among Adolescent girls Studying in Selected Schools
R. REETA
Effectiveness of Gooseberry Juice with Honey and Guava Juice
80 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, April-June 2018, Vol.9, No. 2 groups and iron deficiency anaemia prevalence reported
to vary from 56% - 90.1% and 67.8 - 98.5 million adolescent girls are anaemic (3).
The impacts of iron deficiency anaemia include impaired cognitive functioning and memory, decreased school performance, compromised growth and development, increased lead and cadmium absorption, increased risk of pregnancy complications, including prematurity and fetal growth retardation (4). Given the magnitude of the problem, greater efforts are needed to develop and implement programs both to prevent and to control anemia (5). Some of the other problems are related to their nutrition, self esteem, mental health, life style/behavior and sexuality. It is therefore very important that the adolescence are helped in the proper growth and development (6).
Iron deficiency anaemia mainly caused by inadequate supply of iron and impaired iron absorption
(7). Adolescent girls scheme is a special programme to meet the needs in nutrition, education and skill development. The scheme is extended to 3.90 lakhs adolescent girls through 50% selected Integrated child development schemes blocks in the country. Adolescent health is an important focus of the new rural child health programmes also(8).
A Study was conducted on anemia of Agakhan University. It showed that out of 318 adolescent girls 104 (32.7%) were anemic with Hb level less than 10gms%. Iron deficiency anemia predominated among 63.5% women(9) . A study was conducted 30 girls on
‘Food and nutrient intake among 12-15 years of girls in rural Tamil nadu, South India and recommended improvement in standards of living of girls(10).A study was conducted on Socio- demographic determinants of anemia in urban and rural areas 597 adolescent girls of Nigeria and it revealed that 32.8% of adolescent girls were anemic(11). A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of iron deficiency on intelligence of 11-17 years students. Results showed that 78 (14.4%) students had iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia was significantly higher in girls as compared with boys. (P>0.05)(12).
ReSeARCh deSIgN ANd MeThOd Subjects: A total 255 school going adolescent girls with iron deficiency anaemia were screened and included adolescent girls who were in the age of 12 to 16 years,
those who were diagnosed with iron deficiency anaemia and having Hb below 11 gms/dl. The study excluded adolescent girls who had major or minor complications, associated illness, food allergy and learning difficulties.
All the participants provided informed consent. The present study was approved by the human ethical committee of the Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Research design: An Pre test Post test design with pretest and post-test in control, experimental group one (gooseberry juice with honey), and experimental group two (guava juice with honey) were used
Setting: The study was conducted in three settings. They are Avaiyar girls higher secondary school, Corporation girls higher secondary school and Ellakiyampatti girls higher secondary school. The permission obtained from concerned authorities.
Sample and Sample size: The sample size for the main study is 255. It consists of 85 from Avaiyar girls higher secondary school, 85 from Corporation girls higher secondary school and 85 from Ellakiyampatti girls higher secondary school. Randomization(13) done to assign the participants into control, experimental group –I and experimental group –II. Sample size was calculated using Sigma Plot 13.0 software (Systat, USA). The level of haemoglobin was considered as a bench mark. The sample size was considering 0.05 level of significance(14). In that 10% of attrition was added.
Study measurements: The demographic profiles of the participants were obtained using the structured questionnaire. Experimental group–I(gooseberry juice with honey), experimental group II and Control group are instructed, blood samples for Hb, RBC, PCV were collected.
gooseberry juice preparation: Gooseberry were collected from the natural habitat. The gooseberry juice contains 81.2% of water, 0.5% of protein, 0.1% of fat, 14.1% of carbohydrates, 3.4% of fibrous elements, 0.05% of calcium, 0.02% of phosphorus, 0.02% of iron, and 600 mg/100 gm of Vitamin ‘C’(15). The juice was freshly prepared daily in the morning 25 ml of gooseberry juice and added with 5 ml honey 30ml given to the experimental group one participants 45 consecutive days. Control group did not receive any supplementation. After 21 days(intermediate) and 45 days (post test) was carried out with same procedure.
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, April-June 2018, Vol.9, No. 2 81 After completing the gooseberry juice experiment, the
guava juice experiment group-II were instructed, blood samples for Hb, RBC, PCV were collected.
guava juice preparation: The guava juice was prepared by the help of juicer. The guava juice contains water 76.1%, protein 1.5 %, fat 0.2%, carbohydrates 14.5%, calcium 0.01%, phosphorus 0.04%, iron 1 mg and vitamin
‘C’ 300 mg/100 gm(16). After 21 days(intermediate) and 45 days (post test) was carried out with same procedure.
Statistical analysis: The data were analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics. Data were
presented as mean and standard error. Pre test and post test were compared by paired “t” test. One way ANOVA was used to find the effectiveness of gooseberry juice with honey and guava juice with honey compared with control group. A probability of 0.05 level or less was taken as statistically significant. A probability of 0.05 or less than was taken as statistically significant.
ReSulTS
The haemoglobin, red blood corpuscles and packed cell volume were the physiological parameters assessed in this study
Table 1: Comparison of pre test and post test scores of physiological parameters (haemoglobin) S. No. Parameter groups Mean ± Se unpaired test One way
ANOVA with SMK TeST Paired test One way RM ANOVA with dunnetts test hA
Me Og Ol bI N
Pre Int Post Con gb&h gv&h
1. Con-pre 10.2+0.1 Pre-test
F = 1.032 P = 0.358
control F = 5.861 P = 0.003
2. Gb&H Pre 10.2+0.1
3. Gv&H Pre 10.1+0.1
4. Con Int 10.2+0.1 intermediate
F = 2.643 P = 0.073
Gooseberry with honey F = 21.775 P = <0.001
5. Gb&H Int 10.3+0.1
6. Gv&H Int 10.1+0.1
7. Con post 10.2+0.1 Post-test
F = 6.484 P = 0.002
Guava with honey F = 15.208 P = <0.001
8. Gb&H Post 10.4+0.1
9. Gv&H post 10.1+0.1
Table 1 shows post test(45 days) experimental group one (gooseberry juice with honey) haemoglobin level significantly different from both compared to the control group and experimental group two( guava juice with honey).
Within the group the pre test, 21 days and 45 days were compared by one way repeated measures of ANOVA. The ‘F’
and ‘P’ values of control group were 5.861 and 0.003 respectively gooseberry juice with honey group were 21.775 and <0.001 respectively, guava juice with honey group were 15.208<0.001 respectively. This showed significantly different from the pre test.
Table 2: comparison of pre test and post test scores of physiological parameters (Red Blood Corpuscles) No. ParameterS. groups Mean±Se unpaired test One way
ANOVA with SMK TeST Paired test One way RM ANOVA with dunnetts test
Rb C
Pre Int post Con gb&h gv&h
1. Con-pre 3.376+0.022 Pre test
F = 1.390 P = 0.251
control F = 3.206 P = 0.043
2. Gb&H Pre 3.365+0.019
3. Gv&H pre 3.329+0.022
4. Con Int 3.376+0.021 intermediate
F = 2.169 P = 0.116
Gooseberry with honey F = 23.792 P = <0.001
5. Gb&H int 3.400+0.022
6. Gv&H Int 3.338+0.021
7. Con post 3.382+0.021 Post test
F = 8.035 P = <0.001
Guava with honey F = 3.984 P = 0.020
8. Gb&H Post 3.473+0.027
9. Gv&H post 3.345+0.021
82 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, April-June 2018, Vol.9, No. 2 Table 2 shows post test (45 days) experimental
group one (gooseberry juice with honey) RBC level significantly different from both compared to the control group and experimental group two( guava juice with honey). Within the group the pre test, 21 days and 45 days were compared by one way repeated measures of
ANOVA. The ‘F’ and ‘P’ values of control group were 3.206 and 0.043 respectively gooseberry juice with honey group were 23.792 and <0.001 respectively, guava juice with honey group were 3.984 and 0.020 respectively. This showed significantly different from the pre test.
Table 3: comparison of pre test and post test scores of physiological parameters (Packed Cell Volume) No. parameterS. groups Mean±Se unpaired test One way
ANOVA with SMK TeST Paired test One way RM ANOVA with dunnetts test
CP V
Pre Int post Con gb&h gv&h
1. Con-pre 30.8+0.2 Pre test
F = 7.41 P = 0.478
control F = 3.802 P = 0.024
2. Gb&H Pre 30.7+0.2
3. Gv&H pre 30.5+0.2
4. Con Int 30.8+0.2 intermediate
F = 1.789 P = 0.169
Gooseberry with honey F = 21.108 P = <0.001
5. G&H int 31.0+0.2
6. Gv&H Int 30.5+0.2
7. Con post 30.0+0.2 Post test
F = 5.901 P = 0.003
Guava with honey F = 0.867 P = 0.422
8. Gb&H Post 31.6+0.2
9. Gv&H post 30.6+0.2
Table 3 shows post test(45 days) experimental group one (gooseberry juice with honey) PCV level significantly different from both compared to the control group and experimental group two( guava juice with honey). Within the group the pre test, 21 days and 45 days were compared by one way repeated measures of ANOVA. The ‘F’ and
‘P’ values of control group were 3.802 and 0.024 respectively gooseberry juice with honey group were 21.108 and
<0.001 respectively, guava juice with honey group were 0.867 and 0.043 respectively. This showed significantly different from the pre test.
Figure.1: Correlation (Pearson) of red blood corpuscles (RBC) count and haemoglobin (Hb) in control, gooseberry with honey (Gb+H) and guava with honey (Gv+H) groups in pre-test among adolescent girls (n =
85 each).
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, April-June 2018, Vol.9, No. 2 83 Figure 1 shows the correlation of red blood corpuscles and level of haemoglobon was positively correlated during pre test score in experimental group one(gooseberry juice with honey), experimental group two(guava juice with honey) and control group . The ‘r’ and ‘p’ values of control group were 0.984 and <0.001 respectively, gooseberry juice with honey were 0.908 and <0.001 respectively, guava juice with honey group were 0.979 and
<0.001 respectively. This showed no significant correlation in pre test scores in control, experimental one and experimental group two respectively.
Figure 2: Correlation (Pearson) of red blood corpuscles (RBC) count and haemoglobin (Hb) in control, gooseberry with honey (Gb+H) and guava with honey (Gv+H) groups in post-test (45 days) among
adolescent girls (n = 85 each).
Figure 2 shows the correlation of red blood corpuscles and level of haemoglobon was positively correlated during post test score in experimental group one(gooseberry juice with honey), experimental group two(guava juice with honey) and control group . The ‘r’
and ‘p’ values of control group were 0.981 and <0.001 respectively, gooseberry juice with honey were 0.991 and
<0.001 respectively, guava juice with honey group were 0.973 and <0.001 respectively. This showed significant correlation in post test scores in control, experimental one and experimental group two respectively.
dISCuSSION
Anaemia is a condition in which the haemoglobin concentration is lower than normal. When iron stores are deficient, the production of haemoglobin is reduced. The main effect of iron deficiency is decreased haemoglobin level and reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood(17).
Shubhada et al(18) studied that the improvement of consuming vitamin C foods to improve the hemoglobin levels.
The effectiveness of gooseberry juice on the physiological variables were systematically analysed and the results revealed that gooseberry juice is effective in maintaining the physiological parameters within normal limits. The similar findings were supported by a study conducted Gopaldas (2002), anemia prevalence was reduced by giving gooseberry juice to one units and the pre-post impact were in unit 1, 2, and 3 the hemoglobin status of the women improved respectively.
In unit 4 there was no change, after intervention(19).
CONCluSION
The present study have demonstrated the gooseberry juice and guava benefits. Gooseberry is the largest source of vitamin “C” content for a long time. It gives
84 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, April-June 2018, Vol.9, No. 2 relief also in the weakness of the nerves and the heart.
Gooseberry juice is more effective than the guava juice which helps in iron absorption and reducing anaemia.
Conflict of Interst: Nil Source of Funding: Self
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