CHAPTER II REVIEW ON RELATED THEORIES
A. Theoretical Review
2. Review on Brainstorming Strategy
Brainstorming can be defined as a thought process technique, brainstorming strategies are used to help improve students' writing skill. According to Floris (2007:13) brainstorming is a technique in
teaching writing where we can write as many words or phrases as we can in our minds about a particular topic. In other words, brainstorming is a technique so that students can convey their ideas in writing. Muschla (2011:6) brainstorming is a strategy that students can use to develop creative ideas that they have previously thought before of. Brainstorming is mental practice in which a person writes down as many ideas as possible regrading a certain subject. It has the potential to be a great strategy for the development of ideas. The goal of brainstorming is to quickly write down as many related thought about a topic as possible. During brainstorming, do not take a break to examine ideas because this will simply slow down the flow of ideas.
The evaluation can be done at a later time. Brainstorming is a frantic activity whose main objective is to generate new ideas.
According to Brown (2001:184) states that brainstorming is a strategy that can help someone to start the thinking process.
Brainstorming is often used to prepare students to read a text, discuss a complex problem, or write a specific topic. Brainstorming involves students in forming a concept, idea, or fact that is relevant to a particular topic or context. Scarry (2008:8) defines that brainstorming as a strategy in which students use free association to create ideas that come to their mind about a particular topic. This is also referred to as an exercise where students write their ideas about a certain topic into a good writing. it can be a powerful method in developing students'
ideas. Oshima and Hogue (1999:4) brainstorming can generate ideas after selecting a topic and then narrowing it down to a specific focus, brainstorming is the next step after pre-writing. this means that brainstorming is a quick strategy in generating a number of ideas about a particular problem or topic.
While according to Blanchard and Root (2004:11) states that brainstorming is a quick way to generate many creative ideas about a particular subject. That means brainstorming is a simple way to get certain ideas. Abedianpour and Omidvari (2018:1092) the main thing for the success of using a brainstorming strategy is to refer to its nature. Brainstorming provides many opportunities for input and output where students receive input and feedback repeatedly from various sources through teacher presentations and group work.
Rosalinah et.al (2020:81) said that brainstorming is the process of generating ideas. people can brainstorm ideas to decide on a topic, to explore approaches to paper, or to deepen understanding of a particular subject.
From some of the explanations above, it can be concluded that brainstorming is a strategy that can be used to develop and improve students' writing skill by creating new ideas that come to their mind and refer to a particular topic. these ideas will then be compiled into a structured sentence and the end result of that is a good writing.
b. Types of Brainstorming
According to Chesla (2006: 31-42) there are four types of brainstorming techniques that can be used to generate, clarify, and organize ideas into a whole piece of writing. which are explained as follows:
1) Free Writing
Free writing can be applied when students have some thoughts about a topic. Free writing serves as a tool for developing ideas that are in the mind into good writing. Basically free writing is a technique of gathering ideas by writing quickly about a certain topic that comes to mind at that time for a certain period of time without stopping. In free writing, the most important aspect is the flow during the writing process. The key to free writing is to keep writing regardless of grammar, spelling, or the appropriateness of ideas.
2) Mapping or Clustering
Mapping or Clustering is a type of brainstorming that uses diagrams, maps, or other visual characters. Mapping is a graphic organizer that is used to find out the various ideas that are created.
Mapping is known for its simple process which is best used for exploring simple topics. While clustering is used to train students to compose words, phrases, sentences, concepts, memories, and prepositions. The advantage of using mapping is that it provides
a visual medium where students can classify ideas or concepts captured in words, phrase, or sentence.
3) Listing or Bulleting
Listing or Bulleting can generate many thoughts and ideas about a particular topic and can encourage students to place their ideas in the form of an organized list. By using listings or bulleting students can generate diverse ideas in a sequential arrangement that will make it easier for students to organize the entire writing by arranging ideas that have been thought of before.
4) Questioning
Questioning is one way of generating ideas by asking several questions, such as what, who, when, where, why, and how. This technique is very useful when students focus on the chosen topic, students must ask questions deliberately. However, not every question can be applied to every post. In applying this technique, students must be flexible and use the format that is most appropriate to the topic.
c. Steps of Brainstorming
According to Hogue (1996:32) there are five steps of brainstorming process in writing, as follow:
1) Brainstorm List
In this step we quickly create a list of every word, phrase, and idea that comes to mind about a particular topic. Write down
every thought that comes to mind regardless of whether it is right or wrong. The goal of this step is to make as many lists as possible and as quickly as possible.
2) Editing Brainstorming List
In this step we begin to eliminate some words that are not needed by combining related ideas, crossing out words that are repeated continuously, and crossing out unrelated words with that topic.
3) Organize the List
At this step we are required to compile a list. The list in question is the order of time and events in the writing that we will make. Examples: what happened first, second, third, and until the last. It should be noted at this stage that each time sequence and events start with a capital letter (A, B, C, etc.)
4) Making an Outline
In this step we must add a title and provide the topic discussed in the previous article. In this section the title is centered at the top. While the topic sentence under the title and the list in the third step is listed under the topic sentence and has capital letters (A, B, C, etc.)
5) Writing the Paragraph
The last step is to write a paragraph based on the outline that has been made previously. At this step we arrange an article into a paragraph.
Based on an explanation of the stages of writing using brainstorming techniques, we can make writing easier, and systematically arranged and the words used. With these steps, the writing made will be clearer in the flow and meaning conveyed.
d. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Brainstorming
According to Zemach and Islam (2006:58) using a brainstorming strategy has advantages and disadvantages, as follows:
1) The Advantages of Brainstorming
Below are the advantages of the brainstorming strategy:
a) The student can express a creative potential and find new ideas that is never thought before.
b) Generates ideas and solutions that can be use elsewhere.
c) It is fun to express the feeling and thinking feely.
d) It can be applied in group or individual. Besides, the competition occurs friendly and enjoyable, if several groups are involved.
e) Because the atmosphere is nonthreatening, the students have f) opportunity to show their own thinking.
g) While a lesson as a refreshing change of pace, it can be use anytime a problem comes to light or at any time.
2) The Disadvantages of Brainstorming
Below are the disadvantages of the brainstorming strategy:
a) Many ideas or suggestions are useless or not worth anything.
b) It can take too much time if the group of the students is not controlled and is allowed to run for too long. Sometimes, some students feel pressure and uncomfortable, because the discussions usually do not flow freely as in a structure session.
c) The ideas of some students may have to be disposed (usually in group learning).
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that brainstorming technique has advantages to be applied in writing activities. The advantage of brainstorming is that students can express their creative thoughts and feelings freely without judging all the ideas that come to mind. Besides having advantages, brainstorming also has disadvantages. Disadvantages of brainstorming sometimes it is difficult to determine which ideas are useless during a brainstorming session. In the group there were difficulties in expressing ideas from many students, thus making some students feel uncomfortable because the discussion did not flow freely.
3. Review on Recount Text