaan Terhadap Perubahan Guru
Menurut Armenakis et al. (1993) kesediaan terhadap perubahan merujuk kepada kepercayaan, sikap dan niat yang positif untuk sanggup melaksanakan perubahan bagi mencapai suatu matlamat yang telah ditetapkan. Kesediaan terhadap perubahan mempunyai empat dimensi iaitu kesesuaian perubahan, sokongan pengurusan, efikasi perubahan dan bermanfaat kepada diri (Holt et al., 2007). Dalam kajian ini kesediaan terhadap perubahan guru dalam melaksanakan PBS di sekolah diukur dari skor yang dilaporkan oleh guru berkaitan empat dimensi iaitu kesesuaian perubahan, sokongan pengurusan, efikasi perubahan dan bermanfaat kepada diri. Terdapat 25 item dalam soal selidik Readiness for Organizational Change yang dibina oleh Holt et al. (2007) dan diubahsuai bagi tujuan kajian ini.
1.10 Rumusan
Bagi menjayakan pelaksanaan suatu perubahan pendidikan seperti sistem PBS dan memastikan wujudnya komitmen serta kesediaan untuk perubahan guru bertujuan untuk penambahbaikan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran, kepimpinan pengetua sangat penting agar sesebuah sekolah itu lebih berkesan atau lebih maju (Hussein, 2008). Kajian yang dijalankan oleh Hussein (2008) menunjukkan bahawa tingkah laku kepimpinan pengetua mempunyai hubungan dengan beberapa aspek, iaitu kedudukannya, tuntutan dan harapan terhadap kepimpinannya, hubungan dengan staf dan orang lain dan juga interaksi pengetua dengan sifat-sifat semula jadi organisasi sekolah. Menurut Shahril @ Charil dan Muhammad Faizal (2010), apabila pengetua mengamalkan kepimpinan instruksional secara meluas di sekolah, ini dapat membentuk sekolah cemerlang atau sekolah berkesan kerana kajian terdahulu mendapati pengetua yang mementingkan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran dapat menjadikan prestasi akademik murid meningkat. Sehubungan itu, seorang pengetua seharusnya bijak memainkan peranan sebagai pemimpin instruksional dengan berkesan bagi mewujudkan suasana kerja yang kondusif bagi meningkatkan kesediaan terhadap perubahan guru sekali gus akan mewujudkan komitmen (afektif, normatif dan berterusan) untuk perubahan guru dalam melaksanakan perubahan agar setiap perubahan berjaya dilaksanakan.
Secara keseluruhannya, penyelidik telah membincangkan latar belakang dan kepentingan kepimpinan instruksional pengetua, komitmen (afektif, normatif dan berterusan) untuk perubahan guru dan kesediaan terhadap perubahan guru dalam konteks perubahan pendidikan yang berlaku iaitu sistem PBS. Seterusnya pernyataan masalah kajian, objektif kajian, persoalan kajian, hipotesis kajian, kepentingan kajian, limitasi kajian dan definisi istilah kajian turut dibincangkan di dalam bab ini.
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
188
BIBLIOGRAFI
Aarons, G. A., Sommerfeld, D. H., & Willging, C. E. (2011). The soft underbelly of system change: The role of leadership and organizational climate in turnover during statewide behavioral health reform. American Psychological Association,
8(4), 269–281.
Abdullah, A. G. K., & Anandan, K. (2012). Pengaruh kepimpinan pentadbir sekolah terhadap pembelajaran pelajar: Peranan efikasi kolektif guru sebagai mediator.
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengurusan dan Kepimpinan Pendidikan Kali Ke 19 (SN19) 1-15 Institut Aminuddin Baki, Genting Highlands.
Abdullah, A.G.K., & Wahab, M.A. (2007). The impact of principal's instructional
leadership behaviour on PPSMI teachers' teaching practices. Paper presented at
the 5th ASEAN Symposium on Educational Management and Leadership
(ASEMAL 5), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Abrell, C., & Rowold , V. J. (2014). Leaders’ commitment to change and their effectiveness in change – A multilevel investigation. Journal of Organizational
Change Management, 27 (6), 900 - 921.
Al-Abrrow, H. A., & Abrishamkar, M. M. (2013). Individual differences as a moderator of the effect of organisational commitment on readiness for change : A study of employees in the higher education sector in Iraq. International Journal
of Management, 30(4), 294–309.
Aldulaimi, S. H., & Sailan, M. S. (2012). The national values impact on organizational change in public organizations in Qatar. International Journal of Business and
Management, 7(1), 182–191.
Alig-Mielcarek, J. M. (2003). A model of school success: Intsructional leadership,
academic press, and student achievement. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, The
Ohio State University.
Andersen, L. S. (2008). Readiness for change : Can readiness be primed ? Unpublished Master Thesis, San Jose State University.
Ang, J. E., & Ramiah, B. (2013). Kepimpinan instruksional: Satu panduan praktikal. Selangor: PTS Akdemia.
Anjani, P. K., & Dhanapal, D. (2012). Impact of employee commitment on readiness for change in banking sector in Salem District. Sona Global Management
Review, 6(3), 24–34.
Armenakis, A. A., & Bedeian, A. G. (1999). Organizational change: A review of theory and research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25(3), 293–315.
Armenakis, A. A., Bernerth, J. B., Pitts, J. P., & Walker, H. J. (2007). Organizational change recipients’ beliefs scale: Development of an assessment instrument. The
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
189
Armenakis, A. A., & Harris, S. G. (2002). Crafting a change message to create transformational readiness. Journal of Organizational Change Management,
15(2), 169–183.
Armenakis, A. A., & Harris, S. G. (2009). Reflections : Our journey in organizational change research and practice. Journal of Change Management, 9(2), 127–142. Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., & Mossholder, K. W. (1993). Creating readiness for
organizational change. Human Relations, 46(6), 681–703.
Armenakis, A., Harris, S., & Feild, H. (1999). Making change permanent: A model for institutionalizing change interventions. Research in Organizational Change and
Development, 12, 97–128.
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Sorensen, C. (2010). Introduction to research in education (8th ed.) United States of America: Wadsworth.
Audryanah, A. (2007). Kepimpinan pengajaran dan efikasi kendiri pengetua sekolah
menengah dan hubungannya dengan pencapaian akademik sekolah. Tesis Sarjana
yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Azahari, J. (2002). Persepsi guru terhadap peranan pengetua sebagai agen perubahan
: Satu kajian di sebuah sekolah di Jasin, Melaka. Kertas Projek Sarjana yang
tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya.
Azizah, M. D. (2009). Kepimpinan instruksional pengetua dan hubungannya dengan
komitmen serta efikasi guru di sekolah. Kertas Projek Sarjana yang tidak
diterbitkan, Universiti Utara Malaya.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Baraldi, S., Kalyal, H. J., Berntson, E., Näswall, K., & Sverke, M. (2010). The importance of commitment to change in public reform: An example from Pakistan. Journal of Change Management, 10(4), 347–368.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1997). Full range leadership development: Manual for
the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Mindgarden.
Battistelli A., Montani, F., Odoardi, C., Vandenberghe, C., & Picci, P. (2014) Employees' concerns about change and commitment to change among Italian organizations: The moderating role of innovative work behavior. The
International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(7), 951-978.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, startegic, and statistical considerations.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Barrera, L. (2008). A study of job satisfaction, organizational commitment , and
readiness for change in public service employees. Unpublished PhD Dissertation,
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
190
Beckhard, R., & Harris, R. T. (1987). Organizational transitions: Managing complex
change (2nd ed.). New York: Addison-Wesley.
Beer, M. (1987). Revitalizing organizations: Change process and emergent model.
Academy of Management Executive, 1, 51–55.
Begum, M. & Farooqui, S. (2008). School Based Assessment: will it really change the education scenario in Bangladesh?. International Education Studies, 1(2), 45-53. Ben-Gal, H. C., & Tzafrir, S. S. (2011). Consultant-client relationship: One of the
secrets to effective organizational change? Journal of Organizational Change
Management, 24(5), 662–679.
Berkovich, I. (2011). No we won’t! Teachers' resistance to educational reform. Journal
of Educational Administration, 49(5), 563–578.
Bernerth, J. (2004). Expanding our understanding of the change message. Human
Resource Development Review, 3(1), 36–52.
Bernerth, J. B., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Walker, H. J. (2007). Justice, cynicism, and commitment: A study of important organizational change variables. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(3), 303–326.
Black, T. R. (2002). Understanding Social Science Research. (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Blasé, J. & Blasé, J.(2000). Effective instructional leadership: Teachers’ perspective on how principals promote teaching and learning in schools. Journal of
Educational Administration. 38 (2), 130-141.
Blasé, J. & Blasé, J. (2002). Teachers' perception of principals' instructional leadership and implications. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 1 (3), 256-264.
Boga, I., & Ensari, N. (2009). The role of transformational leadership and organizational change on perceived organizational success. The
Psychologist-Manager Journal, 12, 235–251.
Bokova, M. (2010). A multilevel investigation and qualitative exploration of factors
contributing to change commitment. Unpublished Master Thesis, University of
Oslo.
Boohene, R., & Williams, A. A. (2012). Resistance to organisational change : A case study of Oti Yeboah Complex Limited. International Business and Management,
4(1), 135–145.
Bouckenooghe, D., Schwarz, G. M., & Minbashian, A. (2014): Herscovitch and Meyer’s Three- Component model of commitment to change: Meta-analytic findings. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 2014, 1-18.
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
191
Brislin, R., (1970). Back-Translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of
Cross-Cultural Psychology. 1(3), 185-216.
Brown, G. T. L., & Chai, C. (2012). Assessing instructional leadership: A longitudinal study of new principals. Journal of Educational Administration, 50(6), 753–772. Buku Rujukan dan panduan PBS. 2012. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia. Burke, W. (2008). Organization change: Theory and practice Second Edition.
Carlifornia: Sage Publications, Inc.
Byrne, B., M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS. New York: Routledge.
Calik, T., Sezgin, F., Kavgaci, H. & Kilinc, A. (2012). Examination of relationships between instructional leadership of school principals and self-efficacy of teachers and collective teacher efficacy. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 12(4), 2498-2504.
Carnall, C. (2007). Managing change in organizations (5th ed.). England: Prentice Hall. Carrier, L. (2011). What is instructional leadership and what does it look like in
practice ? A multi-case case study of elementary school principals who have led schools from being identified as under performing to performing. Unpublished
PhD Dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Chawla, A., & Kelloway, E. K. (2004). Predicting openness and commitment to change. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25, 485-498.
Che Ghazali Che Awang. (2011). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi sikap kakitangan
terhadap perubahan organisasi: Satu kajian ke atas Polis DiRaja Malaysia.
Tesis PhD Yang Tidak Diterbitkan, Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Chen, W. (2013). School leadership in ICT implementation: perspectives from Singapore. Asia-Pacific Edu Res, 22(3), 301–311.
Chilton, B. (2010). Employee change readiness and the success of planned change. Unpublished Master Thesis, Pepperdine University.
Chen, J., Wang, L., Huang, M., & Spencer-Rodgers, J. (2012). Naive dialecticism and Chinese employees’ commitment to change. Journal of Managerial Psychology,
27(1), 48–70.
Chin, R., & Benne, K. D. (1985). General strategies for effecting changes in human systems. In W. G. Bennis, K. D. Benne & R. Chin (Eds.), The planning of change (4th ed., pp. 22-43). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Choi, M. (2011). Employees’ attitudes toward organizational change: A literature review. Human Resource Management, 50(4), 479–500.
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
192
Choong, Y.O., Tan, C.E., Keh, C.G., Lim, Y.H., & Tan, Y.T. (2012). How demographic factors impact organisational commitment of academic staffs in Malaysian Private Universities : A review and research agenda. International
Journal Of Academic Research, 4(3), 72–77.
Clark, I. (2009). An analysis of the relationship between K-5 elementary school
teachers' perceptions of principal instructional leadership and their science teaching efficacy. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, The University of Minnesota,
USA.
Coatsee, L. (1999). From resistance to commitment. Public Administration Quarterly, 23, 204-222.
Coch, L., & French, J. R. P. (1948). Overcoming resistance to adjustment. Human
Relations, 1, 512–532.
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
Cohen, A., & Caspary, L. (2011). Individual values, organizational commitment, and participation in a change: Israeli teachers’ approach to an optional educational reform. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26(3), 385–396.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2011). Research Methods In Education. London: Routledge.
Conner, D.R. (1992). Managing at the speed o f change. How resilient managers
succeed and prosper where others fail. New York: Villard Books.
Cozby, P., C. (2004).Methods In Behavioral Research (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Creswell, J., W. (2012). Research Design : Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed
Methods Approaches. United States of America: Sage.
Colman, A. M., Norris, C. E., & Preston, C. C. (1997). Comparing rating scales of different lengths: Equivalance of Scores from 5-point and 7-point scales.
Psychological Reports, 80, 355-362.
Cuban, L. (1988). The Managerial imperative and practice of leadership in school. Albany SUNY Press.
Cunningham, G. B. (2006). The relationships among commitment to change,coping with change, and turnover intentions. European Journal of Work and
Organizational Psychology, 15(1), 29–45.
Dawes, J. (2008). Do Data characteristics change according to the number of scale points used? An experiment using 5-point, 7-point and 10-point scales.
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
193
Devos, G., Vanderreheyden, K. & Broeck, H. V. D. (2001). A framework for assessing
commitment to change: Process and context variables of organizational change.
Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Washington, DC.
Drzensky, F., Egold, N., & Dick, R. van. (2012). Ready for a change ? A longitudinal study of antecedents, consequences, and contingencies of readiness for change.
Journal of Change Management, 1(2012), 95–111.
Eby, L. T., Adams, D. M., Russell, J. E. a., & Gaby, S. H. (2000). Perceptions of organizational readiness for change: Factors related to employees’ reactions to the implementation of team-based selling. Human Relations, 53(3), 419–442. Ebmeier, H. (2003). How supervision influences teacher efficacy and commitment: an
investigation of a path model. Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, 18(2), 110-141.
Elangkumaran Davarajoo (2012). Hubungan Antara Kepimpinan Pengajaran Guru
Besar Dengan Komitmen Kerja Dan Kepuasan Kerja Guru Sekolah Rendah Di Zon Tanjung Karang. Kertas Final. Seminar Nasional Pengurusan Dan
Kepimpinan Pendidikan Kali Ke-19 (SN19) Tahun 2012.
Fedor, D. B., Caldwell, S., & Herold, D. M. (2006). The effects of organizational changes on employee commitment: A multilevel investigation. Personnel
Psychology, 59(1), 1–29.
Finnigan, K.S. (2010). Principal leadership and teacher motivation under high-stakes accountability policies. Leadership & Policy in Schools, 9 (2), 161-89.
Foster, R. D. (2010). Resistance, justice, and commitment to change. Human Resource
Development Quarterly, 21(1), 1–39.
Fullan, M. (2001). The new meaning of educational change (3rd ed.). New York:
Teachers College Press.
Fullan, M., (2007). The Jossey-Bass Reader on Educational Leadership (2nd ed.). San
Francisco: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Gay, L. (1992). Educational research. New York: MacMillan.
Gelaidan, H. M., & Ahmad, H. (2013). The factors effecting employee commitment to change in public sector: Evidence from Yemen. International Business Research,
6(3), 75–88.
George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and
reference (10th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
Gilley, A., Gilley, J. W., & Mcmillan, H. S. (2009). Organizational change: Motivation, communication, and leadership effectiveness. Performance
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
194
Goh, S. C., Cousins, J. B., & Elliott, C. (2006). Organizational learning capacity, evaluative inquiry and readiness for change in schools: Views and perceptions of educators. Journal of Educational Change, 7, 289–318.
Gravetter, F. J. & Wallnau, L. B. (2011). Essentials of statistics for the behavioral
sciences (7th ed.). United States of America: Wadsworth.
Green, R. L., & Cypress, S. L. (2009). Instructional leadership : A model for change in alternative middle schools. Middle Grades Research Journal, 4(3), 19–41. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data
analysis(7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hallinger, P. (2000). A data-driven approach to assess and develop instructional. In
Tools for improving principals’ work (pp. 47–69).
Hallinger, P. (2003). Leading educational change: reflections on the practice of instructional and transformational leadership. Cambridge Journal of Education, 33(3), 329–352.
Hallinger, P. (2011). Leadership for learning: lessons from 40 years of empirical research. Journal of Educational Administration, 49(2), 125–142.
Hallinger, P. (2013). Measurement Properties of the Principal Instructional
Management Rating Scale. Hong Kong: Technical Report Ver. 4.8.
Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (1996). Reassessing the principal’s role in school effectiveness: A review of empirical research, 1980-1995. Educational
Administration Quarterly, 32(1), 5–44.
Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (1998). Exploring the principal’s contribution to school effectiveness: 1980-1995. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 9(2), 157–191.
Hallinger, P., & Lee, M. (2014). Mapping instructional leadership in Thailand: Has education reform impacted principal practice?. Educational Management
Administration & Leadership, 42(1), 6-29.
Hallinger, P., & Murphy, J. (1985). Assessing the instructional management behavior of principals. The Elementary School Journal, 86(2), 217–247.
Hallinger, P., & Murphy, J. F. (2012). Running on empty? Finding the time and capacity to lead learning. NASSP Bulletin, 55(5), 1–17.
Hallinger, P., Taraseina, P., & Miller, J. (1994). Assessing the instructional leadership of secondary school principals in Thailand. School Effectiveness and School
Improvement, 5(4), 321–348.
Hamid, M. G., & Hartini, A. (2013). The factors effecting employee commitment to change in public sector: Evidence from Yemen. International Business Research, 6(3), 75–88.
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
195
Hammond, G. D., Gresch, E. B., & Vitale, D. C. (2011). Homegrown process improvement employing a change message model. Journal of Organizational
Change Management, 24(4), 487–510.
Haque, M. (2008). A study of the relationship between the learning organization
readiness for change. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Pepperdine University.
Hartini, A., & Hamid, M. G. (2011). Organisational culture, leadership styles and employee’s affective commitment to change: a case of Yemen public sector. The
Journal of Organizational Management Studies, 1–10.
Harris, M., & Willower, T. (1998) in Teddlie, C. Reynolds, S. (2000). The
International handbook of school effectiveness research. London and New York:
Falmer Press.
Havlik, K. M., (2007). Leadership, leraning and school change: The elementary
principal’s role in teacher profesional development. Unpublished PhD
Dissertation, University of Wincosin.
Hazura Wan Husain. (2009). Kepimpinan pengetua sebagai agen perubahan di sebuah
sekolah di Kelantan. Laporan Penyelidikan Sarjana Kepengetuaan yang tidak
diterbitkan, Institut Pengajian Kepengetuaan. Universiti Malaya.
Hechanova, R. M., & Cementina-Olpoc, R. (2013). Transformational leadership, change management, and commitment to change: A comparison of academic and business organizations. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 22, 11–19.
Herold, D. M., Fedor, D. B., & Caldwell, S. D. (2007). Beyond change management: A multilevel investigation of contextual and personal influences on employees’ commitment to change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92: 942–951.
Herscovitch, L., & Meyer, J. P. (2002). Commitment to organizational change: Extension of a three-component model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 474–487.
Hill, N. S., Seo, M.-G., Kang, J. H., & Taylor, M. S. (2012). Building employee commitment to change across organizational levels: The influence of hierarchical distance and direct managers’ transformational leadership. Organization Science, 23(3), 758–777.
Hinduan, Z. R., Wilson-Evered, E., Moss, S., & Scannell, E. (2009). Leadership, work outcomes, and openness to change following an Indonesian bank merger. Asia
Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 47(1), 59–78.
Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Harris, S. G. (2007). Readiness for organizational change: The systematic development of a scale. The Journal of
Applied Behavioral Science, 43(2), 232–255.
Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., & Feild, H. S. (2007). Toward a comprehensive definition of readiness for change: A review of research and
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
196
instrumentation. Research in Organizational Change and Development, 16, 289– 336.
Holt, D. T., & Vardaman, J. M. (2013). Toward a comprehensive understanding of readiness for change : The case for an expanded conceptualization. Journal of
Change Management, 13(1), 9–18.
Hoy, A. W. & Hoy, W. K. (2003). Instructional leader: A learning-centred guide. USA : Allyn Bacon, Boston.
Hoy, W. & Miskel, C. (2008). Educational administration: Theory, research and
practice. (8th ed.). New York. NY: McGraw Hill.
Hussein, M. (2008). Kepimpinanan dan keberkesanan sekolah (Edisi Kedua). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Hyder, A. (2007). Preference for public sector jobs and wait-unemployment: A micro
data analysis. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics Working Paper
Series 20, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Ifeoma, A. R. (2013). Principals’ instructional leadership behavior and teachers job commitment: the case of selected secondary schools in Ika Communities.
International Journal of Educational Administration, 5 (3), 197-210.
Jainabee, M. K., & Jamelaa, B. A. (2011). Promoting learning environment and attitude towards change among secondary school principals in Pahang Malaysia: Teachers’ Perceptions. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 28, 45–49. Jamelaa, B. A. (2012). Amalan kepimpinan instruksional dan sikap terhadap
perubahan dalam kalangan pengetua Sek. Men. di Negeri Pahang. Tesis PhD
yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Jamelaa, B. A., & Jainabee, M. K. (2011). Instructional leadership and attitude towards organizational change among secondary schools principal in Pahang, Malaysia.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3304–3309.
Jamelaa, B. A., & Jainabee, M. K. (2012). Mengurus program instruksional dan sikap terhadap perubahan dalam kalangan pengetua sekolah menengah Negeri Pahang.
Jurnal Teknologi, 59 (2012), 71-77.
Jaros, S. (2010). Commitment to organizational change: A critical review. Journal of
Change Management, 10(1), 79–108.
Jing, R., & Xie, J. L. (2014). Commitment to organizational change in a Chinese context. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(8), 1098–1114.
Joriah, M. S. (2009). Tingkah laku kepimpinan pengajaran dan kepimpinan
transformasional dalam kalangan pengetua kanan dan pengetua biasa di sekolah cemerlang serta pengaruhnya ke atas komitmen guru. Tesis Sarjana yang tidak
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
197
Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative,
and mixed approaches (3rd edition). California, USA: Sage Publication Inc.
Juita, H. (2012). Kepimpinan instruksional pengetua dan komitmen guru Pendidikan
Islam di Sekolah Menengah Daerah Temerloh, Pahang. Kertas Projek Sarjana
yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya.
Kalyal, H. J., Berntson, E., Baraldi, S., Naswall, K., & Sverke, M. (2010). The moderating role of employability on the relationship between job insecurity and commitment to change. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 31(3), 327–344.
Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia. (2007). Memperkasa kepimpinan instruksional di
sekolah. Bahagian Sekolah. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2011). Laporan Tahunan 2010. Bahagian Dasar dan Pembangunan Korporat: Kuala Lumpur.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2012). Laporan Tahunan 2011. Bahagian Dasar dan Pembangunan Korporat: Kuala Lumpur.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2014). Teks Ucapan Menteri Pendidikan Tan Sri Muhyiddin Mohd Yassin: Penambahbaikan Pentaksiran Berasaskan Sekolah, http://www.moe.gov.my.
Kennedy, K. (2013). High stakes school based assessment and cultural values: Beyond
issues of validity. Kertas dibentangkan di Seminar 'Cambridge Horizons' pada 3
Jun 2013. Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
Khalid, D., & Norhafezah, Y. (2011). Change in higher learning institutions: Lecturers' commitment to organizational change ( C2C ). International Journal of Business
and Social Science, 2(21), 182–195.
Kim, Y. C. (2004). Factors predicting korean vocational high school teachers’
attitudes toward school change, Unpublished PhD Thesis. The Ohio State
University.
Kling, A. S. (2004). Commitment to Organizational Change. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Alliant International University.
Klenowski, V. (2013). School-Based assessment, standards, teacher judgment and
moderation: Message from research. Kertas dibentangkan di Seminar
'Cambridge Horizons' pada 3 Jun 2013. Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.).
New York: The Guilford Press.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of Structural Equation Modeling (3rd ed.).
New York: The Guilford Press.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.
© COPYRIGHT
UPM
198
Kruger, M. L. (2008). School leadership, sex and gender: welcome to difference,
International Journal of Leadership and Education, 11 (2), 155-168.
Kursunoglu, A., & Tanrıogen, A. (2009). The relationship between teachers’ perceptions towards instructional leadership behaviors of their principals and teachers’ attitudes towards change. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,
1(1), 252–258.
Lahui-Ako, B. (2001). The instructional leadership behaviour of Papua New Guinea high school principals - A provincial case study. Journal of Educational
Administration, 39(3), 233–265.
Langvardt, G. D. (2007). Resilience And Commitment To Change : A Case Study Of A
Nonprofit Organization. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Capella University.
Latip, M. (2006). Pelaksanaan Kepemimpinan Pengajaran di kalangan pengetua
sekolah di Negeri Selangor Darul Ehsan. Tesis PhD yang tidak diterbitkan.
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Leithwood, K. & Day, C. (2008). The impact of school leadership on pupil outcomes: Editorial. School Leadership & Management. 28(1), 1-4.
Leithwood, K. A. & Montgomery, D. J. (1982). A Framework for Planned Educational Change: Application to the Assessment of Program Implementation. Educational
Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 4(2), 157-167.
Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2008). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership. School Leadership and Management: Formerly School
Management. 28 (1), 27-42.
Lembaga Peperiksaan Malaysia. (2012). Panduan Pengurusan Pentaksiran Berasaskan