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1 Introduction 175 2 A Little Relevant Thermodynamics 176 3 Emulsification 179 3.1 General considerations 179 3.2 Preparation of emulsions by
comminution-structure of the
emulsion 180 3.3 Preparation of emulsions by
comminution-some practical
considerations 181 3.4 Preparation of emulsions by
condensation 184 4 Stability of Emulsions 186 5 Comminution or Condensation
Techni-ques-What Makes the Difference? 190
1 INTRODUCTION
Matter is, in our world, regardless of whether inor-ganic or orinor-ganic, very often organized in such a way that a high surface- or interface-to-volume ratio rep-resents a characteristic feature. All four fundamental elements of early Greek philosophy - earth, water, air and fire - contain millions of hectares of interfaces essential for maintaining life on our planet. It is evi-dent that under these circumstances surface or interface chemistry1 plays an essential role. Interface chemistry is necessary to preserve the interface, to support the exchange of matter and energy, and to allow chemical
1 The terms interface and surface chemistry will be used interchange-ably in the following text.
6 Polymerization of (or in) Monomer
Emulsions 191 6.1 General features of suspension
polymerization 192 6.2 General features of emulsion
polymerization 193 6.3 General features of miniemulsion
polymerization 195 7 Fixation of an Emulsion by Radical
Polymerization in Aqueous Media-Fact or
Fancy? 196 8 References 198
reactions. Examples of such colloidal systems include fog, mist, smoke, mineral alloys, natural latex, milk, cells in living organisms and blood, but also nanometre-thick cellulose fibre bundles or the capillary system in plants and the muscular tissue and the vein sys-tem in living organisms. In the energy balance of col-loidal systems, the interface or surface energy cannot be neglected. From a thermodynamic point of view the interface area adds to the extensive quantities of volume and amount of substance. Many of the colloidal systems are in the form of dispersions. The latter consists of at least two phases of one or more components. How-ever, in most cases colloidal dispersions appear to the human eye as homogeneous. The characteristic dimen-sion of the dispersed phase of a colloidal system is, independent of the shape, which can be either spherical,