to be understood by the reader and the two higher score indicate the better the translation is.
The weight of every aspect (accuracy, acceptability, readability) however is not the same. Nababan et al. (2012:52) suggest further criteria that latter will be employed in the formula to achieve the final score of translation quality assessment. Below is the list of the value of translation quality aspect.
Table 2.5The Value of Translation Quality Aspect (Nababan et al., 2012:52)
No Translation quality aspect Value
1. Accuracy 3
2. Acceptability 2
3. Readability 1
As seen from table above the highest value is given to accuracy due to the basic concept of translation as the process of transferring (accuracy) from ST into TT.
The second highest value is the aspect of acceptability because it is linked to the language rule, norm, and culture in TT. Readability aspect is placed at the lowest level in consideration of the problem of translation quality has no direct connection to whether or not it can be easily understood by the readers. Rather, as for them it is because the lack of accessibility to ST.
first study is taken from George Owell’s 1984 and Animal Farm. The findings show three implications: figures of speech theories are still limited so that they are unable to cover all metaphors and similes translations; in Persian language, there is no general and fundamental technique for translating these metaphor and simile, and just English techniques are used for translating these two figures of speech;
and there are so limited research publications in the field of figures of speech, particularly about metaphor and simile, in both Persian and English language which must be considered critically.
The second study is fromAna-Marija Bujić, entitled “Translation of Idioms in TV Subtitling”(2014). This is an empirical study of idiom translation in TV subtitling. The studyobserves the use of idiom in TV series from three Croatian TV channels: HRT1; HRT2; and RTL Televijiza. It alsoaims at finding out the most procedure used as well as the reason. Moreover, the study examines obligatory and optional translation shifts.The preceeding study focuses on the translation from English to Croatian. There are 205 data consisting of idiom examples taken from the TV series.The result of this study reveals that paraphrasing strategy is the most frequent used to translate idioms.
Next is the study from Zsuzsanna Ajtony’s “Translation of Irony in the Hungarian Subtitles of Downton Abbey”(2014). It analyzes verbal irony in the British TV series Downtown Abbey by comparing the ST irony in the film script and its TT in Hungarian. The study takes into account English to Hungarian language translation. Moreover, this study selects TV series as the media in AVT.
The data are obtained from some irony examples and socio-cultural specifies in the original script and the Hungarian subtitle. The findings show that the
translator needs to be competent and creative. Not only does she/he must have lingustic understanding but also socio-cultural and technical. It is the translator’s task to acheive a good translation quality by paying attention to verbal rendering, conveying the more indirect, ironic, and ambiguous utterances.
The fourth study is done by Indry Caesarria Dewi with the title“Audiovisual Translation of English Idioms in Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows Movie:
An Analysis of English to Indonesian Subtitle”(2016). This study discovers the type of idioms used in the movie and analyzes their translation as well. The first findingshows that pure idiom has the largest number of the total idiom found in the movie, that is 50 items (50%). The second finding shows that the most frequent strategies used by the translator is paraphrase which is used 41 times or reaches 41% of the total usage. Subsequently, strategies which less frequent in a row are transfer (40%), expansion (9%), condensation (4%), deletion (3%), and resignation (3%).
The last study is from Maharani Widya Putri et al. entitled“Figurative Language in English Stand-Up Comedy”(2016). This study identifies the types of figurative language and to describe the functions of figurative language found in the selected video of Russell Peters stand-up comedy show. Whilst, the data of this study are from comedy show, the current study takes the data from films. The data collection is by means of content analysis technique by collecting the verbal language used by Russell Peters. The findings reveal that irony is the most frequent figurative language used by Russell Peters in “Russell Peters Comedy Now! Uncensored” with the frequency of 29.94%. It is because the topics are about ethnics, society case and culture. There are eleven types of figurative
languages used by Russell Peters along with their functions such as to amuse people in comedic situations, to expand meaning, to explain abstract emotions, to make sentence interesting represented and give creative additions.
Table 2.6Summary of Related Studies
No Author Aims Source of data Result
1. ElahehFadaee’
s “Translation techniques of figures of speech: A case study of George
Orwell's "1984 and Animal Farm" (2011)
Investigating the correspondence of figures of speech in English and Persian translation techniques
George Owell’s1984 and Animal Farm that are translated into Persian language.
Particularly metaphor and simile.
The lack of figures of speech theories; no general and fundamental technique to translate metaphor and simile in Persian language;
and there are so limited research publications about metaphor and simile, in both Persian and English language.
2.
AnaMarija Bujić’s Translation of Idioms in Tv Subtitling (2011)
- Observing the use of idiom in TV series.
- Finding out the most procedure used as well as the reason.
- examining obligatory and optional translation shifts.
TV series from three Croatian TV channels:
HRT1; HRT2;
and RTL Televijiza
- Paraphrasing strategy is the most frequent used to translate idioms since it is the least time-consuming.
- Obligatory translation shifts are mostly found in the idiom translation.
3. Zsuzsanna Ajtony’s
Translation of Irony in the Hungarian Subtitles of Downton Abbey(2014)
Analyzing verbal irony in the British TV series Downtown Abbey by comparing the ST irony in the film script and its TT in Hungarian.
Some irony examples and socio-cultural specifies in the original script and the Hungarian subtitle.
- The good combination of linguistic, socio-cultural and technical compentences possed by the translator.
- Translator should pay attention to verbal rendering, conveying the more indirect, ironic, and ambiguous utterances.
4. Indry Caesarria Dewi’s Audiovisual Translation of English Idioms in HarryPotter and The Deathly Hallows Movie: An Analysis of English to Indonesian Subtitle (2016)
- Discovering the type of idioms used in the movie.
- analyzing their translation as well
Idiom utterances in Harry Potter and The Deathly
Hallows Movie
- 50 idiom items (50%).
- Paraphrasing 41 times or reaches 41% of the total usage.
- Strategies which less frequent in a row are transfer (40%), expansion (9%),
condensation (4%), deletion (3%), and
resignation (3%).
5. Widya Putri et al. Figurative Language In English Stand-Up Comedy (2016)
- Identifyingthe types of figurative language - Describing the
functions of figurative language found in the selected video of stand-up comedy show.
A selected video of Russell Peters stand-up comedy show
- Irony is the most frequent
figurative
language used by Russell Peters in
“Russell Peters Comedy Now!
Uncensored”
with the frequency of 29.94%.
- There are eleven types of
figurative languages used
by Russell Peters.
Table 2.6points out that all the related studies are pertinent to the present study in a way that they stress on figurative language translation. However, the present study show several differences compared to the previous studies. Firstly, while most preceeding studies focus solely on figurative language and translation techniques, this study, on the other hand, does not only analyze on translation techniques but also seeks to answer the effect of translation techniques on the quality of translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
Secondly, the present study reveals that contextual expression is the most used figurative language in the film subtitle translation. Contextual expression, nevertheless, are not found in the previous studies. As a matter of fact, it has not been studied much and there is still limited research about it. Correspondingly, the present study adds a new figurative language finding that is barely found in the former studies.