BAB 7. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
7.2 Saran
1. Saran bagi peneliti lain
a) Penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pelaksanaan pemberdayaan keluarga berbasis family centered nursing dengan lebih mengoptimalkan kemampuan keluarga untuk mandiri dalam hal mencari informasi kesehatan secara aktif dengan memanfaatkan berbagai media yang tersedia.
b) Perlu adanya pengembangan dan inovasi baru berupa kombinasi intervensi pemberdayaan keluarga bebasis family centered nursing model dengan metode lain seperti edukasi sebaya (peer group), penggabungan intervensi diharapkan dapat mengoptimalkan hasil penelitian.
c) Perlu upaya khusus untuk meningkatkan partisipasi ayah dalam program pemberdayaan keluarga berbasis family centered nursing terkait perannya dalam pengambilan keputusan dan perlindungan anak terhadap risiko penyakit.
2. Saran bagi keluarga
Intervensi pemberdayaan keluarga bebasis family centered nursing model
dapat menjadi salah satu sumber penambah informasi dan pengetahuan untuk pencegahan ISPA berat (pneumonia) pada balita. Modul yang telah diberikan diharapkan bisa menjadi acuan bagi keluarga dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan dan tindakan pencegahan ISPA berat (pneumonia), selain itu keluarga diharapkan mampu mencari informasi yang terpercaya secara aktif terkait informasi baru yang berhubungan dengan ISPA (pneumonia)
3. Saran bagi institusi terkait
Pengembangan dan pelaksanaan intervensi pemberdayaan keluarga bebasis
family centered nursing model dapat diintegrasikan kedalam program pemerintahan yang saat ini sedang digalangkan yaitu Program Indonesia Sehat melalui pendekatan keluarga (PIS-PK) dengan strategi pengarusutamaan kesehatan dalam penguatan upaya promotif dan preventif terutama pada balita. Intervensi pemberdayaan keluarga dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu acuan dalam hal tekhnis dan pelaksanaan di lapangan mengacu pada tata laksanan standar yang telah di buat.
4. Saran bagi ilmu keperawatan
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian bahwa intervensi pemberdayaan keluarga bebasis family centered nursing model efektif meningkatkan kemandirian keluarga, selanjutnya, praktik pelaksaanan intervensi tersebut dapat dipertimbangkan untuk lebih terfokus pada kemampuan perawat dalam
membangun engagement dengan keluarga, sehingga perawat dapat lebih mengeksplorasi mengenai sumber daya yang ada pada keluarga dalam menangani permasalahan keluarga.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Adriana D., 2011. Tumbuh kembang & terapi bermain pada anak. Jakarta: Salemba Medika. Hal: 56-70
Allender JN., Rector C., & Warner., 2014. Community and public health nursing : promoting and protecting the public health. (8th ed). New York : Lipincott Williams & Wilkins. Hal: 600-667
Arifianto, Hariadi NI., 2017. Berteman dengan demam.Depok : Kata Depan. Hal : 78-123
Assegaf, F; Romeo, P dan Marni, 2010. ‗Studi perilaku pencarian pengobatan oleh Ibu dalam menangani penyakit infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA) pada balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Bakunase Kota Kupang‘. Jurnal MKM 05 (01): 7-15
Asih N., & Effendi C., 2004. Keperawatan medikal bedah klien dengan gangguan sistem pernapasan. Jakarta: EGC. Hal: 45-56
Basit M., Rifani S., & Sukarlan, 2016. ‗Hubungan kebiasaan merokok anggota keluarga dan pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita di Puskesmas Pekauman Banjarmasin‘. Dinamika Kesehatan.7 (2) : 15-22 Beam RJ., O‘Brien RA., & Neal M., 2010. ‗Reflective practice enhances public
health nurse implementation of nurse family partnership‘. Public health nursing. 27 (2): 131-139
Benet T., 2015. ‗Etiology and factors associated with pneumonia in children under 5 years of age in Maili : A Prospective Case Control‘. PloS One. 22 (10): 145447-145454
Berg AS., 2016. ‗Etiology of pneumonia in a pediatric population with high pneumococcal vaccine coverage : A Prospective Study‘. Pediatric Infect Dis J. 35 (3):515- 522.
Bhutta Z.A., Das J.K., Walker N., Rizvi H., Campbell H., Rudan I., Blok R.E., 2013. ‗Intervention to address death from childhood pneumonia and
diarrhea equitably: what works and at what cost?.‘ The Lancet Journal. 7(13): 60648-60655
Budiman, 2014. ‗Pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan tentang infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA) terhadap pengetahuan ibu dalam pencegahan dan perawatan ISPA pada balita. Jurnal kesehatan kartika. 9(3): 21-27
Chen Y., Williams E., Kirk M., 2014. ‗Risk factors for acute respiratory infection in the Australian Community‘. PLoS ONE. 7(2): 23-30
Chopra M., 2013 ‗Ending of preventable deaths from pneumonia and diarrhoea: An achievable goal‘. The Lancet. 381(9876): 1499–1506.
Cody, 2000. ‗Nursing frameworks to guide practice and research with families : Introductory remarks.‘ Nursing science quarterly. 13(4): 277-284.
Corwin, 2009. Buku saku patofisiologi. Jakarta : EGC. Hal: 66-73
C.R. MacIntyre, A.A. Chughtai., 2015. ‗Facemasks for the prevention of infection in healthcare and community settings.’ BMJ. 350 (121): 694-701
Dahlan MS., 2016. Besar sampel dan cara pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian kedokteran dan kesehatan. Jakarta : Salemba Medika. Hal 109-119.
Davison KK., Lawson HA., Coatsworth JD., 2012. ‗The family-centered action model of intervention layout and implementation (FAMILI): The example of childhood obesity‘. Health Promotion Practice. 13 (4): 454 –461.
Desmita, 2012. Psikologi perkembangan peserta didik. Bandung: Rosda Karya.Hal 12-25.
Dewi D A., 2015.‘Pengaruh konseling tentang manajemen terpadu balita sakit (MTBS) terhadap perilaku perawatan anak demam oleh ibu di wilayah kerja puskesmas Kasihan II Bantul.‘ Skripsi.Stikes ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta.
Dharma K., 2011. Metodologi penelitian keperawatan ; panduan melaksanakan dan menerapkan hasil penelitian. Jakarta : Trans Info Medika.
Dinas Kesehatan Kota Bima, 2015, Profil kesehatan kota bima. Dinas Kesehatan Kota Bima.
Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. 2015. Profil kesehatan provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Dinas Kesehatan. Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Dodge, K., Van Egeren, L. A.,. 2014. ‗Implementation and randomized controlled
trial evaluation of universal postnatal nurse home visiting.‘ Am J of Public Health, 104 (2): 136-143.
Drummond JE, Weir AE, Kysela GM.,2013. ‗Home visitation programs for at- risk young families: a systematic literature review.‘ Can J Public Health.93 (2): 153– 158
Duggan, A., Windham, A., McFarlane, E., Fuddy, L., Lcsw, M., Rohde, C., Sia, C. 2000. ‗Hawai‘s healthy start program of home visiting for at-risk families: Evaluation of family identification, family engagement, and service delivery.‘ Pediatrics, 2(105): 250–259.
Efendi F., & Makhfudli., 2009. Keperawatan kesehatan komunitas: teori dan praktik dalam keperawatan. Jakarta : Salemba Medika. Halaman 35-40. Effendi N., 2000. Dasar-dasar keperawatan kesehatan masyarakat. Jakarta :
EGC. Hal 55-77
Espinosa, L., & López, M., 2007.‘Family engagement in early childhood programs: serving families of dual language learners.Newyork : California Department of Education.Halaman: 119-171.
Ervin.2002. Advanced community health nursing practice population-focuse care, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Halaman: 79-92.
Firdausa, 2013. ‗Hubungan tingkat pendidikan dan pekerjaan perilaku pencegahan ispa pada balita di wilayah kerja Pukesmas Gang Sehat, Pontianak. Fakultas Kedokteran‘. Skripsi. Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak
Francis, N. 2008. ‗The effect of using interactive booklet on childhood respiratory tract infections in consultations: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial in primary care.‘ Biomed Journal 9(23): 1-10.
Friedman MM., Bowden VR., & Jones EG., 2003. Family nursing research, theory, and practice Fifth Edition. New Jersey: Person Education.Halaman :
Friedman MM., Bowden VR., & Jones EG., 2010. Keperawatan keluarga: teori dan praktik. Jakarta : EGC. Hal: 290-413
Garcia-huidobro., Tai M., 2015. 'Family oriented care : oportunities for health promotion and disease prevention'. Journal of Family Medicine and Disease Prevention. 7(12): 1–6
Goyal NK, Hall ES, Meinzen-Derr JK, et al. Home Visiting and Outcomes of Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review
Grant, C., Ballard, E. D. and Olson-Madden, J. H., 2015. ‗An empowerment approach to family caregiver involvement in suicide prevention: implications for Practice‘.The Family Journal. 23(3): 295–304
Graves, K. N. and Shelton, T. L. 2007. ‗Family empowerment as a mediator between family-centered systems of care and changes in child functioning: identifying an important mechanism of change‘. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 16(4): 556–566.
Hadi A., 2002. ‗Integrating prevention of acute respiratory infections with micro- credit programme: experience of BRAC, Bangladesh.' Public health. 116(4): 238–44.
Hailemariam TW., Adeba E., & Sufa A., 2015. ‗Predictors of early breastfeeding initiation among mothers of children under 24 months of Age in rural part of West Ethiopia‘. BMC Public Health. 5(2): 15-22
Haggman A., Tanninen H., & Pietila A., 2010. 'Effectiveness of resource- enhancing family-oriented intervention.' Journal of clinical nursing. 19 (2) : 2500-2510
Hamid AYS., & Ibrahim K., 2017. Pakar teori keperawatan dan karya mereka 8th Indonesia edition. Singapore : Elsevier. Hal: 32-39.
Hart A. M., and Morgan, K. M. 2013. ‗Acute respiratory infection-related patient behaviors and expectations in wyoming.' Journal for Nurse Practitioners. Elsevier Inc. 9(4): 202–207.
Hulme PA., 1999. ‗Family empowerment : a nursing intervention on with suggested outcomes for families of children with a chronic health condition. J. Fam. Nurs, 5(1):33-50
Karim, Muhit M., & Khandaker G., 2017. ‗Interventions to prevent respiratory diseases nutrition and the developing world.' Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. Elsevier Ltd. Halaman: 31–37
Kementerian Kesehatan Rebulik Indonesia. 2011. Pedoman pengendalian infeksi saluran pernapasan akut. KemenKes RI. Jakarta.
Kementerian Kesehatan Rebulik Indonesia 2013. Riset kesehatan dasar : Riskesdas 2013. KemenKes RI. Jakarta.
Kementerian Kesehatan Rebulik Indonesia. 2016. Pedoman umum program indonesia sehat dengan pendekatan keluarga (PIS-PK). KemenKes RI, Jakarta.
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Feikin DR. 2005. 'Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial'. Lancet. 366 (20): 225-33
Luque JS, Whiteford LM, Tobin GA.2008. 'Maternal recognition and health care- seeking behavior for acute respiratory infection in children in a rural Ecuadorian county.Matrern child health journal. 12(3):287-97.
Lwanga SK., Lemeshow S, 1991 Sample size determination in health studies, A practical manual. World Health Organization.
MacIntyre CR, Cauchemez S, Dwyer DE.2009. 'Face mask use and control of respiratory virus transmission in households. Emerg Infect Dis. 15(7): 233- 41.
Maramis, A.P. 2013. 'Hubungan tingkat pendidikan dan pengetahuan ibu tentang ISPA dengan kemampuan ibu merawat balita ISPA pada balita di Puskesmas Bahu Kota Manado'. Skripsi. Stikes Manado, Manado.
Mathew JL., 2015. 'Etiology of community acquired pneumonia among children in india : prospective cohort study.' J Glob Health.5(2) : 50418-50425
Misnadiarly, 2008. Penyakit infeksi saluran napas pneomonia, Jakarta : Rineka cipta. Halaman : 23-29
Montasser, N. 2012. 'Assesment and classification of acute respiratory tract infection among egyptian rural children.' British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 2(2): 216-227.
Morris, S. K. 2016. 'Maternal vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and lactation to prevent acute respiratory infections in infancy in Dhaka, Bangladesh (MDARI trial): protocol for a prospective cohort study nested within a randomized controlled trial'. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 16 (1): 309
Mousa, 2016. 'Prevention of treatmen of influenza like illness, and common cold by herbal, complementary, and natural therapies.' Journal of evidence based complementary & alternative medicine. 22 (1): 166-174.
Mubarak, Wahit Iqbal., 2009. Ilmu keperawatan komunitas; konsep dan aplikasi. Jakarta : Salemba Medika. Hal: 20-31
Murhayati, A. 2010. 'Hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap ibu dengan praktik cara perawatan balita yang menderita ISPA non pneumonia di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Mojobolan, Sukoharjo.' Jurnal Kesmas. 1(1): 34- 39
Muttaqin A., 2008. Asuhan keperawatan pada sistem respirasi. Jakarta : Pustaka Obor. Halaman 33-39.
Nievar, M.A., VanEgeren, L.A., & Pollard, S.E., 2010. 'A meta-analysis of home visiting: moderators of improvements in maternal behavior.' Infant Mental Health Journal. 2(21): 499-520.
Notoatmodjo S., 2007. Perilaku kesehatan dan ilmu perilaku. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta
Notoatmodjo S., 2010. Metodologi penelitian kesehatan. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta. Nugroho.2009. 'Hubungan antara status gizi balita dengan kejadian ispa di desa
wonoboyo wilayah kerja puskesmas wonoboyo kabupaten temanggung.' Skripsi.Unimus. http://digilib.unimus.ac.id
Nursalam, 2016. Metodologi penelitian ilmu keperawatan pendekatan praktis Edisi 4. Jakarta : Salemba medika.
Nurhaeni N, Moralejo D, Webber K., 2007. 'Identification of modifiable risk factors for acute respiratory infection in indonesian children under five year of age.' CJNR. 39(3): 199-207
Onuma H., Shin K. J. and Managi S., 2017. 'Household preparedness for natural disasters: Impact of disaster experience and implications for future disaster risks in Japan.' International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. Elsevier Ltd. 7(2): 148–158.
Prajapati,.Shah K., 2012. 'Knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers regarding acute tract infection (ari) in urban and rural communities of Ahmedabad District, Gujarat.' Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 3(2): 101-103
Raingruber, B. 2014. ‗Health education , health promotion , and health : what do these definitions have to do with nursing ?' Contemporary Health Promotion in Nursing Practice. 217(12): 1–24.
Riasmini, NM., Permatasari, H., Chairani, R., Astuti, NP., Ria, MT., 2017. Panduan asuhan keperawatan individu, keluarga, kelompok, dan komunitas dengan modifikasi NANDA, ICNP, NOC, dan NIC di Puskesmas dan Masyarakat. IPKKI : Jakarta. Halaman: 33-52.
Rohmatika A., Andini, 2018.'Pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan tentang ISPA terhadap tingkat Pengetahuan orang tua merawat balita di posyandu abadi V Gonila Kartasura.' Ejournal keperawatan (e-Kp). 2(1): 79-86
Roso C., 2015. ‘Peran keluarga pra sejahtera dengan upaya pencegahan Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) pada balita di desa Depok Kecamatan Kademan Kabupaten Batang.' Jurnal Keperawatan 8 (2):149–60.
Schlein L., 2007. WHO says environmental hazards kill millions of children. Voice of America news. diakses dari http : //www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-28-
Shah, Ubaid H., Amani K. Abu-Shaheen, Mohammad A. Malik, Seema Alam, Muhammad Riaz, and Mohamad A. AL-Tannir., 2013. 'The efficacy of zinc supplementation in young children with acute lower respiratory infections: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.' Clinical Nutrition.32 (2): 193–99. Shivalli S., Majra JP., Akshaya KM., & Qadiri GJ., 2015, 'Family centered approach in primary health care: Experience from an urban area of Mangalore, India.' Scientific World Journal. 13 (2) : 127- 134
Sitepu, A., 2008. 'Efektivitas penyuluhan kesehatan menggunakan metode ceramah disertai pemutaran vcd dan tanpa pemutaran vcd dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan dan sikap ibu tentang penyakit pneumonia pada balita di Kecamatan Stabat Kabupaten Langkat. FKM USU.' Tesis. Diakses melalui http:// repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456 789/6725/1/08E00489.pdf tanggal 25 mei 2018.
Smith J., Swallow V., & Coyne I., 2014, 'Involving parents in managing their child's long-term condition—A concept synthesis of family-centered care and partnership-in-care' Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 30 (3) : 143–159. Smith, Kirk R., John P. McCracken, Martin W. Weber, Alan Hubbard, Alisa
Jenny, Lisa M. Thompson, John Balmes, Anaité Diaz, Byron Arana, and Nigel Bruce. 2011. 'Effect of reduction in household air pollution on childhood pneumonia in Guatemala (RESPIRE): A randomised controlled trial.' The Lancet 378 (9804): 1717–1726.
Stanhope & Lancaster.2004. Community health nursing promoting health of aggregates, families, and individuals. St. Louis: Mosby. Halaman: 73-89. Staudt M., 2007. ' Treatment engagement with caregivers of at-risk children: gaps
in research and conceptualization.' Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2 (16) :183–196.
Sunarti, Euis., 2010. Strategi pemberdayaan keluarga modul pertahanan dan pemberdayaan keluarga. Departemen Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen. Fakultas EkologiManusia. IPB : Bogor.
Susilawaty, A., Jastam., Saleh., Basri, Syahrul., Amansyah, Munawir., 2014. Dasar-dasar kesehatan lingkungan (seri integrasi islam kesehatan). Makassar : Pustaka Almaidah.
Sweet, M. A., & Appelbaum, M. I. 2004. 'Is home visiting an effective strategy? a metaanalytic review of home visiting programs for families with young children.' Child Development. 75(5): 1435–1456.
Syahrani, Arlina Elvira, Eko, Jemi Santoso., 2010. 'Pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan tentang penatalaksanaan ISPA terhadap pengetahuan dan ketrampilan ibu merawat balita ISPA di rumah.' Portal garuda. 2(1): 101-107 Taylor J et al. 2011. 'Flood management: prediction of microbial contamination in
large-scale floods in urban environments.' Environment International 37 (2) : 1019–1029
Ukwaja KN., Ademola A., Talabi & Aina. 2012. ‗Pre-hospital care seeking behaviour for childhood acute respiratory infections in South-Western Nigeria‘, Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume (4) :289– 94
Vogel, C. A., Boller, K., Xue, Y., Blair, R., Aikens, N., Shrago, Y.,Stein, J. (2011). 'Learning as we go: A first snapshot of early head start programs, staff, families, and children.' Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research. Wagner, M., Spiker, D., Inman Linn, M., & Hernandez, F. (2003). 'Dimensions of
parental engagement in home visiting programs exploratory study.' Early Childhood Special Education, 23(4), 171–187. doi:10.1177/02711214030230040101.
Wahyuningsih S., Sitti & Syahrul, 2014. 'Infeksi saluran pernafasan akut ( ISPA ) pada balita di wilayah pesisir desa Kore kecamatan Sanggar kabupaten Bima'. Jurnal kesehatan masyarakat. 5(1) : 32-39
Walker N., Vanessa J., Marewa G., Christopher B., Adrian, T., Anne C., & Peter, 2015. 'Effect of a family-centered, secondhand smoke intervention to reduce respiratory illness in indigenous infants in Australia and New Zealand: A Randomized Controlled Trial.' Nicotine and Tobacco Research 17 (1):48–57 Watkins D., Edwards J., Gastrell P., 2003. Communnity health nursing
frameworks for practice 2nd Ed. London : Elsevier.
World Health Organization, 2011. Infections prevention and control of epidemic and pandemic- prone Acute Respiratory Disease in Health. WHO. Geneva.
World Health Organization, 2013. Ending preventabel child deaths from pneumonia and diarrhoea by 2025. The Integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhea (GAPPD).WHO. Geneva
World Health Organization, 2016. Vitamin A supplementation in children with respiratory infections. WHO. Geneva.
World Health Organization, 2015. Strategy for prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases.WHO. Geneva
Zatihulwani EZ.,2017. 'Development of model on mothers self-efficacy in preventing recurrence of non-Pneumonia acute respiratory infection Among Toddlers.' JurnalNers, 12 (2) : 171-179
Zercher C, Spiker D.2005. Home visiting programs and their impact on young children. Encyclopedia of Early Childhood Development. www.child- encyclopedia.com/documents/ Zercher-SpikerANGxp.pdf. Accessed July, 1, 2018.
Zomer K., 2014. ‗Respiratory tract infections and asthma control in children'. Respiratory medicine. Elsevier Ltd, 108(10) : 1446–52.