• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Sperma mati

KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

5.1 Kesimpulan

1. Pasta tomat meningkatkan kecepatan gerak spermatozoa mencit galur

BALB/c yang diinduksi dengan sisplatin.

2. Pasta tomat meningkatkan jumlah spermatozoa mencit galur BALB/c yang

diinduksi dengan sisplatin.

3. Pasta tomat meningkatkan viabilitas spermatozoa mencit galur BALB/c

yang diinduksi dengan sisplatin.

5.2 Saran

1. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai efek sisplatin terhadap fertilitas pada dosis jangka panjang sesuai pemakaiannya dalam terapi kanker dan efek proteksi likopen terhadap kerusakan yang terjadi.

2. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai efek protektif likopen terhadap infertilitas yang diakibatkan oleh faktor-faktor lain.

3. Perlu dilakukan percobaan dengan produk tomat lainnya dan

membandingkan efektivitas masing-masing produk terhadap infertilitas.

4. Diharapkan antioksidan, terutama likopen dalam tomat dapat

dikembangkan menjadi terapi adjuvan untuk mengatasi infertilitas pria akibat efek samping obat kemoterapi.

5. Sampel yang digunakan harus lebih banyak untuk menghindari

kemungkinan kurangnya sampel karena kematian sampel akibat toksisitas sisplatin.

61 Universitas Kristen Maranatha DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Agarwal A. and Prabakaran S. A. 2005. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Male Infertility: a Difficult Balance. Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 1(3): 1-8

______. 2005. Mechanism, Measurement, and Prevention of Oxidative Stress in Male Reproductive Physiology. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, (43): 963-74

Agarwal A., Prabakaran S. A., Said T. M. 2005. Prevention of Oxidative Stress Minireview: Injury to Sperm. Journal of Andrology, 6(26): 654-60

Agarwal A., Prabakaran S. A., Sikka S. C. 2007. Clinical Relevance of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Male Factor Infertility: Evidence-Based Analysis. AUA Update Series. 1(26): 1-11

Agarwal S., Rao A. V. 2000. Tomato Lycopene and Its Role in Human Health and Chronic Diseases. Can Med Assoc J., 163:739–44

Aitken R. J., Ryan A. L., Baker M. A., McLaughlin E. A. 2004. Redox Activity Associated with the Maturation and Capacitation of Mammalian Spermatozoa.

Free Radic Biol Med., 36:994–1010

Allamaneni S. S., Naughton C. K., Sharma R. K., Thomas A. J. Jr., Agarwal A. 2004. Increased Seminal Reactive Oxygen Species Levels in Patients with Varicoceles Correlate with Varicocele Grade but Not with Testis Size. Fertil Steril,82: 1684–6

Alvarez J. G. 2003. Nurture vs Nature: How Can We Optimize Sperm Quality?

Journal of Andrology, 5(24): 640

Anonymous. 2001. Spermatogenesis.

www.faculty.sunydutchess.edu/scala/Bio102/pdf/Spermatogenesis.jpg, 20 Oktober 2007

Anonymous. 2003. Radikal Bebas, Penyebab Infertilitas Pria.

62

Anonymous. 2004. Male Reproductive System.

http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo.D502-D502f04-lecture.f04/Malef04/malerepro.jpg.htm, 15 Oktober 2007

Anonymous. 2007. Semen Analysis.

http://www.uhmc.sunysb.edu/urology/male_infertility/SEMEN_ANALYSIS.h tml, 20 Oktober 2007

Atessahin A., Karahan I., Turk G., Gur S., Yilmaz S., Ceribasi A.O. 2006. Protective Role of Lycopene on Cisplatin-induced Changes in Sperm Characteristics, Testicular Damage and Oxidative Stress. Reprod Toxicol., 21(1): 42-7

Aucky Hinting. 2001. Studi Protokol Penatalaksanaan dan Efektivitas

Pengobatan Infertilitas Pria.

http://www.pusdiknakes.or.id/news/iptek.php3?id=5, 2 Mei 2007

BKKBN. 2004. Berbagai Upaya Mengatasi Infertilitas Kaum Pria.

http://www.bkkbn.go.id, 19 April 2007

Boekelheide K. 2005. Mechanisms of Toxic Damage to Spermatogenesis. JNCI

Monograph, (34): 6-8

Canene-Adams K., Campbell J. K., Zaripheh S., Jeffery E. H., Erdman J. W. Jr. 2005. The Tomato As a Functional Food. J. Nutr. 135: 1226–1230

Carlsen E., Giwercman A., Keiding N et al. 1992. Evidence for Decreasing Quality of Semen During Past 50 Years. Bmj, 305: 609

de Lamirande E., Tsai C., Harakat A., Gagnon C.1998. Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species in Human Sperm Arcosome Reaction Induced by A23187, Lysophosphatidylcholine, and Biological Fluid Ultrafiltrates. J Androl., 19: 585–94

Drake R. L., Vogl W., Mitchell. A. W. M. 2005. Pelvis and Perineum. In: Bill Schmitt Editor: Gray’s Anatomy for Students. 1st ed. Spain: Elsevier Inc. P. 440-441

Elvina Karyadi. 2007. Antioksidan Resep Sehat & Umur Panjang. http://www.depkes.go.id/index.php?option=articles&task=viewarticle&artid= 337&Itemid=3, 2 Mei 2007

63

Universitas Kristen Maranatha

Embryology.ch. 2007. Spermatogenesis.

http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/cgametogen/spermato03.html, 20 oktober 2007

Fritzgerald P. A. 2002. Hormon-hormon Hipotalamus dan Pituitari. Dalam B. G. Katzung ed.: Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik. Edisi 1. Jilid 2. Jakarta : Salemba Medika. Hal. 524-5

Ganong W. F. 2003. The Male Reproductive System In: Review of Medical Physiology. 21st ed. USA: McGraw-Hill. P. 428-52

Garrido N., Meseguer M., Simon C., Pellicer A., Remohi J. 2004. Pro-oxidative and Anti-oxidative Imbalance in Human Semen and Its Relation with Male Fertility. Asian J Androl, 6:59–65

Giwercman A. Carlsen E, Keiding N et al. 1993. Evidence for Increasing Incidence of Abnormalities of the Human Testis: a Review. Environ Health Perspect, 101(2): 65

Goodman L. S., Gilman A., Hardman J. G., Limbird L. E., Gilman A. G. 2001. Antineoplastic Agents. In J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, and A. G. Gilman eds. : Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. P. 1389-1390

Gupta N. 2003. Examining the Health Benefits of Lycopene from Tomatoes:

Emerging Role of Lycopene in Male Infertility.

http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:_49btjId2WsJ:www.lycopene.org/docum ents/doc/22923Lycopene%2520FinalIda%2520Laquatra.doc+lycopene+male+ infertile+mechanism&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=15, 30 April 2007

Gupta N. P. and Kumar R. 2002. Lycopene Therapy in Idiopathic Male Infertility-a PreliminInfertility-ary Report. Int Urol Nephrol, 34(3): 369-72

Guyton A. C. and Hall J. E. 1997. Fisiologi Reproduksi dan Hormonal Pria (dan Kelenjar Pineal). Dalam A. C. Guyton and J. E. Hall eds.: Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. Edisi 9. Jakarta: EGC. Hal 1265-8, 1274-5

Hermawanto H. H., Hadiwidjaja D. B. 2002. Analisis sperma pada infertilitas pria. http://www.medika.co.id/arsip/102002/pus-3.htm, 9 Mei 2007.

IPTEKnet. 2005. Tomat.

64

Katzung B. G. 1998. Kemoterapi Kanker. Dalam: Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik. Edisi 4. Hal 864-865

Martini F. H. 2004. The Reproductive System. In Martini F. H. Ed. :

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology. 6th edition. San Fransisco: Pearson Education International. P. 1048-63

MDidea. 2007. Lycopene.

http://www.mdidea.com/products/herbextract/lycopene/data.html, 29 April 2007

Molina P. E. 2004. Male Reproductive System. In: Endocrine Physiology. USA: McGraw-Hill. P. 181-205

Nakazawa L. 2004. All About Supplement: Lycopene.

http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2004/dec2004_aas_01.htm, 2 Mei 2007

Nukman Moeloek. 1983. Analisis Semen Manusia.

http://www.kalbe.co.id/files/cdk/files/16_AnalisisSemenManusia.pdf/16_Anal isisSemenManusia.htm, 20 Oktober 2007

Nurwitri. 2007. Kemandulan Belum Tentu Disebabkan oleh Isteri. http://hqweb01.bkkbn.go.id/hqweb/pria/artikel03-4I.html, 2 Mei 2007

Paget G. E. and Barnes J. M. 1964. Toxicity Test in Evaluation of Drug Activities Pharmacometrics. 1st ed. London and New York: Academic Press. P. 161-162

Rubenstein J. And Brannigan R. E. 2005. Male Infertility.

www.emedicine.com/male_ infertility, 23 Oktober 2007

Sawhney P., Giammona C. J., Meistrich M. L., Richburg J. H. 2005. Cisplatin-Induced Long-term Failure of Spermatogenesis in Adult C57/Bl/6J Mice.

Journal of Andrology, 1(26)

http://www.andrologyjournal.org/cgi/content/full/26/1/136

Shi J., Kakuda Y., Yeung D. 2004. Antioxidative Properties of Lycopene and Other Carotenoids from Tomatoes: Synergistic Effects. IOS Press. 1-4(21): 203-210

The Free Dictionary. 2007. Spermatozoon.

65

Universitas Kristen Maranatha

The George Mateljan Foundation. 2007. Tomatoes.

http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=44, 1 Mei 2007

Tonucci L., Holden J., Beecher G., Khackik F., Davis C. Mulokozi G. 1995. Carotenoid Content of Thermally Processed Tomato-based Food Products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 579–586

USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. 2005. Tomato. http://www.nal.usda.gov, 1 Mei 2007

______. 2006. Tomato. http://www.nal.usda.gov, 1 Mei 2007

USDA Nutrient Data Bank. 2004. Tomato. http://www.nal.usda.gov, 1 Mei 2007 Vander A. J., Sherman J. H., Luciano D. S. 1990. Section A-Male Reproductive

Physiology. In: Human Physiology. 5th ed. Caledonia: York Graphic Services Inc. P. 604-14

Wagner E. 2005. LE Magazine: What’s Missing from Multi-Vitamin

Supplements?.

http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2005/jan2005_report_multi_03.htm, 1 Mei 2007

Weisburger J. H. 2002. Lycopene and Tomato Products in Health Promotion. Exp Biol Med., 227: 924-27

WHO. 1988. Penuntun Laboratorium WHO untuk Pemeriksaan Semen Manusia dan Interaksi Sperma-Getah Serviks. Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Hal. 3-17, 32, 36

______. 1992. WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen

and Semen-Cervical Mucus Interaction. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press. P. 1-20

Wikipedia. 2007. Cisplatin. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisplatin, 1 Mei 2007 ______. 2007. Tomato. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tomato, 29 April 2007 ______. 2007. Lycopene. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lycopene, 29 April 2007

66

Wildan Yatim. 1994. Reproduksi & Embriologi untuk Mahasiswa Biologi & Kedokteran. Edisi 3. Bandung: Penerbit Tarsito. Hal. 28-43

Zhang X., Yamamoto N., Soramoto S., Takenaka I. 2001. Cisplatin-induced Germ Cell Apoptosis in Mouse Testes. Archives of Andrology, 1(46): 43-49

Dokumen terkait