3.1 Research Design
Bungin (2001:32) states “Ada tiga jenis penelitian berdasarkan lokasi, misalnya penelitian kerpustakaan yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan di perpustakaan dan peneliti berhadapan langsung dengan berbagai macam literature sesuai tujuan dan masalah yang sedang dipertanyakan, penelitian laboratoruin yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan di laboratorium, dan penelitian lapangan yaitu penelitian yang langsung dilakukan di lapangan semuanya dilaksanakan di lapangan”. There are three kinds of research based on the location of the research, i.e library research (research that had done in the library, researcher directly face some literature suitable the problem that will be answer, laboratory research (research that had done in the laboratory), and field research (the research directly in the field, all of that done in the library).
Deal with this thesis the writer mainly applies field research followed by library research.
3.1.1 Location
In the field research, the writer chooses location in English Department, faculty of letters, North Sumatra University.
3.1.2 Time
The research is done for three days (28th of Jan 2010until 1st of Feb 2010) at 1.PM until 1:30 PM.
3.2 Data and Data Collecting Method 3.2.1 Data
Bungin (2001: 124-128) states “Data diklasifikasikan menurut kekhususan tertentu, sesuai dengan maksud penelitian ataupun sumber data yang digunakan, diantaranya adalah: 1) data kualitatif, 2) data kasus, 3) data pengalaman individu, 4) data kuantitatif, 5) data nominal, 6) data kontinum, 7)data primer, 8) data sekunder”. Classification of data based on the specially, according to research purpose or based on the source of data that us, they are: 1) qualitative
data, 2) case data, 3)person experience data, 4)Quantitative data, 5) Nominal data, 6) continuum data, 7) primary data,8) secondary data.
Therefore, the writer uses Primary data for the analysis of this thesis. The primary data or Data Primer of this thesis is the 2009 1st year students. The writer collects the recording data of the 2009 1st year students’ conversation.
3.2.2 Data Collecting Method
Faisal (1995: 51) states “Metode pengumpulan data terdiri atas tiga, yaitu: 1) Angket (questionnaire), 2) wawanvcara (interview), 3) observation, 4) documenter (secondary sources), 5) tes (test)”. Data collecting method consists of three, they are: 1) questionnaire, 2) interview, 3) observation,4) documenter (secondary sources), 5) test.
In this thesis the writer uses observation in collecting data.
Bungin (2001: 142) states “Bentuk observasi terbagi atas beberapa macam, yaitu: Observasi Langsung (Observasi Berstruktur dan Observasi tidak
berstruktur), Observasi Experimental, Observasi Partisipsi, Observasi
Kelompok”. Kinds of observation, they are: Direct Observation, Structural Observation, and Non-structural Observation, Experimental Observation, Participant Observation, Group observation.
Based on that theory, the writer chooses the direct observation that uses structural observation.
Bungin (2001: 143) states “Peneliti terlebih dahulu mempersiapkan materi pengamatan dan instrument yang akan digunaka”. At first the researcher prepares observation material and instrument that will be use.
There many ways that writer can do in order to process data to be analyzed. Therefore, in this case the writer collects the data from the students’ utterances by using some instruments. For instance, camera digital as recorder,
and the writer ask the students to make conversation situation by using the topic that has been given by the writer, and then make a transcript of that conversation.
3.2.2.1 Population and sample
In collecting data, the writer as the researcher needs population and sample as object of this research. The writer takes the 1st 2009 years students (60 people) as the population.
Faisal (1995:58) states “Rancangan sample probabilitas disebut juga dengan rancangan sample secara random. Berdasarkan tekhnik sample, random terbagi dalam beberapa jenis yaitu: 1) Tekhnik random sederhana (simple random sampling), 2) Tekhnik random atas dasar strata (stratified random sampling), 3) Tekhnik random bertahap-tahap atas dasar strata (multi stage probability stratified random sampling), 4) dan tehknik random atas dasar himpunan (cluster random sampling”. Probability sample design its also called random sample design. Based on sample technique, random can be divided into some kinds. They are: 1) simple random sampling, 2) stratified random sampling, 3) multi stage probability stratified random sampling, 4) cluster random sampling.
Based on that theory, the writer uses the simple random sampling. The sample are ten people from the 1st 2009 years students, they are based on odd registered number, because the writer takes the sample by using the simple random sampling. They are three men and seven women. The sample is more woman than man. They are 19 years old in rate.
3.3 Data Analyzing Method
Djajasudarma (1993: 2) states Metode deskripsi memberikan penjelasan secara sistematis, factual dan akurat mengenai data, sifat-sifat secara ilmiah. “Descriptive method gives explanation systematically, factual and accurate about the data and its character scientifically”.
In analyzing the data, the writer uses the descriptive Qualitative method. Descriptive qualitative method is applied by giving a description of the result of analysis of kinds of theories communication strategies that occur in student’s utterances in conversation or discussion.
Bungin (2001: 187) states analysis deskriptif terdiri atas tiga, yaitu: a) Frekuensi Distribusi, b) Tendensi Sentral, c) Standard Deviasi. “Descriptive analysis is divided into three, they are: a) Frekuensi Distribusi b) Tendensi Sentral Tendensi, c) Deviasi Standar.
For this case, the writer chooses Distribusi Frekuensi in calculating the data.
Bungin (2001: 188) states “Perhitungan data dengan destribusi frekuensi ini dapat dilakukan dengan menghitung frekuensi data tersebut kemudian frekuensi itu dipersentasekan”. Calculating data with distributive frequency that will be done by calculating that frequency and then makes the percentage from that frequency.
Based on the definition above about Distribusi Frekuensi, we can apply the following formula:
% 100 x N f N= Where, f = frequency N= frequency total
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
In the chapter four (in analysis and findings), the writer uses the table that consists of three columns. They are number (No), strategy errors, and reconstruction.
In the first column (number column), No refers to the sequences of number of each topic that is in the appendix. In the second column (strategy error), in this column contains the sentences that are considered by the writer as the strategy errors that is taken from appendix. And the last column is reconstruction, in this column the writer gives the correction of the strategy errors that are made by the students.
4.5Analysis Based on Paraphrase Theory 1) Approximation
The topic of first data is Face Book. The writer finds Approximation, such as:
No Strategy errors Reconstruction
4 4
6 16
But I not use Face book enough Indeed we can share our opinion to each other and then for the opinion, and then make spend much money, I think.
Face book is very amused me They put is so long
But I not use Face book fully
Include we can share our opinion to each other and then for the opinion, and then make spend much money, I think.
Face book is very me interest They share is so long
24 24 36 40 40 58 59 60 61 61
He want to say for their self Because the face book to forbidden come to Indonesia because may be it will be make some bad effect
Under the age 17, for example 15, 14, 16, is not be able to have an face book
I think that they can get the face book
But you say is don’t
Whether the people. the people, I mean whether a man all they see what in their like
What are you reason to connect down the face book, why?
So, to purpose submit to me connect with.. With my friend, so what ever they are.
They can get information from, from the other or the other organization
I think if we can manage our time, so face book is very
He want to say for himself
Because the face book to forbidden come to Indonesia because may be it will be give some bad effect
Under the age 17, for example 15, 14, 16, is not be allow have an face book
I think that they can have the face book
But you say is not
Whether the people. the people, I mean whether people see what in their like
What are you reason to relate the face book, why?
So, to purpose convey to me connect with... with my friend, so what ever they are.
They can get information from, from the other or the other group
I think if we can manage our time, so face book is very useful
84 107 113 120 129 134 137 141 170 171 benefit for us
Yes, I love know new people And I think, I think she have friend is not like, not like.., not like.. apa? ummm, not like her O….you have use it well word and unpolite word and I ever lie it
If photo if impolite, I think I disagree him, o…I keep
I think is very disturb, because e….very many
E…I want to ask in face book there wall to wall, chat and wall post, what do you love
Some I love chatting, sometimes I like wall to wall;
What do you love?
You love.. You have many friends but you don’t know them and or you have a little friend. O.. if us can make conclusion about face book begin you and each of us
Yes, I like know new people
And I think, I think she have friend is hate, not like.., not like.. apa? ummm, not like her
O….you have use it polite sentence and unpolite word and I ever lie it
If photo if impolite, I think I disagree him, o…I delete
I think is very disturb, because e…. so many
E…I want to ask in face book there wall to wall, chat and wall post, what do you like
Some I like chatting, sometimes I like wall to wall;
What do you like?
You like.. You have many friends but you don’t know them and or you have a little friend.
O.. if we can make conclusion about face book begin you and each of us
177
177 181 181
181
Ok, for the conclusion face book is very useful human being and communicate with other.
Face book is very use I can see my special friend E…I love face book, because I can share, share with foreign people
And I love it so much
Ok, for the conclusion face book is very useful people and communicate with other.
Face book is very useful I can find my special friend
E…I like face book, because I can share, share with foreign people
And I like it so much
The topic of second data is National Examination. The writer finds Approximation, such as:
No Strategy errors Reconstruction 2 2 2 5 15 37
National examination is not must They will not be successful for exam
Because of very varying education
We have school for three years No, I mean not just UN the signature of our school in three years
I can a…the students always
National examination is not important They will not be pass for exam
Because of very different education
We have study for three years
No, I mean not just UN the determine of our school in three years
46
47
cheating in the test
Is need to make every.. Every student e.. will be a leader in the future every part in Indonesia The education Indonesia is very bad and to avoid this situation, I think is better for us to uncreated the national examination
the exam
Is need to produce every.. Every student e.. will be a leader in the future every region in Indonesia
The education Indonesia is very bad and to avoid this condition , I think is better for us to uncreated the national examination
The topic of third data is Indonesian Movie. The writer finds Approximation, such as:
No Strategy error Reconstruction
1
2
2
5 6
is it usually have general, like horror, comedy, and sex a lot after in the morning, after I open up the television around nine o’clock all about the music after in the morning, after I open up the television around nine o’clock all about the music if you usually bring the violent not a lot in Indonesian movies and I my self don’t like watch horror movie
is it usually have kinds, like horror, comedy, and sex a lot
early in the morning, after I open up the television around nine o’clock all about the music
after in the morning, after I open up the television about nine o’clock all about the music
if you usually show the violent
all of in Indonesian movies and I my self don’t like watch horror movie
17
22 27
61
So, there if there make, make the job with we.. with us in Medan you from the other area
with an artist producer to mixed that film in our region so in that feel that I mean our emotion thank you for your watching
So, there if there make, business with we.. with us in Medan
you from the other region
with an artist producer to combine that film in our region so in that feel that I mean our emotion
thank you for your attention
The topic of fourth data is Beggar. The writer finds Approximation such as:
No Strategy error Reconstruction
1
4
11
13
13
So, if you know about Beggar you can present and give your opinion
That they can not doing by their self
May be if he has said he still have family, his family can provide his need
Behind of the government have d su…minimized our beggar, what is that?
It will make building or house for beggar but why beggar don’t
So, if you know about Beggar you can tell and give your opinion.
That they can not doing by themselves
May be if he has said he still have family, his family can finance his need
Beside of the government have d su…minimized our beggar, what is that?
It will make place or house for beggar but why beggar don’t want to stay that,
18
24
26
want to stay that, stay it, stay in the house
Especially to fact beggar, we said the beggar is it negative Don’t be beggar, don’t be hopeless, we have power
The children from the other country and then cheat him or cheat her
stay it, stay in the house
Especially to true beggar we said the beggar is it negative
Don’t be beggar, don’t be hopeless, we have skill
The children from the other city and then cheat him or cheat her
The topic of fifth data is Horror Film. The writer finds approximation such as:
No Strategy error Reconstruction
51
82 83
107
112
He….I went there, went there at the midnight
Nation?
No, I think they have a different concept of ghost with Indonesian people
in Japanese or in chine’s like vampire, some one that coming from the grave
Chinese have a same concept with Indonesian horror film, because it
He….I arrived there, went there at the midnight
People?
No, I think they have a different think of ghost with Indonesian people
in Japanese or in chine’s like vampire, some one that appear from the grave
Chinese have a same concept with Indonesian horror film because it
include the culture, the..apa namanya
depends on’, the..apa namanya?
1) Word Coinage
The topic of first data is Face Book. The writer finds word coinage such as:
No Strategy error Reconstruction
3 10 39 45 137 157 164
I spend my time to long So low man,
So, what do think about old people has face book too, like my father
Ok there are so many people indeed need on face book, what you think about that, are you… If I want communicate with my friend with my college friend like you, I usually use
I don’t know, because I can make new related with them, with..with new friend.
Aaa…I mean should face book is get pretend
I waste time. So mad man
So, what do think about old person has face book too, like my father
Ok there are so many people addicted on face book, what do you think about that, are you…
If I want communicate with my friend with my class mate like you, I usually use
I don’t know, because I can make relationship with them, with..with new friend
Aaa…I mean should face book is get protect
The topic of second data is National Examination. The writer finds word coinage, such as:
No Strategy error Reconstruction
20
23
23
44 47
you mean that National examination not the one all
if they don’t pass in their exam they will be angry
education standard in Indonesia is not so good
We must..we have develop area So, it means that every part also the teacher is not the same level in the teach
you mean that National examination not the everything
if they don’t pass in their exam they will disappointed
education standard in Indonesia is not qualified
We must..we have forward country So, it means that every region also the teacher is not the same level in the teach
The topic of third data is Indonesian movie. The writer finds word coinage, such as:
No Strategy error Reconstruction
47 50
The visual effect is a from the, So,I think is very cool movie and is look like Hollywood movie
The influence is a from the, ..
So, I think is very strain and is look like Hollywood movie
There is no word coinage in the fourth data.
The topic of fifth data is Horror Film. The writer finds word coinage, such as:
No Strategy error Reconstruction 114 Like a..mal praktek to the
sample that can make monster like a zombie
Like a..mal practice to the sample that can make monster like a zombie
2) Circumlocution
The topic of first data is Face Book. The writer finds Circumlocution, such as:
No Strategy error Reconstruction
16
24
And, and about their status, I think that all of my friend to be with, with like, they share in one hour, one status. How that they see, they feel like.. my get, to boring and type the new sweet of with something or something like that and how to bad they put it, and I think is not to.. They put is so long
I think they are..he want to say for their self, if he say can not go up in that to face book is show up himself.. Other self. So, now is is therefore Indonesian especially that face book is forbidden in Indonesia, because aa…if I am not say of not false I am say I am not wrong, because the face book to forbidden come to Indonesia because may be it will be make
Just tells about update status
just want tells about bad effect of face book
61
103
119
123
142
some bad effect. So, what do you think about.. thinking about that?
O... you know face book is very useful and they can get information from the other or face book become their hobby and they can get information from from the other or the other organization. So, I think if we can get information from the other or the other..so, I think if we can manage our time so, face book is very benefit for us
Ya..who is girl a..she has face book and e..her face book, what? E..apa namanya?
E…tag other people have as you use photo and you like( make her hand) and for example you have those photo and some one use it and who don’t know who is she or he, and take your photo to give you or her, what do you think about that?
What do you think about that?, What? About the polite or impolite photo, I think.. I think impolite photo.., Polite or impolite?, Impolite, And I when I open my face book and I see so many people joint with me, and then I see my