BAB 5 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.2 Saran
1. Perlu adanya standarisasi kelengkapan pengisian rekam medis pasien, terkait usia, berat badan, obat yang digunakan, dosis obat yang diberikan, rute pemberian obat, aturan pakai obat, tanggal pemberian obat serta perlu adanya pemeliharaan rekam medis agar tidak ada bagian atau lembar yang hilang.
2. Perlu adanya pemantauan hasil laboratorium pasien yang dilakukan secara berkelanjutan selama perawatan, baik tes fungsi ginjal (ureum, serum kreatinin dan asam urat), tekanan darah, kadar gula darah dan hasil laboratorium lainnya yang terkait untuk mencegah dan mengatasi DRPs.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Aisyah, Julianti. (2009). Karakteristik Penderita Gagal Ginjal Rawat Inap di RS Haji Medan. Skripsi pada Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat USU Medan: tidak diterbitkan.
Alam, S., dan Hadibroto, I. (2008). Gagal Ginjal. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Anggrayny, Arfita. (2015). Perbandingan Laju Filtrasi Glomerulus pada Staf Laki-laki Dewasa Sehat dengan Formula Cockroft-Gault, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease dan Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration di Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta. Skripsi pada Fakultas Farmasi USD Yogyakarta: tidak diterbitkan.
Anonim. (2012). 5th Report of Indonesian Renal Registry. Perkumpulan Nefrologi Indonesia.
Anonim. (2015). Clinical Practice Guideline on Management of Patients with Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3b or Higher (eGFR <45 ml/min). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 30, ii1-ii142.
Arikunto, S. (2002). Prosedur Suatu Penelitian: Pendekatan Praktek, Edisi 5. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.
Aritonang, R. E. (2008) Intervensi farmasis dalam upaya menurunkan permasalahan terkait dengan terapi obat pada pasien penyakit ginjal kronik yang menjalani rawat inap di RSAL Dr. Mintohardjo Jakarta. Tesis pada FMIPA UI Jakarta: tidak diterbitkan.
Ashley, C., dan Currie, A. (2009). The Renal Drug Handbook, 3rd edition. United Kingdom: Radcliffe.
Atkinson, A., Abernethy, D. R., Daniels, C. E., Dedrick, R. L., dan Markey, S. P. (2007). Principles of Clinical Pharmacology Second Edition. USA: Elsevier Inc. Pg 230.
Belaiche, Stephanie, et al. (2012). Pharmaceutical Care in Chronic Kidney Disease: experience at Grenoble University Hospital from 2006 to 2010.
Journal Nephrol. 25, (4), 558-565.
British National Formulary. (2014). BNF, 67th edition. London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press.
Cardone, K. E., Bacchus, S., Assimon, M. M., Pai, A. B., dan Manley, H. J. (2010). Medication-related Problems in CKD, Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease. National Kidney Foundation. 17, (5), 404-412.
Chen, J., Wildman, R. P., Gu, D., Kusek, J. W., Spruill, M., Reynolds, K., Liu, D., Hamm, L. L., Whelton, P. K., He, J. (2005). Prevalence of decreased kidney function in Chinese adults aged 35 to 74 years. Kidney International. 68, 2837-2845.
Cipolle, R. J., Strand, L. M., dan Morley, P. C. (1998). Pharmaceutical Care Practice. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Coresh, J., Byrd-Holt, D., Astor, B. C., Briggs, J. P., Eggers, P. W., Lacher, D. A., dan Hostetter, T. H. (2005). Chronic kidney disease awareness, prevalence, and trends among U.S. adults, 1999 to 2000. J Am Soc Nephrol. 16, 180-188.
Coyne, D. W. (2011). Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Comorbidities.
CKD Medscape CME Expert Column Series: Issue 3. Diakses November, 2015. http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/736181.
Dipiro, J. T., Talbert, R. L., Yee, G. C., Matzkee, G. R., Wells, B. G., Posey, L. M. (2008). Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 7th edition. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Medical Publishing Division.
Drug.com. Drug Interactions Checker. Diakses Oktober, 2015.
http://www.drugs.com/drug_interactions.php.
Faizzah, Nurul. (2012). Identifikasi Drug Related Problems Pada Terai Gagal Ginjal Kronik Di Instalasi Rawat Inap Rumah Sakit PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Periode Januari – Desember 2009. Skripsi pada FMIPA UII Yogyakarta: tidak diterbitkan.
Fradgley, S. (2003). Interaksi Obat, Dalam Farmasi Klinis (Clinical Pharmacy) Menuju Pengobatan Rasional dan Penghargaan Pilihan Pasien. Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo Gramedia.
Gunawan, dkk. (2007). Farmakologi dan Terapi. Jakarta: Gaya Baru.
Hahr, Allison J., dan Molitch, Mark E. (2015). Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology. 1, (2), 1-9.
Indriani, L., Bahtiar, A., dan Andrajati, R. (2013). Evaluasi Masalah Terkait Obat Pada Pasien Rawat Inap Penyakit Ginjal Kronik Di RSUP Fatmawati Jakarta. Jakarta: Jurnal Managemen dan Pelayanan Farmasi (JMPF). Ingsathit, A., Thakkinstian, A., Chaiprasert, A., Sangthawan, P., Gojaseni, P.,
Kiattisunthorn, K., ... Singh, A. K. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in the Thai adult population: Thai SEEK study.
JNC 8. (2013). 2014 Evidance-Based Guideline for The Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults, Report From The Panel Members Appointed to The Eight Joint National Committee (JNC 8). Clinical Review & Education. JAMA.
Katzung, Bertram G. (2010). Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik, Edisi 10. Jakarta: EGC.
Kappel, J., dan Calissi, P. (2002). Nephrology: 3. Safe Drug Prescribing for Patients with Renal Insufficiency. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 166, (4), 473-477.
KDIGO. (2012). KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney International Supplements. 2, 337-414.
KDIGO. (2013). KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for The Evaluation and Management Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney International Supplements. 3, 1-150.
KDOQI. (2012). KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline For Diabetes and CKD: 2012 Update. American Journal of Kidney Disease. 60, (5), 850-886. Lacy, C. F., Armstrong, L. L., Goldman, M. P., Lance, L. L. (2008). Drug
Information Handbook, 17th edition. USA: Lexi-Comp’s.
Levey, Andrew S., Coresh, J., Balk, E., Kausz, Annamaria T., Levin, A., Steffes, Michael W., Hogg, Ronald J., Perrone, Ronald D., Lau, J., dan Eknoyan, G. (2003). National Kidney Foundation-Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (NKF-K/DOQI), K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guideliner for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification. Annals of Internal Medicine. 139, 137-147.
Levey, Andrew S., Eckardt, Kai-Uwe, Tsukamoto, Y., Levin, A., Coresh, J., Rossert, J., Zeeuw, Dick De, Hostetter, Thomas H., Lameire, N., dan Eknoyan, G. (2005). Definition and Classification of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Position Statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney International. 67, 2089-2100.
Mahmoud, M. A. (2008). Drug Therapy Problems and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. University Sains Malaysia.
Manley, Harold J., McClaran, Marcy L., Overbay, Debra K., Wright, Marcia A., Reid, Gerald M., Bender, Walter L., Neufeld, Timothy K., Hebbar, S., dan Muther, Richard S. (2003a). Factors Associated with Medication- Related Problems in Ambulatory Hemodialysis Patients. American Journal of Kidney Disease. 41, 386-393.
Manley, Harold J., Drayer, Debra K., dan Muther, Richard S. (2003b). Medication-related Problem Type and Appearance Rate in Ambulatory Hemodialysis Patients. BMC Nephrology. 4, 1-17.
Manley, Harold J., Cannella, Carrie L., Bailie, George R., dan Peter, Wendy L. St. (2005). Medication-Related Problems in Ambulatory Hemodialysis Patients: A Pooled Analysis. American Journal Kidney Disease. 46, 669– 680.
Marquito, A. B., Fernandes, N. M., Colugnati, F. A. B., dan Paula, R. B. de. (2013). Identifying Potential Drug Interactions in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Juiz de Fora : Interdisciplinary Center for Nephrology Studies Research and Care, Federal University of Juiz de Fora.
Medscape.com. Drug Interactions Checker. Diakses Oktober, 2015. http://www.medscape.com/druginfo/druginterchecker.
MIMS Indonesia. (2011/2012). MIMS Indonesia Petunjuk Konsultasi, Edisi 11. Jakarta: PT Medidata Indonesia.
Notoatmodjo, S. (2002). Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan. Yogyakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.
Novita, Inten. (2015). Evaluasi Drug Related Problems pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus di Rumah Sakit Pelabuhan Jakarta Utara. Skripsi pada FKIK UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta: tidak diterbitkan.
Nursalam. (2006). Asuhan Keperawatan pada Pasien dengan Gangguan Sistem Perkemihan, Edisi 1. Jakarta: Salemba Medika.
Nurrakhmani, Azizah. (2014). Kerasionalan Penggunaan Antibiotik pada Pasien Penderita Sindrom Respons Inflamasi Sistemik (SIRS) di Ruang Perawatan Intensif (Intensive Care Unit/ICU) Rumah Sakit Angkatan Laut Dr. Mintohardjo pada Tahun 2012-2013. Skripsi pada Fakultas FMIPA UI Jakarta: tidak diterbitkan.
PCNE. (2010). PCNE Classification for Drug Related Problems. Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Foundation, V6.2 revised 14-01-2010vm, 1-9. Permenkes. (2014). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI, Nomor 58 Tahun 2014
tentang Standar Pelayanan Kefarmasian di Rumah Sakit. Menteri Kesehatan RI.
Praktiknya, A. W. (2001). Dasar-Dasar Metodologi Penelitian Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, Edisi 4. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
Rahardjo, P., Susalit, E., dan Suhardjono. (2006). Hemodialisis. Dalam: Sudoyo, A.W., Setiyohadi, B., Alwi, I., Marcellus, S. K., Setiati, S., Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Jilid I. Edisi keempat. Jakarta: Pusat Penerbitan Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI.
Riskesdas. (2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementrian Kesehatan RI.
Rovers, J. P., Currie, J. D., Hagel, H. P., McDonough, R. P., dan Sobotka, J. L. (2003). A Practical Guide to Pharmaceutical Care, 2nd edition.
Washington DC: American Pharmaceutical Association.
Siregar, C. J. P., dan Lia, A. (2003). Farmasi Rumah Sakit: Teori dan Penerapan. Cetakan Pertama. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. Hal. 7-18. Siregar, Sofiyan. (2011). Statistika Deskriptif untuk Penelitian: Dilengkapi
Perhitungan Manual dan Aplikasi SPSS Versi 17. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. Smeltzer, Suzanne C., dan Bare, Brenda G. (2002). Buku Ajar Keperawatan
Medikal Bedah Brunner dan Suddarth, Vol. 1 dan 2, Edisi 8. Jakarta: EGC.
St. Peter, W. L. (2010). Improving Medication Safety in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Dialysis Through Medication Reconciliation. By National Kidney Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stockley, I. H. (2008). Stockley’s Drug Interaction, 8th edition. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
Sugiyono. (2005). Statistika untuk Penelitian. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Suharyanto, dan Madjid, A. (2009). Asuhan Keperawatan pada Klien dengan Gangguan Sistem Perkemihan. Jakarta: Trans Info Media.
Sukandar, E. (2006). Neurologi Klinik, Edisi ketiga. Bandung: Pusat Informasi Ilmiah (PII) Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran UNPAD. Suleymanlar, G., Utas, C., Arinsoy, T., Ates, K., Altun, B., Altiparmak, M. R.,
... Serdengecti, K. (2011). A population-based survey of Chronic Renal Disease In Turkey--the CREDIT study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 26, 1862-1871.
Suwitra, K. (2006). Penyakit Ginjal Kronik. Dalam: Sudoyo, A. W., Setiyohadi, B., Alwi, I., Marcellus, S. K., Setiati, S., Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Jilid I. Edisi 4. Jakarta: Pusat Penerbitan Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI.
Syaifuddin. (2006). Anatomi Fisiologi untuk Mahasiswa Keperawatan, Edisi 3. Jakarta: EGC.
Thawornchaisit, P., Looze, F. de., ... Sleigh, A. (2015). Health-Risk Factor and the Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease: Cross-Sectional Findings from a National Cohort of 87 143 Thai Open University Students. Global Journal of Health Science. 5, (7), 59-72.
USRDS. (2014). CKD in the United States: An Overview of USRDS Annual Data Report, volume 1. United States.
Walker, R., dan Edward, C. (2003). Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. Third editions. Pg 247-249, 256-278.
Wortmann R. L. (2009). Gout and Hyperuricemia. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Harris ED, Rudy S, Sergen JS, editors. Kelley’s Textbook of Rheumatolog, 8th edition. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Xue, L., Lou, Y., Feng, X., Wang, C., Ran, Z., dan Zhang, X. (2014). Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and associated factors among the Chinese population in Taian, China. BMC Nephrology. 15, 1-6.
Zhang, Qui-Li, dan Rothenbacher, D. (2008). Pravalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in Population-based studies: Systematic Review. BMC Public Health. 8, 1-13.
Zhou, Yi-Ting, Yu, Lu-Shan, Zeng, Su, Huang, Yu-Wen, Xu, Hui-Min, dan Zhou, Quan. (2013). Pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions between 1,4 dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and statins: factors determining interaction strength and relevant clinical risk management. China: Quan Zhou Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.
Lampiran 1. Surat Permohonan Izin Penelitian dari Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan
Lampiran 2. Surat Persetujuan Pelaksanaan Penelitian dari Rumkital Dr.