Kesimpulan
Dari penelitian ini diperoleh metode perbanyakan bibit bawang merah secara in vitro dengan mendapatkan umbi lapis mikro yang mendukung penyediaaan bibit berkualitas. Umur eksplan terbaik untuk multiplikasi tunas mikro bawang merah sebaiknya diambil dari umbi lapis bibit yang disimpan selama dua bulan. Pembentukan umbi lapis mikro bawang merah dapat dilakukan dengan menanam tunas mikro pada media pengumbian (MS + vit B5) dengan penambahan sukrosa 90 g L-1 tanpa paclobutrazol dan kultur diletakkan pada ruang bersuhu 30 oC. Aklimatisasi umbi lapis mikro bawang merah mempunyai keberhasilan tumbuh yang lebih tinggi dibanding menggunakan planlet tunas mikro dan penanganan yang lebih mudah. Bibit berhasil tumbuh mencapai 56% selama tiga minggu pada media kompos daun hijau dan arang sekam (1:1) pada tingkat naungan 40% dengan memperlihatkan pertumbuhan daun, tinggi tanaman dan tunas baru.
Saran
Eksplan untuk perbanyakan tunas mikro sebaiknya menggunakan umbi lapis bibit yang sudah disimpan pada suhu tinggi selama dua bulan. Tunas mikro dengan jumlah daun minimal tiga helai, tidak vitrous dan berumur 4 minggu di media perbanyakan sebaiknya dipakai sebagai propagul untuk diumbikan pada media pengumbian. Media pengumbian mikro bawang merah disarankan tidak menambahkan paclobutrazol. Perlu dilakukan penelitian tentang epigenetic dan keragaman somaklonal yang mungkin terjadi pada umbi lapis mikro bawang merah yang dihasilkan. Penelitian aklimatisasi dilanjutkan dengan pemupukan, ukuran umbi lapis mikro, dan kerapatan tanaman untuk memproduksi umbi lapis mini bawang merah.
ascalonicum) and Allium wakegi bulbs and its breaking by scale cutting. J.Fac.Agric. 43(3&4):309-315.
Argo WR. 1997. Transplant production and performance: media physical properties. The Fifth National Symposium on Stand Establishment: Transplant Workshop. Ohio State University Columbus The University of Florida.
Arteca RN. 1996. Plant Growth Substances Principles and Applications. Chapman and Hall. New York.
Ascough GD, Erwin JE, van Standen J. 2008. Reduced temperature, elevated sucrose, continuous light and gibberellic acid promote corm formation in
Watsonia vanderspuyiae. Plant Cell Tiss.Org.Cult. 95:275–283
AVRDC. 2006. Project 2 off season onion and garlic. http//www.avrdc.org. (diakses 17-3-2006).
Badan Pusat Statistika. 2011. Tabel Produksi Hortikultura/Luas Panen, Produksi dan Produktivitas Bawang Merah 2009-2010. http//www.bps.go.id (diakses 20-12-2011).
Brewster JL. 2002. Crop Production Science in Horticulture 3 : Onions and Other Vegetable Alliums 2nd ed. CAB International. Amsterdam. 227p.
Brewster JL, Salter PJ, Darby RJ. 1977. Analysis of the growth and yield of overwintered onions. J.Hort.Sci. 52:335-346.
Cathey HM. 1975. Comparative plant growth-retarding activities of Ancymidol with ACPA, Phospfon, Chlormequat and SADH on ornamental plant species. Hort.Sci.10(3):204-216.
Chen J, Ito T, Shinohara Y. 2002. Effects of cell plug trays on shoot and root growths of Chinese cabbage (Brassica camprestis L. (pekinensis group)) transplants. J.Japan.Soc.Hort.Sci. 71(5): 617-622.
Cheng F, Zhong L, Zhao N, Liu Y, Zhang G. 2005. Temperature induced changes in the starch components and biosynthetic enzymes of two rice varieties. Plant Growth Reg. 46:87-95.
Cohat J. 1994. Production of gynogenetic plants by in vitro culture of flower buds in shallot (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum). Agronomie 14: 299- 33304.
De Mason D. 1990. Morphology and anatomy of Allium. P27-52. In. Rabinowitch HD and Brewster JL (eds.). Onions and Allied Crops Vol 1. Botany, Physiology and Genetics. CRC. Florida.
Dhavala VNC, Rao TD, Rao YV, Prabavathi K. 2009. Effect of explant age, hormones on somatic embryogenesis and production of multiple shoot from cotyledonary leaf explants of Solanum trilobatum L. Afr.J.Biotech. 8 (4):630-634.
Direktorat Jendral Hortikultura. 2008. Data Ekspor dan Impor Tanaman Hortikultura : Bawang Merah. www.deptan.go.id. (diakses tgl 25 April 2011).
Direktorat Jendral Hortikultura. 2009. Produksi Tanaman Hortikultura : Bawang Merah. www.deptan.go.id. (diakses tgl 25 April 2011).
Direktorat Jendral Hortikultura. 2011. Berita Hortikultura. www.deptan.go.id (diakses tgl 3 Oktober 2011).
Dufault RJ. 1997. Transplant production and performance: effect of transplant nutrition. The Fifth National Symposium on Stand Establishment: Transplant Workshop. Ohio State University, Colombus The University of Florida.
Fardani MS. 2005. Studi pembentukan umbi bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum
L.) cv Sumenep menggunakan SADH dan sukrosa secara in vitro. Skripsi. Departemen Budi Daya Pertanian, Faperta IPB. Bogor. 44 hal.
Fereira S, Hjerno K, Larsen NM, Wingsle G, Larsen P, Fey S, Roepstorff P, Salome´Pais M. 2006. Proteome profiling of Populus euphratica Oliv. upon heat stress. Annals Bot. 98: 361–377
Fletcher PJ, Fletcher JD, Lewthwaite S. 1998. In vitro elimination of onion yellow dwarf and shallot latent viruses in shallots (Allium cepa var.
ascalonicum L.). New Zealand J. Crop Hort. Sci. 26: 23-26.
George EF, Sherrington PD. 1984. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture : Handbook and Directory of Commercial Laboratories. Exegetic Ltd. 781p. Gunawan LW. 1992. Teknik Kultur Jaringan Tanaman. Pusat Antar Universitas
IPB dan Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi. Bogor. 212hal.
Hidayat IM. 1997. In vitro plant regeneration and bulblet formation of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L. ) var. Sumenep. Acta Hort. 688: IV International Symposium on Edible Alliaceae (Abstract)
Handayani DP, Purwito A, Dinarti D. 2005. Pengaruh jenis sitokinin dan air kelapa terhadap pembentukan tunas mikro bawang merah (Allium
ascalonicum L.) var. Sumenep. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Perhimpunan Hortikultura Indonesia: Menuju Produk Hortuikultura Berkualitas. Jakarta. Haque MS, Wada T, Hattori K. 2003. Shoot regeneration and bulblet formation
from shoot and root meristem of garlic cv. Bangladesh local. Asian J. Plant Sci. 2(1): 23-27.
Hazarika BN. 2003. Acclimatization of tissue cultured plants. Curr.Sci. 85(12):1704-1712.
Hunter DC, Burritt DJ. 2002. Improved adventitious shoot production from cotyledon explants of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Sci.Hort. 95:269–276 Jacobs G, Richard M, Allderman LA, Theron KI. 1992. Direct and indirect
organogenesis in tissue cultures of Nerine bowdenii Watts. Acta Hortic. 325:475–479
Jain R, Shrivastava AK, Solomon S, Yadav RL. 2007. Low temperature stress- induced biochemical changes affect stubble bud sprouting in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid). Plant Growth Regul. 53:17–23.
Kahane, Teyssendier R, de La Serve B, Rancillac M. 1992. Bulbing in long-day onion (Allium cepa L.) cultured in vitro: comparison between sugar feeding and light induction. Annals.Bot. 69:551-555.
Kamstaityte D, Stanys V. 2004. Micro propagation of onion (Allium cepa L.) Acta Universitatis Latviensis Biology. 676: 173-176.
Kemery RD, Dana MN. 2001. Influence of container size and medium amendment on post-transplant growth of Prairie perennial seedlings. Hort.Tech. 11(1):52-55.
Khokhar KM. 2009. Effect of set-size and storage temperature on bolting, bulbing and seed yield on two onion cultivar. Sci.Hort. 122 (2):187-194 Kim EK, Hahn EJ, Murthy HN, Paek KY. 2003. High frequency of shoot
multiplication and bulblet formation of garlic in liquid cultures. Plant Cell Tiss. Org.Cult. 73: 231-236.
Le Guen-Le Saos F, Hourmant A, Esnault F, Chauvin JE. 2002. In vitro bulb development in shallot (Allium cepa L. aggregatum group): effect of anti- gibberellins, sucrose and light. Annals Bot. 89: 419-425.
Leshem B, Werker E, Shalev DP. 1988. The effect of cytokinins on vitrification in melon and carnation. Annals Bot. 62: 271-276
Lizawati, Novita T, Purnamaningsih R. 2009. Induksi dan multiplikasi tunas jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) secara in vitro. J.Agron.Indon. 37(1): 78-85
Matile P. 2001.Chloroplast senescence and its regulation,. In: Aro E, Andersson B, editors. Regulation of Photosynthesis. Kluwer Academic Publishers Netherlands. p.277-296
Matsubara S, Chen D. 1989. In vitro production of garlic plants and field acclimatization. Hort.Sci. 24(4): 677-679.
Mauk CS, Langille AR. 1978. Physiology of tuberization in Solanum tuberosum
L. Cis-zeatin riboside in the potato plant: its identification and changes in endogeneous levels as influenced by temperature and photoperiod. Plant Physiol. 62: 438-442.
Menzel CM. 1983. Tuberization in potato at high temperatures: gibberellins content and transport from buds.Annals Bot. 52: 697-702.
Mohammed-Yasseen Y, Splittstoesser WE, Litz RE. 1994. In vitro shoot proliferation and production of sets from garlic and shallot. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 36: 2433-247
Mohebodini M, Javarani MJ, Mahboudi F, Alizadeh H. 2011. Effects of genotype, explant age and growth regulators on callus induction and direct shoot regeneration of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Afr.J.Crops Si. 5(1):92-95. Mondal MF, Brewster JL, Morris GEL, Butler HA. 1986. Bulb development in
onion (Allium cepa L.) I. Effect of plant density and sowing date in field conditions. Annals Bot. 58: 187-195.
Murashige T, Skoog F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 473–497.
NeSmith DS, Duval JR. 1997. Transplant production and performance: the effect of container cell size. The Fifth National Symposium on Stand Establishment: Transplant Workshop. Ohio State University Columbus The University of Florida.
Nonnecke IL. 1989. Vegetable Production. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York. 657p.
Nur IHIS. 2005. Pengaruh konsentrasi media MS dan IBA terhadap pembentukan akar pada tunas bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) cv Sumenep dalam kultur in vitro. Skripsi. Departemen Budi Daya Pertanian, Faperta IPB. Bogor. 38 hal.
Ozyigit II, Kahraman MV, Erca O. 2007. Relation between explant age, total phenols and regeneration response in tissue culture of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Afr. J. Biotech. 6(1):003-008.
Pak C, van der Plas LHW, de Boer AD. 1995. Importance of dormancy and sink strength in sprouting of onions (Allium cepa) during storage. Physiol. Plant. 94:277-283
Parsini. 2005. Pengaruh pemberian Calcium panthotenate dan jenis media terhadap pembentukan tunas in vitro bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum
L.) cv. Sumenep. Skripsi. Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, Faperta IPB. 56 hal.
Patena LF, Rasco-Gaunt SM, Chavez-Lapitan VP, Bariring AL, Barba RC. 1997. Seed production and in vitro conservation systems for garlic and shallot. Acta Hort. 461 (Abstract).
Pathak, CS, Kou GC, Green SK, Tsou SCS, Black L, Engle LM, Chen NC. 1994. Current programmes and progress in bulb Alliums improvement at AVRDC. Onion Newsletter for the Tropics. 6:17-20.
Pelkonen V. 2005. Biotechnological Approaches in Lily (lilium) Production. Univ. of Oulu. Finland. 63p.
Petani Indonesia. 2009. Penyimpanan Bawang Merah. www.petaniindonesia.com (diakses 14 Oktober 2011).
Permadi AH, van der Meer QP. 1997. Allium cepa L. cv. group aggregatum. p.64-68. In . Siemonsma SS, Piluek J (Eds.). Prosea. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 8. Vegetables. Prosea. Bogor Indonesia.
Phillips GC, Luteyn KJ. 1989. Effects of picloram and other auxin on onion tissue cultures. J. Amer Soc. Hort. Sci. 108(6): 948-953.
Phillips N. 2010. Seed and bulb dormancy characteristic in new world Allium L. (Amaryllidaceae): a review. Intern. J. Bot. 6(3):228-234.
Pierik RLM. 1987. In vitro Culture of Higher Plants. Martinus Nijhoff Publ. Netherlands. 344p.
Putrasamedja S. 1995. Cara memproduksi benih bawang merah melalui biji (TSS). Prosiding Seminar Ilmiah Nasional Komoditas Sayuran 24-10-1995. Rabinowitch HD, Kamenetsky R. 2002. Shallot (Alllium cepa var. aggregatum
group). P409-430. In Rabinowitch HD, Currah L (eds.) Allium Crops Science: Recent Advances. CABI Warwick
Rahayu E, Berlian N. 1997. Bawang Merah. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta. 94hal. Rahman MH, Haque MS, Karim MA, Ahmed M. 2006. Effects of gibberellic
acid (GA3) on breaking dormancy in garlic (Allium sativum L.). Int. J. Agri.
Rahmawati I. 2007. Studi pembentukan umbi lapis mikro dua kultivar bawang merah (Allium cepa var aggregatum group) secara in vitro pada berbagai konsentrasi SADH. Skripsi. Departemen Budi Daya Pertanian, Faperta, IPB. Bogor. 40 hal.
Rice RD, Alderson PG, Wright NA. 1983. Induction of bulbing of tulip shoots in vitro. Sci.Hort. 20:377-390.
Roksana R, Alam MF, Islam R, Hossain MM. 2002. In vitro bulblet formation from shoot apex in garlic (Allium sativum L.). Plant Tiss. Cult. 12(1): 11-17. Ross JJ. 1998. Effect of auxin transport inhibitors on gibbrellins in Pea. J.Plant
Growth Regul.17:141-146
Royno AD. 2003. Pengaruh NAA dan BAP terhadap Multiplikasi Tunas Bawang Merah Kultivar Sumenep secaraIin Vitro. Skripsi. Departemen Budi Daya Pertanian, Faperta IPB. Bogor. 36 hal.
Rubatzky VE, Yamaguchi M. 1999. World Vegetables: Principles, Production, and Nutritive Values. 2 ed. Aspen Publ., Inc. Maryland USA. 843p.
Rukmana R. 1999. Bawang Merah: Budidaya dan Pengolahan Pascapanen. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta. 47hal.
Septiari AM, Dinarti D. 2003. Pengaruh NAA dan BAP terhadap multiplikasi tunas in vitro bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) var. Sumenep . Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengembangan Teknologi yang Mendukung Agribisnis. Jogjakarta.
Slabbert MM, de Bruyn MH, Ferreira DI, Pretorius J. 1993. Regeneration of bulblets from twin scales of Crinum macowanii in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 33:133–141.
Soepardi G. 1983. Sifat dan Ciri Tanah. Jurusan Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian. Institut Pertanian Bogor. 591hal.
Srivastava LM. 2002. Plant Growth and Development: Hormones and Environment. Academic Press. New York. 772p.
Tiran R, Dinarti D. 2007. Embriogenesis somatik pada bawang merah. Prosiding Seminar dan Kongres Nasional Perhimpunan Agronomi Indonesia Indonesia. Universitas Padjajaran dan Direktorat Jendral Perkebunan.
Tjondronegoro PD, Harran S, Hamim. 1999. Fisiologi Tumbuhan Dasar I, II, III. Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Institut Pertanian Bogor. 321hal.
Wattimena GA, Purwito A. 1989. Produksi Umbi Mikro Kentang. PAU Bioteknologi.IPB. Bogor. 54hal.
Wibowo S. 1999. Budidaya Bawang. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta. 194 hal.
Yamazaki H, Nishijima T, Yamato Y, Koshioka M, Miura H. 1999. Involvement of absisic acid (ABA), in bulb dormancy of Allium wakegi L. endogenous levels of ABA in relation in bulb dormancy and effects of exogenous ABA and fluridone. Plant Growth Regul. 29(2):189-194.
Yoo KS, pike LM, Cobb RG. 1990. Promotion of in vitro leaf growth of inner scales excised from dormant onion bulbs. Hort.Sci. 25(2):228-229.
Youssef M, James A, Mayo-Mosqueda A, Ku-Cauich JR, Grijalva-Arango R, Escobedo-GM RM. 2010. Influence of genotype and age of explant source on the capacity for somatic embryogenesis of two cavendish banana cultivars (Musa acuminata Colla, AAA). Afr.J. Biotech. 9(15): 2216-2223. Zhen X, Yeong-Cheol U, Chun-Hwan K, Gang L, De-Ping G, Hai-Lin L, Amadou
AB, Aining M. 2008. Effect of plant growth regulators, temperature and sucrose on shoot proliferation from the stem disc of Chinese jiaotou (Allium chinense) and in vitro bulblet formation. Acta Physiol. Plant. 30:521–52 Zheng S, Henken B, Sofiari E, Keizer P, Jacobsen E, Kirk C, Krens FA. 1999.
Effect of cytokinins and lines on plant regeneration from long-term callus and suspension of Allium cepa L. Euphytica 108: 83-90.
Zheng S, Henken B, de Maagd RA, Purwito A, Krens FA, Kirk C. 2005. Two different Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes confer resistance to beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hubner) in transgenic Bt-shallots (Allium cepa L.). Transg. Res. 14: 261-272.
93 Tabel Lampiran 1. Produksi, luas panen dan produktivitas bawang merah di
Indonesia dari tahun 2000 sampai 2008
Tahun Luas (ha) Produksi (ton) Produktivitas (ton/ha)
2000 84 038 861 150 9.196 2001 82 147 766 572 10.483 2002 79 867 762 795 9.598 2003 88 029 762 795 8.670 2004 88 707 757 399 8.540 2005 83 614 732 610 8.760 2006 89 188 794 931 8.910 2007 93 694 802 810 8.570 2008 91 339 853 615 9.350
Sumber : Direktorat Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura. 2009. Produksi Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura : Bawang Merah. Departemen Pertanian. Tabel Lampiran 2. Produksi, luas panen dan produktivitas bawang merah di
Indonesia dari tahun 2009 dan 2010
Tahun Luas (ha) Produksi (ton) Produktivitas (ton/ha)
2009 109 009 965 164 9.28
2010 109 634 1 048 934 9.57
Sumber: Badan Pusat Statistik. 2011. Tabel statistik hortikultura/Luas panen, produksi dan produktivitas bawang merah 2009-2010. www.bps.go.id (diakses tgl 20 Desember 2011).