scandens, Pyrenaria serrata, and Phaleria macrocarpa
Risha Amilia Pratiwi, Yati Nurlaeni
Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanical Garden and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency, 16122 Bogor, Indonesia
Corresponding author’s email: rish.a.pratiwi@gmail.com
SUMMARY
Indonesia has a variety of fruits, but some of them are underutilized, such as Clausena excavata, Kadsura scandens, Pyrenaria serrata, and Phaleria macrocarpa. We measured their nutritive values through proximate analysis and an-tioxidant activities through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. We found that C. excavata, K.
scandens, and P. serrata were edible but P. macrocarpa was poisonous. P. macrocarpa had the highest antioxidant (86.36%) and the most abundant total protein (7.76%). The highest content of carbohydrates and fat were harbored from P. serrata (85.94%) and C. excavata (6.79%), respectively. All fruits have good nutritive values and are potential antioxidant sources.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Edible fruit, Nutritive value, Radical scavenging activity, Underutilized fruit
INTRODUCTION
Many fruits from Indonesia are underutilized, such as Clausena excavata Burm.f. (tikusan), Kadsura scandens (Blume) Blume (ki lebur), Pyrenaria serrata Blume (ki jeruk), and Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.
(mahkota dewa). The leave, stem bark, and root of C.
excavata are known in folk medicine and proven to be antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial agents (1), but little is known about the usefulness of its fruit.
Rhizome and leave of K. scandens provide medicinal benefits (2). Its fruit is edible but unpopular. K. scandens are categorized as 29 rare medicinal plants stated in the Indonesia Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plants that should be prioritized to be conserved (2). P. serrata fruit contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins, but is underutilized (3). P. macrocarpa is popular herbal medicine. Its phytochemical, nutritive values, and biological activities are investigated (4).
This research was conducted to measure four selected Indonesian fruits’ nutritive values and antioxidant activities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The fruits of C. excavata, P. serrata, and P. macrocarpa were collected from Cibodas Botanic Gardens. The fruit of K. scandens was taken from Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park in March 2022. Fruits drying was carried out in an oven at 40°C for seven days. Antioxidant
activity and nutritive value measurements were carried out at the Appropriate Technology Research Laboratories Subang, National Research and Innovation Agency.
Radical scavenging activity measurements were carried out in triplicate for antioxidant activity determination.
Proximate analysis of all fruits was based on the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 1990 (5). Statistical analysis was conducted by one-way ANOVA followed Post-Hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) by RStudio. All data were stored in the Repositori Ilmiah Nasional (National Scientific Repository – RIN) (https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12690/RIN/J7WMSH).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The fruits of P. serrata, K. scandens, and C. excavata were edible but not popular for consumption. Our paper is the first study on their nutritive values. From Table I, all fruits showed a high percentage of radical scavenging activity that reflected high content of antioxidants. The antioxidant content of C. excavata was not measured due to the insufficient fruit sample. On the other hand, a study has found that essential oil from leaves of C.
excavata had antioxidants activity of 2059.29 µg/mL (1). P. serrata had advantageous large fruits (about 3 – 5 cm in diameter) (Fig.1.a) and significantly the highest content of carbohydrates (85.94%) (Table II) if these fruits were utilized as food sources. The guava-like appearance was attractive, but the sour and fast-oxidized flesh required processing technology if they would be
and the most abundant protein (7.76%). The highest content of carbohydrates and fat are harbored from P.
serrata (85.94%) and C. excavate (6.79%), respectively.
The four selected underutilized Indonesian fruits have good nutritional values and are potential antioxidant sources.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors acknowledge the facilities and scientific also technical support from Appropriate Technology Research Laboratories Subang, National Research and Innovation Agency through E-Layanan Sains BRIN. We also thank Muhammad Efendi for assisting in sampling and taking a photograph of K. scandens and Ai Siti Halimah for taking a photograph of P. macrocarpa.
REFERENCES
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American association of clinical endocrinologists and american college of endocrinology guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovaskular disease. Endocr Pract. 2017;23(2):1-87.
3. Ministry of Health RI. Tabel Komposisi Pangan Indonesia 2017 [Internet]. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2018 [cited 2022 September 14]. Available from: http://repo.
stikesperintis.ac.id/1110/1/32%20Tabel%20 Komposisi%20Pangan%20Indonesia.pdf.
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Fig.1: Fruit of a) P. serrata, b) K. scandens, c) C. excavata, d) P. macrocarpa
Table I: Antioxidant activity of four selected Indonesian native fruits Sample Radical Scavenging Activity (%)
P. macrocarpa 86.36±0.50a
K. scandens 81.90±0.12b
P. serrata 79.37±0.50c
Note: Numbers followed by the same letter in the same column were not significantly different (p>0.05). The antioxidant content of C. excavata was not measured due to the insufficient fruit sample.
mass harvested and consumed. Fruits of K. scandens had unique aggregated shapes, sour, and aromatic taste with attractive bright red color when ripe (Fig.1.b). Their fat content was the lowest (Table II). The ripe fruits of C. excavata were small, translucent pinkish, palatable, and juicy like grapes (Fig.1.c). Their fat content was significantly the highest (6.79%) (Table II). P. macrocarpa fruits were dark red (Fig.1.d) with fibrous flesh. The fresh fruits and seeds were poisonous (4), even though the dried fruits contained the strongest antioxidant (86.36%) and the most abundant protein (7.76%) (Table 2). Fruits of P. macrocarpa from Yogyakarta (Indonesia) had different profiles (4). Their total ash, fat, and carbohydrate were lower (5.24, 1.25, and 33.03%, respectively), but the protein was higher than other fruits (8.51%). From Table II, the moisture content of all dried fruit was acceptable to prevent microbial growth (below 10%), and all fruit provided essential minerals that were marked by their ash content.
CONCLUSION
P. macrocarpa contains the highest antioxidant (86.36%)
Table II: Proximate analysis of four selected Indonesian native fruits
Fruit Moisture (%) Ash (%) Fat (%) Protein (%) Carbohydrates (%)
P. serrata 5.43±0.17 4.55±0.05 0.81±0.03 3.26±0.10 85.94±0.09
In vitro Iron and Zinc Bioaccessibility of RUTFs from Locally-Available Protein Sources
Rimbawan Rimbawan1, Zuraidah Nasution1, Mira Dewi1, Kharisma Tamimi2
1 Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
2 Postgraduate in Nutrition Science, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
Corresponding author’s email: rimbawan@apps.ipb.ac.id
SUMMARY
Alternative ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) formulas were developed in Indonesia using locally-available pro-tein sources which resulted in Milk-based, Legumes-based, Fish-based, and Soy and Fish-based RUTFs. Due to the standard and the incorporation of plant-based ingredients, iron and zinc contents were assessed in this study along with their in vitro bioaccessibility. Most of the RUTFs have comparable iron contents, but the zinc contents are slightly lower than the standard. More than 50% of ready-to-absorb minerals were provided by all RUTFs. Local-ly-available ingredients have the potentials to be used in the formulation of RUTFs with sufficient mineral contents while highlighting the need to increase the mineral bioaccessibility of the product through ingredient modification or fortification.
Keywords: Alternative RUTF, In vitro bioaccessibility, Iron, Locally protein sources, Zinc
INTRODUCTION
Several alternative RUTFs to treat severely acute malnourished (SAM) under five-aged children were developed in Indonesia using locally-available ingredients as their protein sources. Milk, legumes (soy and mung bean), catfish, and a combination of soy and fish were processed into wafer rolls filled with RUTF paste (1). Minerals such as Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are also included in the specification standard of RUTF.
The plant-based ingredients tend to have lower mineral absorption (2). Thus, mineral bioaccessibility analysis should be performed by using in vitro method, which requires lower cost and shorter duration, and also showed a high correlation with in vivo data (3). This study aimed to analyze Fe and Zn compositions and in vitro bioaccessibilities of four RUTF formulas.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study analysed 4 formulas (Table I) that were selected according to the acceptance sensory test from 8 formulas (1). The raw flours (rice, soybean, and mungbean) were drum-dried at 120°C, 36 rpm, then milled and sieved using 80 mesh. The cooked flours were mixed with other ingredients until the mixture achieved paste-like consistency. The paste RUTF was then pumped into the wafer roll with a ratio of paste:wafer roll of 11:3 g (1). Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, the samples were then analysed for Fe
and Zn contents. Mineral bioaccessibilities for Fe and Zn were analysed in vitro using simulated digestion fluids to resemble the oral, gastric, and intestinal phases of the human digestive system and compared the mineral contents in supernatant from the digested sample with the total mineral from the initial sample (3). Data analysis was performed by One-way ANOVA and followed by Tukey’s Test for the significant result (p<0.05).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
All of the RUTF formulas had comparable Fe content with the standard, except Milk-based RUTF, which had slightly lower Fe content. The slightly lower Zn contents were observed in all RUTF formulas compared to the standard, with the lowest amount found in Milk-based RUTF (Table II). The lower Fe and Zn content in Milk-based RUTF could be resulted from the less homogenous paste due to the dense texture of Milk-based RUTF before
Table I: Ingredients composition of RUTF Formulas Ingredients
RUTF
Milk Fish Legumes Soy &
Fish
Soy flour (%) 0.00 0.00 31.90 24.00
Mung bean flour (%) 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00
Whole milk powder (%) 29.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
Skim milk powder (%) 15.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fish flour (%) 0.00 13.60 0.00 9.00
Other ingredients 54.50 86.40 63.10 67.00
CONCLUSION
The locally-available ingredients had the potential to be used in the formulation of RUTF that provides sufficient iron and zinc contents. More than 50% of these minerals are ready-to-absorb. The improvements are needed to increase the mineral bioaccessibility of the product by ingredients and premix modifications.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was funded by Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) with Project Number of ID117C14 and supported by Indonesian Health Ministry. The authors have no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES
1. Rimbawan R, Giriwono PE, Nasution Z, Tamimi K, Fadly K, Noviana A. Development of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) using locally-avaialable ingredients. IPB University; 2020.
2. Joint WHO/WFP/UNSCN/UNICEF FSP. Proposed Draft Guideline for Ready-to-used Therapeutic Food [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Jul 7]. Available from:
http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/
3. Minekus M, Alminger M, Alvito P, Ballance S, Bohn T, Bourlieu C, et al. A standardised static in vitro digestion method suitable for food – an international consensus. Food Funct. 2014;28;5(6):1113–24.
4. Miquel E, Alegría A, Barberá R, Farré R.
Casein phosphopeptides released by simulated gastrointestinal digestion of infant formulas and their potential role in mineral binding. International Dairy Journal. 2006;1;16(9):992–1000.
5. Bryszewska MA. Comparison Study of Iron Bioaccessibility from Dietary Supplements and Microencapsulated Preparations. Nutrients.
2019;26;11(2):273.
mixing. Reducing rice flour and increasing coconut oil could improve the texture and homogeneity of this RUTF. By increasing the percentage, the modification of vitamin and mineral premix could improve mineral contents in all RUTF formulas to achieve the standard specifications.
A higher in vitro Fe and Zn bioaccessibilities were identified in Milk-based RUTF. The casein phosphopeptides (CCPs) produced from the digestion of casein in milk provide the binding site for divalent minerals like calcium, iron, and zinc, therefore increasing their bioaccessibilities (4). This study demonstrated relatively high in vitro minerals bioaccessibility with more than 50% of ready-to-absorb minerals, even though all the RUTF formulas used plant-based ingredients, such as rice flour and peanut. Incorporating vitamin and mineral premix could improve mineral bioaccessibility due to the high solubility of the decomposed form of minerals.
Besides, vitamin C in premix could protect minerals from oxidation during digestion process (5). Because there is a tendency for further decrease of mineral contents during the absorption process, the bioaccessibility of RUTF should be improved by increasing the premix and conducting a pre-treatment process for plant-based ingredients.
Table II: Mineral compositions and bioaccessibility of RUTF Formulas
RUTF
Mineral content
(mg/100g) Mineral bioaksesibility
(%)
Fe Zn Fe Zn
Milk 9.48±0.11d 9.73±0.19b 60.08±0.59a 72.93±0.62a Legumes 12.55±1.12a 10.53±1.17a 53.71±0.45c 66.23±0.64c Fish 10.21±1.01c 10.40±0.64a 57.47±0.59b 68.43±0.67bc Soy & Fish 11.63±0.85b 10.70±1.18a 58.55±0.62b 68.43±0.36b
Standard* 10.00-14.00 11.00-14.00 -
-Note: Data were derived from 3 replicates and displayed as mean ± deviation standard Values with different superscript letters within a column described significantly different (p-value≤0.05)
* Standard based on Joint FAO/WHO/UNICEF Food Standards Programme (2019)