Agus Sutanto
1, Hening Widowati
2, Achyani
3, Nedi Hendri
4, Fenny Thresia
5Introduction
The third World’s Biggest Pineapple Idustry is PT Great Giant pinneaple (PT GGP) Located in Lampung Indonesia. PT Great Giant pinneaple (PT GGP) was established since 1979 and be the first plantation in Indonesia that develop intensive research in cultivating Pineapple Plant. The plantation has area about 32.200 Ha with the main cultivation of Pineapple with Smooth cayane varieties. Currently, plantation able to produce more than 500,000 tonnes of pineapple / year. With the high amount of production, PT Great Giant Pineapple also produce wastewater of 5,000 m3/ day with characteristic of high acidity and organic matter. High acidity is caused by the production of pineapple, as we know that pineappe has sour taste, so its possible that the waste that produced has high acidity.
The waste of PT. Giant Great Pineapple if form solid, liquid, and gas waste. The waste could be came from pineapple ski, pineapple eye, and pineapple heart. Also, when the process of washing, could be the cause of waste. The solid waste usualy recyle in the form of fertilizer for the pineapple plant, and for the feed of the cow that bred there. The process of recycling the waste becoma animal feed, is one of the way to tackling the waste. Beside pineapple plant, PT Great Giant Pineaple also developing livestock as an effort to sustainable the production. But, the liquid waste with the high amount, processed by relocated waste in the lagoon pound in 2-3 days after that it will flows to the irrigatin. Meanwhile this pineapple waste contains of usefull contents such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, and another nutrient.
1 Universitas Muhammadiyah Metro
2 Universitas Muhammadiyah Metro
3Universitas Muhammadiyah Metro
4Universitas Muhammadiyah Metro
5 Universitas Muhammadiyah Metro
The waste that flows to irrigation, still has the high amount organic matter and high acidity. And it can affect the the aquatic ecosystem, such the cause of the death of fishes, and another animals and microbe in irrigation, also can cause blooming algae. There is a biological activity that found in the liquid waste. There are some microbe live in there, although in acidic condition. The microbe that live there, adapt to acidic environtment, and help the degredation of pineapple liquid waste. Microorganism such as microbe, in agriculture can increase the availability of soil nutrients and plant absorbsion and fertilize the soil [1]. So, when it is used properly, it will have a positive impact for the environment. Research on the use of microbes in liquid waste has been done a lot, and produces optimal results.
One of them is a study conducted by [2] which found that the longer the operating time, the greater the decrease in COD concentration and the greater the concentration of Degra Simba for treating waste, the greater the decrease in COD concentration.
The research was take a place in the lagoon pound of PT Giant Great Pineapple to identificate the contain of liquid waste in there. The results shown that the bacterial isolation from the waste storage pond obtained 15 indigenic bacteria. Identification of four potential bioremediator bacteria are: a. Bacillus cereus, b. Acinetobacter baumanni, c. Bacillus subtilis, d. Pseudomonas pseudomallei, the four consortia were arranged in order to obtain the best formula as a parser called Pumakkal (the originator means in Lampung language). Pumakkal's ability to decompose organic matter is applied to pineapple liquid waste and coffee pulp waste. The results of the decomposition of liquid and solid organic waste produce Liquid Fertilizer and compost according to the standards of the Republic of Indonesia's Minister of Agriculture No. 261 / KPTS / SR.310 / M.4 / 2019 concerning Minimum Technical Requirements for Organic Fertilizers.
The fermented compost with Pumakkal in the form of coffee husk organic fertilizer and Pumakkal starter applied to red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L) resulted in higher growth and weight than the control. The formulation with some mixture of indigen bacterial of Pineapple Liquid Waste shown the best result of the research. The application of liquid organic fertilizer as a result of Pumakkal bioremediation on pineapple plants resulted in higher pineapple weight and increased levels of vitamin C compared to controls. The Pumakkal bioremeditor formula is able to decompose liquid and solid organic materials into liquid organic fertilizer and compost according to the Ministry of Agriculture's standards. Application of liquid fertilizer and compost to fruit and vegetables results in over-control production.
Discussion
One of the big companies in Lampung which is engaged in agriculture with production of Pineapple and its processing is PT. Great Giant Pineapple (PT GGP) which is located in Terbanggi Besar District, Central Lampung Regency. The total plantation area currently reaches ± 32,000 ha (gross) with harvests of > 500,000 tonnes of pineapple / year . The results of the harvest in the form of pineapples and their processed products then exported to almost 63 countries and 5 continents in the world [3]. Not only producing pineapple and processed products that can be consumed, PT GGP also produces concentrate which is actually part of waste management in the form of Pineapple Juice Concentrate / PJC) and from fruit peels (processed into Clarified Pineapple Concentrate / CPC) . Both of these preparations still have a selling value for export, so that they can increase company profits [4]. From the processing of pineapple fruit, whether it produces canned fruit or its by-products, the company produces solid, liquid and gas waste, each of which has different characteristics. Liquid waste, for example, comes from the process of stripping, washing, separating, and producing pineapple concentrate which has a high acid content and organic matter [5].
Pineapple Liquid Waste ( LCN) is influenced by the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the waste itself. Physical properties are influenced by the presence of floating, suspended and settling solids, while chemically it is influenced by the presence of organic and inorganic materials, as well as the microorganisms found inside, are characteristic of their biological properties. The management of pineapple liquid waste is carried out in the form of shelter in the lagoon pool and left for 2-3 days before finally flowing to irrigation. However, this process is considered inefficient because it requires a long time and the high content of organic matter and acidity levels can affect the aquatic ecosystem.
Pineapple Liquid Waste contains ± 87% water, 10.54% carbohydrates, 1.7% crude fiber, 0.7% protein, 0.5% ash and 0.02% fat. The presence of this organic material provides an opportunity for organic decomposing indigenic bacteria to be more dominant. Microbes that degrade organic matter exist more in environmental conditions that contain lots of organic substances [6]. The dominant characteristic of LCN is high acidity. The degree of acidity while ressearch done was 3.44 of pH with a range of 1.92-5.86 and at the research location the three dominant organic acids were citric acid 157 mg / l (preliminary test 400 mg / l), malic acid 88.9 mg / l and succinic acid 66.21 mg / l. Because of it’ss acidic, the bacteria that grow are adapted to an acidic environment, one of which
is the extremophile bacteria . These bacteria are known to has potential which is widely used in biotechnology and bioprocess technology [7].
There were 4 most potential LCN isolates indigen bacteria based on their ability to live at acidic pH and hydrolytic ability. Morphological and cytological characteristics showed the similarity of isolates, namely bacillary and motile forms. Whereas the difference between each bacterium has different morphological and cytological properties. The identification of bacteria is followed by physiological characteristics to determine the species of bacteria. There were species of Bacillus cereus , Acinetobacter baumanni , Bacillus subtilis , and Pseudomonas pseudomallei . Conditions that are too acidic, allowing pathogenic bacteria to be stunted. The degree of acidity ( pH) can affect enzyme activity. Acidic condition can cause enzyme activity may be reduced or even become inactive. Based on the Hemogglutinase Inhibitation Assay test [8] and they were included in hazard group II, the results shown that the four species were not pathogenic, thus the selection of the four bacterial species fulfill the safety for environment.
The selection of Indigen LCN bacterial species is based on its ability to neutralize pH, reduce BOD, COD, and TSS. So that the selected species Bacillus cereus , Acinetobacter baumanni , Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas pseudomallei . The inoculums of these four species were taken to determine their biodegradability, which is known that the four species have good organic acid degradation ability and the ability to raise pH.
The application of Pumakkal in making coffee husk compost can improve soil structure and increase the productivity of soil. Coffee husk are chosen as the main material for making organic fertilizers because they contain nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium. The Utilization of coffee plant products is its beans that are exported or processed as raw material for domestic production [9]. However, the waste in the form of the husk is just thrown away. Lampung Province is the best producer of coffee in Indonesia with abundant harvests. The abundance of crops is also directly related to the coffee husk waste that is produced. To reduce coffee husk waste, a breakthrough was made in the form of processing coffee husk waste into coffee husk organic fertilizer.
The process of coffee husk waste is carried out using bioremediation techniques, so that the end result is in the form of organic fertilizer which can be used as a source of plant nutrition and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers [10]. Bioremediation techniques that used is by utilizing microbial consortia such as Pumakkal. Pumakkal consist of good bacteria
from Liquid pineapple waste (LCN) that have ability to recovery the waste [11]. The result shows that the nitrogent content of this compost was higher than another organic fertilizer compost [12].
The results of the research shown that the application of coffee husk organic fertilizer influence the growth and productivity of red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L) observed with the two aspects, i.e plant height and fresh weight. Treatment given are P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4. The optimal results shown at P3 treatment by using 50% coffee skin + 12.5% leaf + 25%
goat manure + 12.5% husk charcoal, got average height measurement of 14.45 cm. The application of organic coffee husk fertilizer with variations of P3 affects the growth of spinach the most optimally, because of the cooperation between N, P, and K nutrients which can affect plant growth.
Nitrogen has an important role in stimulating stem growth which will stimulate plant height growth. Nitrogen helps in the photosynthesis process, and the results of photosynthesis will be translocated to all parts of the plant body. But nitrogen can’t work alone, nitrogen needs help from potassium to fulfill one of the basic material needs of photosynthesis, namely carbon dioxide. Potassium has the ability to absorb carbon dioxide in the natural surroundings. Potassium works to increase the absorption of carbon dioxide, move sugars to the formation of starch and protein, helps open and close the stomata mechanism. The combination of nutrient elements such as N, P, and K in plants will optimize the photosynthesis process, which in turn will increase growth in the form of an increase in plant height. In addition, if the photosynthate is optimal, it will affect the wet weight of the plant. In the research that has been carried out, the highest wet weight yield of red spinach is 0.0146 kg.
Pumakkal application in liquid fertilizer from pineapple liquid waste (LCN KA / 5 bacteria ) on pineapple plants , the best fruit weight is with an average of 812.9grm, in the second treatment (LCN KB / 10 bacteria ) pineapple plants produced at flowering speed, fruit height and fruit circumference the best with an average of 138.1 (days), 13.96cm and 33.54cm, in the third treatment (LCN KC / 15 bacteria ) pineapple plants produced at the best vitamin C levels were -average 30,8582mg / 100gr.
The use of Pumakkal affected pineapple plant production and the best vitamin C levels in each treatment with the same fertilization dose, namely 1L LCN / 4L water. From the research data that has been obtained, it shows that pineapple plants that have a good level of production are one of the desires of pineapple farmers in general. Pineapple plants usually only use chemical fertilizers, or fruit stimulants for example, but in this study pineapple plants were fertilized using LCN (Pineapple Liquid Waste)
which is known to be quite good for increasing pineapple production and its vitamins and can be applied to other plants. The results of this study indicate that LCN (Pineapple Liquid Waste) fertilizer greatly affects the production of pineapple plants and their vitamin levels.
This LCN (Pineapple Liquid Waste) fertilizer is an organic fertilizer derived from pineapple liquid waste. As is well known, organic fertilizers are fertilizers that come from organic materials such as plants, animals, and humans. Fertilizer made from fermented pineapple liquid waste using indigenized bacteria (decomposing bacteria) because LCN with high organic matter content cannot be naturally decomposed by bacteria in waters or rivers, due to the high volume and content of waste, as well as the number and types of bacteria. inadequate in these waters, therefore the quality of the LCN must meet the quality standards for its emissions. The use of these indigenized bacteria also aims to lower the pH in the LCN (Pineapple Liquid Waste). Nutrient content in pineapple liquid waste is C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, S [13].
The bioremediator formula in making liquid fertilizers and compost is able to produce fertilizers that meet the criteria of the Republic of Indonesia's Agriculture Ministerial Decree No. 261 / KPTS / SR.310 / M.4 / 2019 concerning Minimum Technical Requirements for Organic Fertilizers, and feasible to be applied to pineapple and red spinach plants.
Conclusion
Pineapple liquid waste has four potential bioremediator bacteria ; a. Bacillus cereus, b. Acinetobacter baumanni, c. Bacillus subtilis, d. Pseudomonas pseudomallei, the four consortia were arranged in order to obtain the best formula as a parser called Pumakkal (the originator of the Lampung language). The Pumakkal formula produces liquid fertilizer and compost according to the criteria for the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia No. 261 / KPTS / SR.310 / M.4 / 2019 and feasible to be applied to pineapple and red spinach plants.
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