THE EXTRACTION OF SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS FROM LIQUIDS
2.7. METHOD COMPARISON
than LLE. The capacity for quantitative, or exhaustive, transfer is related to the KD value and the total mass of sorbent utilized. More sorbent mass is typically present in SBSE than in SPME; therefore, more analyte is trans-ferred to the sorbent in SBSE.
Compared to nonequilibrium methods, equilibrium methods tend to be simpler, less expensive, more selective, therefore require less cleanup, re-quire determination of preequilibrium/equilibrium status, are time, temper-ature, and matrix dependent, and require internal standards for calibration [43,75,128,156].
Extraction approaches di¤er, but the choice of methodology depends on the analyst’s objectives and resources and the client’s expectations. In prac-tice, an analyst may prefer equilibrium or nonequilibrium procedures. How-ever, no stigma should be placed on whether an extraction method is exhaus-tive or nonexhausexhaus-tive or equilibrium or nonequilibrium.
AKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to acknowledge the editorial and graphical assistance of Ms. Amy Knox, Ms. Sandra Pigg, and Ms. Binney Stumpf.
REFERENCES
1. A. J. Bard, Chemical Equilibrium, Harper & Row, New York, 1966, pp. 107, 138.
2. D. Mackay and T. K. Yuen, Water Pollut. Res. J. Can., 15(2), 83 (1980).
3. D. Mackay, W. Y. Shiu, and K. C. Ma, Henry’s law constant, in R. S. Boeth-ling and D. Mackay, eds., Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals: Environmental and Health Sciences, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2000, p. 69.
4. R. G. Thomas, Volatilization from water, in W. J. Lyman, W. F. Reehl, and D. H. Rosenblatt, eds., Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods:
Environmental Behavior of Organic Compounds, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982, p. 15-1.
5. C. F. Grain, Vapor pressure, in W. J. Lyman, W. F. Reehl, and D. H. Rosen-blatt, eds., Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods: Environmen-tal Behavior of Organic Compounds, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982, p. 14-1.
6. D. Mackay, W. Y. Shiu, and K. C. Ma, Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Physical-Chemicals, Vol. II, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Dioxins, and Dibenzofur-ans, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1992, pp. 3, 250–252.
131 references
7. M. L. Sage and G. W. Sage, Vapor pressure, in R. S. Boethling and D.
Mackay, eds., Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals: Envi-ronmental and Health Sciences, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2000, p. 53.
8. R. P. Schwarzenbach, P. M. Gschwend, and D. M. Imboden, Environmental Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 1993, pp. 56, 57, 77, 109, 111, 124, 131, 163, 178–181, 255–341.
9. K. Verschueren, Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 3rd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1996, pp. 4–6, 20, 22.
10. W. J. Lyman, Solubility in water, in W. J. Lyman, W. F. Reehl, and D. H.
Rosenblatt, eds., Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods: Envi-ronmental Behavior of Organic Compounds, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982, p. 2-1.
11. W. J. Lyman, Solubility in various solvents, in W. J. Lyman, W. F. Reehl, and D. H. Rosenblatt, eds., Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods:
Environmental Behavior of Organic Compounds, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982, p. 3-1.
12. D. Mackay, Solubility in water, in R. S. Boethling and D. Mackay, eds., Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals: Environmental and Health Sciences, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2000, p. 125.
13. R. E. Ney, Where Did That Chemical Go? A Practical Guide to Chemical Fate and Transport in the Environment, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1990, pp. 10, 13, 18, 32.
14. J. Traube, Annalen, 265, 27 (1891).
15. C. Tanford, The Hydrophobic E¤ect: Formation of Micelles and Biological Membranes, Wiley, New York, 1973, pp. 2–4, 10–11, 19, 20, 34.
16. E. Tomlinson, J. Chromatogr., 113, 1 (1975).
17. J. W. McBain, Colloid Science, D.C. Heath, Boston, 1950.
18. H. S. Scheraga, Acc. Chem. Res., 12, 7 (1979).
19. M. J. M. Wells, C. R. Clark, and R. M. Patterson, J. Chromatogr., 235, 43 (1982).
20. H. S. Frank and M. W. Evans, J. Chem. Phys., 13, 507 (1945).
21. C. Hansch and A. Leo, Substituent Constants for Correlation Analysis in Chemistry and Biology, Wiley, New York, 1979, pp. 13–17.
22. A. Leo, Octanol/water partition coe‰cients, in R. S. Boethling and D. Mackay, eds., Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals: Environmental and Health Sciences, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2000, p. 89.
23. I. E. Bush, The Chromatography of Steroids, Macmillan, New York, 1961, pp. 11, 18.
24. C. Hansch and A. Leo, Exploring QSAR, Vol. I, Fundamentals and Applications in Chemistry and Biology, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1995, p. 97.
25. H. Meyer, Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol., 42, 110 (1899).
26. E. Overton, Studien uber die Narkose, Fischer, Jena, Germany, 1901.
27. R. Collander, Physiol. Plant., 7, 420 (1954).
28. W. J. Lyman, Octanol/water partition coe‰cient, in W. J. Lyman, W. F. Reehl, and D. H. Rosenblatt, eds., Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods: Environmental Behavior of Organic Compounds, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982, p. 1-1.
29. T. Fujita, J. Iwasa, and C. Hansch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86, 5175 (1964).
30. M. J. M. Wells and C. R. Clark, Anal. Chem., 64, 1660 (1992).
31. M. Nakamura, M. Nakamura, and S. Yamada, Analyst, 121, 469 (1996).
32. M. J. M. Wells and L. Z. Yu, J. Chromatogr. A, 885, 237 (2000).
33. D. Mackay, W. Y. Shiu, and K. C. Ma, Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Physical-Chemicals, Vol. I, Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons, Chlorobenzenes, and PCBs, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1992, p. 141.
34. EnviroLand, version 2.50, 2002.
www.hartwick.edu/geology/enviroland
35. V. L. Snoeyink and D. Jenkins, Water Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 1980.
36. D. Langmuir, Aqueous Environmental Geochemistry, Prentice Hall, Upper Sad-dle River, NJ, 1997.
37. C. T. Jafvert, J. C. Westall, E. Grieder, and R. P. Schwarzenbach, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 24, 1795 (1990).
38. I. M. Koltho¤, E. B. Sandell, E. J. Meehan, and S. Bruckenstein, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 4th ed., Macmillan, New York, 1969, pp. 335–375.
39. Honeywell Burdick & Jackson, Miscibility, 2002.
www.bandj.com/BJProduct/SolProperties/Miscibility.html 40. Honeywell Burdick & Jackson, Solubility in water, 2002.
www.bandj.com/BJProduct/SolProperties/SolubilityWater.html 41. Honeywell Burdick & Jackson, Density, 2002.
www.bandj.com/BJProduct/SolProperties/Density.html
42. Honeywell Burdick & Jackson, Solubility of water in each solvent, 2002.
www.bandj.com/BJProduct/SolProperties/SolWaterEach.html
43. M. J. M. Wells, Handling large volume samples: applications of SPE to envi-ronmental matrices, in N. J. K. Simpson, ed., Solid-Phase Extraction: Princi-ples, Techniques, and Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000, pp. 97–
123.
44. J. R. Dean, Classical approaches for the extraction of analytes from aqueous samples, in Extraction Methods for Environmental Analysis, Wiley, Chichester, West Sussex, England, 1998, pp. 23–33.
45. A. J. Holden, Solvent and membrane extraction in organic analysis, in A. J.
Handley, ed., Extraction Methods in Organic Analysis, She‰eld Academic Press, She‰eld, Yorkshire, England, 1999, pp. 5–53.
46. Kimble/Kontes, Inc., product literature, 2002.
133 references
47. T. Fujiwara, I. U. Mohammadzai, K. Murayama, and T. Kumamaru, Anal.
Chem., 72, 1715 (2000).
48. M. Tokeshi, T. Minagawa, and T. Kitamori, Anal. Chem., 72, 1711 (2000).
49. S. X. Peng, C. Henson, M. J. Strojnowski, A. Golebiowski, and S. R. Klop-fenstein, Anal. Chem., 72, 261 (2000).
50. S. X. Peng, T. M. Branch, and S. L. King, Anal. Chem., 73, 708 (2001).
51. H. Lord and J. Pawliszyn, J. Chromatogr. A, 885, 153 (2000).
52. K. S. W. Sing, Historical perspectives of physical adsorption, in J. Fraissard and C. W. Conner, eds., Physical Adsorption: Experiment, Theory and Applica-tions, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1997, pp. 3–8.
53. K.-U. Goss and R. P. Schwarzenbach, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(1), 1 (2001).
54. W. W. Eckenfelder, Jr., Granular carbon adsorption of toxics, in P. W. Lank-ford and W. W. Eckenfelder, eds., Toxicity Reduction in Industrial E¿uents, Wiley, New York, 1990, pp. 203–208.
55. R. E. Shirey and R. F. Mindrup, SPME-Adsorption versus Absorption: Which Fiber Is Best for Your Application? product literature, T400011, Sigma-Aldrich Co., 1999.
www.supelco.com
56. Barnebey & Sutcli¤e Corporation, Activated carbon technologies, in Introduc-tion to Activated Carbons, 1996.
57. W. J. Thomas and B. Crittenden, Adsorption Technology and Design, Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn, MA, 1998, pp. 8, 9, 31, 70.
58. M. Henry, SPE technology: principles and practical consequences, in N. J. K.
Simpson, ed., Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000, pp. 125–182.
59. A. J. P. Martin and R. L. M. Synge, Biochem. J., 35, 1358 (1941).
60. I. Liska, J. Chromatogr. A, 885, 3 (2000).
61. N. J. K. Simpson and M. J. M. Wells, Introduction to solid-phase extraction, in N. J. K. Simpson, ed., Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000, pp. 1–17.
62. M. Zief, L. J. Crane, and J. Horvath, Am. Lab., 14(5), 120, 122, 125–126, 128, 130 (1982).
63. M. Zief, L. J. Crane, and J. Horvath, Int. Lab., 12(5), 102, 104–109, 111 (1982).
64. G. D. Wachob, LC, Liq. Chromatogr. HPLC Mag., 1(2), 110–112 (1983).
65. G. D. Wachob, LC, Liq. Chromatogr. HPLC Mag., 1(7), 428–430 (1983).
66. M. J. M. Wells, O¤-line multistage extraction chromatography for ultra-selective herbicide residue isolation, in Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Interna-tional Symposium on Sample Preparation and Isolation Using Bonded Silicas, Analytichem International, Harbor City, CA, 1986, pp. 117–135.
67. M. J. M. Wells and J. L. Michael, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 25, 345 (1987).
68. J. S. Fritz and M. Macka, J. Chromatogr. A, 902, 137 (2000).
69. C. W. Huck and G. K. Bonn, J. Chromatogr. A, 885, 51 (2000).
70. M. J. M. Wells and J. L. Michael, Anal. Chem., 59, 1739 (1987).
71. M. J. M. Wells and G. K. Stearman, Coordinating supercritical fluid and solid-phase extraction with chromatographic and immunoassay analysis of herbi-cides, in M. T. Meyer and E. M. Thurman, eds., Herbicide Metabolites in Sur-face Water and Groundwater, ACS Symposium Series 630, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1996, pp. 18–33.
72. M. J. M. Wells, Essential guides to method development in solid-phase extrac-tion, in I. D. Wilson, E. R. Adlard, M. Cooke, and C. F. Poole, eds., Encyclo-pedia of Separation Science, Vol. 10, Academic Press, London, 2000, pp. 4636–
4643.
73. J. S. Fritz, Analytical Solid-Phase Extraction, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1999, 264 pp.
74. M. J. M. Wells and V. D. Adams, Determination of anthropogenic organic compounds associated with fixed or suspended solids/sediments: an overview, in R. A. Baker, ed., Organic Substances and Sediments in Water: Processes and Analytical, Vol. 2, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1991, pp. 409–479.
75. E. M. Thurman and M. S. Mills, Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles and Prac-tice, Wiley, New York, 1998, 344 pp. (Vol. 147 in Chemical Analysis: A Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry and Its Applications).
76. N. J. K. Simpson and P. M. Wynne, The sample matrix and its influence on method development, in N. J. K. Simpson, ed., Solid-Phase Extraction:
Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000, pp.
19–38.
77. C. F. Poole, A. D. Gunatilleka, and R. Sethuraman, J. Chromatogr. A, 885, 17 (2000).
78. M. S. Tswett, Proc. Warsaw Soc. Nat. Sci. Biol. Sec., 14(6) (1903).
79. M. S. Tswett, Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges., 24, 234, 316, 384 (1906).
80. R. J. Boscott, Nature, 159, 342 (1947).
81. J. Boldingh, Experientia, 4, 270 (1948).
82. A. J. P. Martin, Biochem. Soc. Symp., 3, 12 (1949).
83. G. A. Howard and A. J. P. Martin, Biochem. J., 46, 532 (1950).
84. Waters Corporation, product literature, 2002.
85. H. Colin and G. Guiochon, J. Chromatogr., 141, 289 (1977).
86. Regis Technologies, Inc., product literature, 2002.
87. J. J. Pesek and M. T. Matyska, SPE sorbents and formats, in N. J. K. Simpson, ed., Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000, pp. 19–38.
88. V. Pichon, C. Cau Dit Coumes, L. Chen, S. Guenu, and M.-C. Hennion, J.
Chromatogr. A, 737, 25 (1996).
89. W. E. May, S. N. Chesler, S. P. Cram, B. H. Gump, H. S. Hertz, D. P.
Enagonio, and S. M. Dyszel, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 13, 535 (1975).
135 references
90. J. N. Little and G. J. Fallick, J. Chromatogr., 112, 389 (1975).
91. R. E. Subden, R. G. Brown, and A. C. Noble, J. Chromatogr., 166, 310 (1978).
92. M.-C. Hennion, J. Chromatogr. A, 856, 3 (1999).
93. M. J. M. Wells, J. Liq. Chromatogr., 5, 2293 (1982).
94. E. Matisova and S. Skrabakova, J. Chromatogr. A, 707, 145 (1995).
95. M.-C. Hennion, J. Chromatogr. A, 885, 73 (2000).
96. M. D. Leon-Gonzalez and L. V. Perez-Arribas, J. Chromatogr. A, 902, 3 (2000).
97. A. J. Handley and R. D. McDowall, Solid phase extraction (SPE) in organic analysis, in A. J. Handley, ed., Extraction Methods in Organic Analysis, She‰eld Academic Press, She‰eld, Yorkshire, England, 1999, pp. 54–74.
98. Varian Sample Preparation Products, Inc., product literature, 2002.
www.varianinc.com
99. N. J. K. Simpson, Ion exchange extraction, in N. J. K. Simpson, ed., Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000, pp. 493–497.
100. D. T. Rossi and N. Zhang, J. Chromatogr. A, 885, 97 (2000).
101. D. Stevenson, J. Chromatogr. B, 745, 39 (2000).
102. D. Stevenson, B. A. Abdul Rashid, and S. J. Shahtaheri, Immuno-a‰nity extraction, in N. J. K. Simpson, ed., Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles, Tech-niques, and Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000, pp. 349–360.
103. B. Sellergren, Anal. Chem., 66, 1578 (1994).
104. J. Olsen, P. Martin, and I. D. Wilson, Anal. Commun., 35, 13H (1998).
105. L. I. Andersson, J. Chromatogr. B, 739, 163 (2000).
106. L. I. Andersson, J. Chromatogr. B, 745, 3 (2000).
107. O. Ramstrom and K. Mosbach, Bio/Technology, 14, 163 (1996).
108. B. Law, Secondary interactions and mixed-mode extraction, in N. J. K.
Simpson, ed., Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000, pp. 227–242.
109. Analytichem Int. Curr. Newsl., 1(4) (1982).
110. M. J. M. Wells, D. D. Riemer, and M. C. Wells-Knecht, J. Chromatogr. A., 659, 337 (1994).
111. T. Suzuki, K. Yaguchi, S. Suzuki, and T. Suga, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3757 (2001).
112. M. J. M. Wells, General procedures for the development of adsorption trapping methods used in herbicide residue analysis, in Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Symposium on Sample Preparation and Isolation Using Bonded Silicas, Analytichem International, Harbor City, CA, 1985, pp. 63–68.
113. C. F. Poole and S. K. Poole, Theory meets practice, in N. J. K. Simpson, ed., Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000, pp. 183–226.
114. J. Patsias and E. Papadopoulou-Mourkidou, J. Chromatogr. A, 904, 171 (2000).
115. H. Yuan and M. J. M. Wells, in preparation.
116. Alltech Associates, product literature, 2002.
www.alltechweb.com/productinfo/Technical/datasheets/205000u.pdf
117. M. J. M. Wells, D. M. Ferguson, and J. C. Green, Analyst, 120, 1715 (1995).
118. Varian Sample Preparation Products, Inc., product literature.
www.varianinc.com/cgibin/nav?varinc/docs/spp/solphase&cid¼ 975JIKPLPNMQOGJQLMMIP#steps
119. M. J. M. Wells, A. J. Rossano, Jr., and E. C. Roberts, Anal. Chim. Acta, 236, 131 (1990).
120. R. C. Denney, A Dictionary of Chromatography, Wiley, New York, 1976, pp. 60, 71, 72.
121. M. C. Carson, J. Chromatogr. A, 885, 343 (2000).
122. J. R. Dean, Solid phase extraction, in Extraction Methods for Environmental Analysis, Wiley, Chichester, West Sussex, England, 1998, pp. 35–61.
123. C. Yu, M. H. Davey, F. Svec, and J. M. J. Frechet, Anal. Chem., 73, 5088 (2001).
124. I. Ferrer and E. T. Furlong, Anal. Chem., 74, 1275 (2002).
125. C. L. Arthur and J. Pawliszyn, Anal. Chem., 62, 2145 (1990).
126. W. M. Mullett, P. Martin, and J. Pawliszyn, Anal. Chem., 73, 2383 (2001).
127. J. R. Dean, Solid phase microextraction, in Extraction Methods for Environ-mental Analysis, Wiley, Chichester, West Sussex, England, 1998, pp. 63–95.
128. J. Pawliszyn, Solid Phase Microextraction: Theory and Practice, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1997, 247 pp.
129. S. A. Scheppers Wercinski and J. Pawliszyn, Solid phase microextraction theory, in S. A. Scheppers Wercinski, ed., Solid Phase Microextraction: A Practical Guide, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999, pp. 1–26.
130. S. Ulrich, J. Chromatogr. A, 902, 167 (2000).
131. N. H. Snow, J. Chromatogr. A, 885, 445 (2000).
132. J. Beltran, F. J. Lopez, and F. Hernandez, J. Chromatogr. A, 885, 389 (2000).
133. G. Theodoridis, E. H. M. Koster, and G. J. de Jong, J. Chromatogr. B, 745, 49 (2000).
134. Z. Penton, Method development with solid phase microextraction, in S. A.
Scheppers Wercinski, ed., Solid Phase Microextraction: A Practical Guide, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999, pp. 27–57.
135. R. E. Shirey, SPME fibers and selection for specific applications, in S. A.
Scheppers Wercinski, ed., Solid Phase Microextraction: A Practical Guide, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999, pp. 59–110.
136. M. de Fatima Alpendurada, J. Chromatogr. A, 889, 3, 2000.
137. Supelco, Inc., product literature, 2002.
www.supelco.com
137 references
138. Supelco, Inc., How to Choose the Proper SPME Fiber, product literature, T499102, 1999/2000.
www.supelco.com
139. R. Eisert and J. Pawliszyn, J. Chromatogr. A, 776, 293 (1997).
140. E. H. M. Koster, C. H. P. Bruins, and G. J. de Jong, Analyst, 127(5), 598 (2002).
141. E. Baltussen, P. Sandra, F. David, and C. Cramers, J. Microcolumn Sep., 11, 737 (1999).
142. B. Tienpont, F. David, C. Bicchi, and P. Sandra, J. Microcolumn Sep., 12, 577 (2000).
143. C. Bicchi, C. Cordero, C. Iori, P. Rubiolo, and P. Sandra, J. High-Resolut.
Chromatogr., 23, 539 (2000).
144. C. Bicchi, C. Iori, P. Rubiolo, and P. Sandra, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 449 (2002).
145. J. Vercauteren, C. Peres, C. Devos, P. Sandra, F. Vanhaecke, and L. Moens, Anal. Chem., 73, 1509 (2001).
146. A. G. J. Tredoux, H. H. Lauer, T. Heideman, and P. Sandra, J. High-Resolut.
Chromatogr., 23, 644 (2000).
147. A. Ho¤mann, R. Bremer, P. Sandra, and F. David, LaborPraxis, 24(2), 60 (2000).
148. P. Popp, C. Bauer, and L. Wennrich, Anal. Chim. Acta, 436(1), 1 (2001).
149. P. Sandra, B. Tienpont, J. Vercammen, A. Tredoux, T. Sandra, and F. David, J. Chromatogr. A, 928(1), 117 (2001).
150. N. Ochiai, K. Sasamoto, M. Takino, S. Yamashita, S. Daishima, A. Heiden, and A. Ho¤mann, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 373(1/2), 56 (2002).
151. T. Benijts, J. Vercammen, R. Dams, H. P. Tuan, W. Lambert, and P. Sandra, J. Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 755(1/2), 137 (2001).
152. N. Ochiai, K. Sasamoto, M. Takino, S. Yamashita, S. Daishima, A. Heiden, and A. Ho¤mann, Analyst, 126(10), 1652 (2001).
153. N. J. K. Simpson, A comparison between solid-phase extraction and other sample processing techniques, in N. J. K. Simpson, ed., Solid-Phase Extraction:
Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000, pp. 489–492.
154. J. R. Dean, Comparison of extraction methods, in Extraction Methods for Environmental Analysis, Wiley, Chichester, West Sussex, England, 1998, pp. 211–216.
155. J. Pawliszyn, Can J. Chem., 79, 1403 (2001).
156. Y. Luo and J. Pawliszyn, Solid phase microextraction (SPME) and membrane extraction with a sorbent interface (MESI) in organic analysis, in A. J.
Handley, ed., Extraction Methods in Organic Analysis, She‰eld Academic Press, She‰eld, Yorkshire, England, 1999, pp. 75–99.
CHAPTER 3