• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

BAB V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

B. Saran

Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut antara lain:

1. Uji efek hepatoprotektif dekok biji P. americana Mill. dengan variasi dosis di bawah 360,71 mg/kgBB agar dapat diperoleh nilai ED50.

2. Uji efek hepatoprotektif dekok biji P. americana Mill. pada tikus jantan dengan induksi hepatotoksin lain seperti parasetamol.

. .

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Agoes, A., 2010, Tanaman Obat Indonesia, Buku 1, Penerbit Salemba Medika, Jakarta, pp. 99.

Alhassan, A. J., Sule, M. S., Atiku, M. K., Wudil, A. M., Abubakar, H., Mohammed, S.A., Effects of aqueous avocado pear (Persea americana) seed extract on alloxan induced diabetes rats, 2012, GJMS, 2 (1), pp. 5-11. Arisandi, Y., dan Andriani, Y., 2006, Khasiat Berbagai Tanaman untuk

Pengobatan, Eska Media, Jakarta, pp. 471.

Arts, I. C., dan Hollman, P. C., Polyphenols and Disease Risk in Epidemiologic studies, Am J Clin Nutr, 81, pp. 317-325.

Arukwe, U., Amadi, B. A., Duru, M. K. C., Agomuno, E. N., Adindu, E. A., Odika, P. C., Lele, K. C., Egejuru, L., Anudike, J., 2012, Chemical Composition of Persea americana Leaf, Fruit, and Seed, IJRRAS, 11 (2), pp. 246-348.

Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan RI, 2010, Acuan Sediaan Herbal, Direktorat Obat Asli Indonesia, Jakarta, pp. 3-4.

Carpena, J., Morcuende, D., Andrade, M., Kylli, P., Estevez, M., 2011, Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Phenolics, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities, and Inhibition of Lipid and Protein Oxidation in Porcine Patties, JAFC, 59, pp. 5625-5636.

Chandrasoma, P., dan Taylor C. R., 1995, Concise Pathology, 2nd edition, FRC Path Prentice Hall International, USA, pp. 621-628.

Direktorat Bina Farmasi Komunitas dan Klinik, 2007, Pharmaceutical Care Untuk Penyakit Hati, Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, pp. 7. Direktorat Jenderal Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan RI, 1995, Farmakope

Indonesia, jilid IV, Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, pp.46.

Edem, D. O., dan Akpanabiatu, M.I., 2006. Effects of palm oil-containing diets on enzyme activities of rats. Pakistan J Nutr, 5(4), pp. 301- 305.

Forrest, E., 2006, Hepatik Disorders, in Lee, A., (Ed.), Adverse Drug Reaction, 2nd ed, Pharmaceutical Press, London, pp. 193, 201-202.

Fox, S. I., 2004, Human Physiology, 8th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 575-580.

Ganong, W.F., dan McPhee, S.J., 2011, Patofisiologi Penyakit: Pengantar Menuju Kedokteran Klinis, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta, pp. 421-422.

Goodner, B., dan Roth, L. S., 1994, Panduan Tindakan Keperawatan Klinik Praktis, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta, pp. 176.

Gregus dan Klaaseen, C. D., 2001, Mchanism of Toxicity, in Klaaseen, C. D., Cassarett and Doull’s Toxicology: the Basic Science Poisons, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 57-64.

Hastuti, T., 2008, Aktivitas enzim Transaminase dan Gambaran Histopatologi Tikus yang Diberikan Kelapa Kopyor Pasca Induksi Parasetamol, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Laporan Penelitian, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.

Janakat, S., dan Al-Merie, H., 2002, Optimization of the dose and route of injection, and characterization of the time course of carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatotoxicity in the rat, J. Pharm. Tox. Methods, 48, pp. 41-44. Kurniawati, A.Y., Adrianto, E.E., dan Hendra, P., 2011, Uji Praklinik Ekstrak

Metanol-Air Macaranga tanarius L. Kajian: Aktivitas Antiinflamasi dan Hepatoprotektif, Kongres Ilmiah dan Rapat Kerja Nasional IAI 2011, IAI, Manado.

Lu, F.C., 1995, Toksikologi Dasar, Edisi 2, UI Press, Jakarta, pp. 209-210.

Marinova, D., Ribarova, F., Atanassova, M., 2005, Total phenolic and total flavonoids in Bulgarian fruits and vegetables, J. University Chem. Tech. Metallurgy, 40 (3), pp. 255-260.

Ozula, R. I., Anaka, O. N., Okpo, S. O., Idogun, S. E., 2009, Acute and Subacute Toxilcological Assesment of The Aqueous Sees Extract of Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Rats, Afr. J. Trad. CAM, 6(4), pp. 573- 578.

Plaa, G.L., dan Charbonneau, M., 2001, Detection and Evaluation of Chemically Induced Liver Injury, in Hayes, W.A., Principles and Methods of Toxicology, 4th edition, Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, pp. 1148-1175. Pratiwi, E., 2009, Daya Antibaktari Ekstrak Biji Alpukat (Persea americana

Mill.) terhadap Streptococcus alpha yang Resisten Antibiotik, Skripsi, http://digilib.fk.umy.ac.id/gdl.php?mod=browse&op=read&id=yoptumyfk pp-gdl-erlizanivo-411, diakses tanggal 3 Oktober 2013

Price, S.A., dan Wilson, L.M., 2005, PATOFISIOLOGI: Konsep Klinis Proses- Proses Penyakit, Edisi 6, Vol 1, Penerbit EGC, Jakarta, pp. 473-476. Rajendran, R., Hemalatha, S., Akasakalai, K., MadhuKrishna, C.H., Sohil, B.,

Vittal, Sundaram, R. M., 2009, Hepatoprotective activity of Mimosa pudica leaves against Carbontetrachloride induced toxicity, I J. Nat. Prod.,

2, pp. 116-122.

Rotblatt, M., Zument, I., 2002, Evidence-based herbal medicine, Hanly & Belfus Inc., Philadelphia, pp. 266.

Sacher, R.A., dan McPherson, R.A., 2002, Tinjauan Klinis Hasil Pemeriksaan, Edisi 11, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta, pp. 369-370.

Sampurno, 2003, Obat Herbal dalam Prespektif Medik dan Bisnis, http://mot.farmasi.ugm.ac.id/files/13OBAT%20HERBAL_Sampurno.pdf, diakses tanggal 3 Desember 2013.

Soho, 2012, Curliv® plus syrup, http://www.sohogroup.com/pharma/ hepatoprotector-1/curliv-curliv-plus-curliv-plus-syrup-2, diakses tanggal 20 September 2013.

Sofia, N.A., Nurdjanah, S., dan Ratnasari, N., 2009, Kadar Leptin pada Populasi Non Diabetes dengan dan Tanpa Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver (NAFL), Berkala Kesehatan Klinik, 15 (1), 49-55.

Stine, K.E., and Brown, T.M., 1996, Principles of Toxicology, Lewis Publishers, New York, pp. 149-157.

Suhono, B, Yuzammi, Witono, J. R., Hidayat, S., Handayani, T., Sugiarti, Mursidawati, S., Triono, T., Astuti, I. P., Sudarmono, Wawaningrum, H., 2010, Ensiklopedia Flora, Jilid 5, Kharisma Ilmu, Jakarta, pp.16.

Timbrell, J. A. 2008, Principles of Biochemical Toxicology, 4th edition, Informam Healthcare, New York, pp. 308-311.

Treinen, M., dan Moslen, 2001, Toxic Responses of The Liver, in Klaassen, C.D., Cassarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of poisons, 6th edition, Mc. Graw Hill Companies, Inc., New York, pp. 467-481.

U.S. EPA, 2010, Toxicological Review Of Carbon Tetrachloride, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, pp. 3-4.

WHO, 1999, WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js2200e/, diakses tanggal 24 Oktober 2013.

WHO, 2012, Hepatitis B, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/, diakses tanggal 1 Mei 2013

Wahyuni, S., 2005, Pengaruh Daun Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Ness) Terhadap kadar ALT dan AST Tikus Putih, GAMMA, 1 (1), pp. 45-53. Wibowo, D.S., dan Paryana, W., 2009, Anatomi Tubuh Manusia, Graha Ilmu,

Bandung, pp. 347-352.

Windrawati, T. G., 2012, Efek Hepatoprotektif Ekstrak Metanol:Air (50:50) daun Macaranga tanarius L. Terhadap Kadar ALT-AST Serum pada Tikus Terinduksi Karbon Tetraklorida, Skripsi, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Yang, J., Wu, Y., Wang, Q., Zhou, G., Zhang, L., Wang, D., 2011, The Chemical and Pharmacological Effects of Fructus Schisandrae and its Application Prospect, BIOMIRROR, 2(11), pp. 1-9.

Yasir, M., Das, S., dan Kharya, M. D., 2010, The Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Persea americana Mill, NCBI, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249906/, diakses tanggal 4 Desember 2013.

Zimmerman, H. J., 1999, Hepatotoxicity, Appleton Century Crofts, New York, pp. 167-171.

Dokumen terkait