• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Dari hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, maka untuk penelitian lebih lanjut disarankan sebagai berikut.

1. Rangkaian alat yang digunakan dalam uji katalitik harus dilengkapi dengan pengaturan tekanan, gas, dan temperatur >140 ˚C.

2. Sonikasi dengan menggunakan alat ultrasonikasi yang kondisinya jauh lebih baik.

3. Melakukan preparasi katalis LaCrO3 dengan dopan logam lainnya. 4. Melakukan konversi selulosa menggunakan selulosa alam.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Abdullah, M., V. Yudistira, Nirmin dan Khairurrijal. 2008.Sintesis Nanomaterial. Jurnal Nanosains dan Nanoteknologi. 1: 33 – 36.

Akgul, M. and H. Kirci. 2009. An Enviromentally Frienly Organosolv (Ethanol-Water) Palping of Poplar Wood. Journal of Environmental Biology. 30 (5): 735 – 740.

Almeida, J. M. A., C. T. Meneses, A. S. de Menezes, R. F. Jardim and J. M. Sasaki. 2008. Synthesis and Characterization of NiMn2O4 Nanoparticles using Gelatin as Organic Precursor. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 320: 304 – 307.

Amalia, R. 2013. Studi Pendahuluan Konversi Selulosa menjadi Gula Alkohol dengan Katalis NixFe2-xO4 dengan Variabel x=0,5; 0,8 dan 1.(Skripsi tidak diterbitkan). Universitas Lampung. Lampung. 46 – 50.

Ǻmand, L. A. and C. J. Tullin. 1999. The Theory Behind FTIR Analysis: Application Examples from Measurement at The 12 MW Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler at Chalmers. Dept. of Energy Conversion Chalmers University of Technology. Gıtenborg. Sweden. 1 – 15.

Arthur, JC.Jr. 1986. In: Allen G., Bevington, JC. (eds) Comprehensive Polymer Science. Pergamon. Oxford. 6.

ASTM D4824-03. 2005. Test Method For Determination of Catalyst Acidity by Ammonia Chemisortption. Annual Book of ASTM. 1 – 3.

Baker, R. A. 1994. Pectin. Carbohydrate Polymer. 12: 133 – 138.

Bar, A. 1991.Xylitol. In Nabors, L. O. and Gelardi, R.C. Alternative Sweetener. Ed. 2nd Edition. N.Y., Basel. Hong-Kong. Marcel Dekker Inc. 349 – 379. Bendersky, L. A. and F. W. Gayle. 2001. Electron Diffraction using Transmission

Electron Microscopy. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg. MD 20899 – 8554.

66

Bermejo, E., T. Dantas, C. Lacour and M. Quarton. 1995. Mechanism of Formation of Nanocrystalline Hematite Prepared by Freeze-Drying. Material Research Bulletin. 30 (5): 645 – 652.

Bradley, M. 2008. Advantages of Fourier Transform Spectrometer. Thermo Fischer Scientific. Technical Note: 50674.

Campanati, M., G. Fonsari and A. Vaccari. 2003. Fundamentals in The Preparation

of Heterogeneous Catalyst. Catalysis Today. 77: 299 – 314.

Campbell, I.M. 1988. Catalyst at Surfaces. Chapman and Hall. New York. 1 – 3. Chakma, S., J. B. Bhasarkar and V. S. Moholkar. 2013. Preparation,

Characterization and Application of Sonochemically DopedFe3+intoZnO Nanoparticles. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology. 2: 177 – 183.

Chettapongsaphan, C., N. Laosiripojana, S. Charojrochkul and S.

Assabumrungrat. 2006. Preparation of High Surface Area LaCrO3 for Later Application in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC). Sustainable Energy and Environment. A-018 (O). 1 – 4.

Chorkendroff, I. and J. W. Niemantsverdriet. 2003. Concept of Modern Catalysis and Kinetics. Wiley-VCH GmbH & Co. New York. 2 – 4.

Clemmer, D. E., S. Lee, S. J. Valentine and J. P. Reilly. 2012. Analyzing a Mixture of Disaccharides by IMS-VUVPD-MS. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 309: 161 – 167.

Deraz, N. M., M. M. Selim and M. Ramadan. 2009. Processing and Properties of Nanocrystalline Ni and NiO Catalysts. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 113: 269 275.

Devakumar, A., D. Mechref, P. Kang, M. V. Novotny, J. P. Reilly. Identification of Isomeric n-Glycan Structures by Mass Spectrometry with 157 nm Laser-Indused Photofragmentation. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 19: 1027 – 1040.

Erika, C. 2013. Ekstraksi Pektin dari Kulit Kakao (Theobroma cacao l.)

menggunakan Amonium Oksalat. Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pertanian Indonesia. 5 (2): 1 – 5.

Farobie, O. 2006. Pembuatan dan Pencirian Pektin Asetat. (Skripsi tidak diterbitkan). IPB. Bogor. 1 – 3.

Fukuoka, A., H. Kobayashi,Y. Ito, T. Komanoya,Y. Hosaka, P. L. Dhepe, K. Kasai and K. Hara. 2011. Synthesis of Sugar Alcohols by Hydrolytic

67

Hydrogenation of Cellulose Over Supported Metal Catalysts. Green Chemistr. 13: 326 – 333.

Garrow, J.S. and James, W.P.T. 1993. Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 9th Edition. Longman Singapore. Singapore. 1 570.

Goldberg, I. 1994. Functional Foods. Chapmann. New York. 37 – 219. Hansen, T. S., A. Boisen, J. M. Woodley, S. Pedersen and A. Riisager. 2006.

Production of HMF from Aqueous Fructose. Microwave Study. 1 – 2. Ismunandar. 2006. Padatan Oksida Logam: Struktur, Sintesis dan Sifat-Sifatnya.

ITB. Bandung. 8 – 23.

Ji, N., T. Zhang, M. Zheng, A. Wang, H. Wang, X. Wang and J. G. Chen. 2008. Direct Catayitic Convertion of Cellulose into Ethylene Glycol using Nickel-Promoted Tungsten Carbide Catalysts. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 47 (44): 8510 – 8513.

Keav, S., S. K. Matam and A. Weidenkaff. 2014. Structur Perovskite-Based Catalysts and Their Application as Three-Way Catalytic Converters. Catalyst. 4: 226 – 255.

Klavana D., C. Tofan and J. Kirchnerova. 2002. Direct Decomposition of Nitric Oxide Over Peropskite-Type Catalysts Part 1. Activity when No Oxygen is Added to The Feed. Applied Catalyst. 223: 396 – 399.

Klavons, J.R., Bennet, D. and Vanner, H. H. 1995. Physical/Chemical Nature Pectin Associated with Commercial Orange Juice Cloud. Journal Food Science. 39: 1546 – 1548.

Kupiec, T. 2004. Quality-Control Analytical Methods: High Performance Liquid Chromatography. International Journal of Pharmacceutical Compounding. 8 (3): 223 – 227.

Lambert C.K. and R. D. Gonzalez. 1998. The Importance of Measuring The Metal Content of Supported Metal Catalysts Prepared by The Sol Gel Method. Applied Catalysis A General. 172: 233 – 239.

Lecloux A.J. and J. P. Pirard. 1998. Section 4. Catalysts. Surface Function High-Temperature Catalysts through Sol–Gel Synthesis. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 225: 146 – 152.

Lee, H. and J. W. Han. 2012. Direct Conversion of Cellulose into Sorbitol using Dual-Functionalized Catalyst in Neutral Aqueous Solution. Catalysis Communications. 19: 115 – 118.

68

Lim, D. J., Crittenden, J. and Ravennele, R. 2011. The Convertion of Cellulose into Sorbitol Over Alumina-Supported Platinum Catalysts. Georgia Tech Environmental Engineering Research Internship Program. 1 – 28. Liu, Q., Q. Zhang, J. E. Mark and I. Noda. 2009. A Novel Biodegradable

Nanocomposite Based on Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3 Hydroxyhexanoate) and Silylated Kaolinite/Silica Core–Shell Nanoparticles. Applied Clay Science. 46: 51 – 56.

Lou, J. C., H. W. Yang and C. H. Lin. 2009. Preparation Copper/Manganese Catalyst by Sol-Gel Process for Catalytic Incineration of VOCs. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 9: 435 – 440.

Maensiri, S., C. Masingboon, B. Bonochom and S. Seraphin. 2007. A Simple Route to Synthesize Nickel Ferrite (NiFe2O4) Nanoparticles using Egg White. J. Sciptamat. 56: 797 – 800.

Mahaleh, Y. Bahari Molla, S. K. Sadrnezhaad and D. Hosseini. 2008. NiO Nanoparticles Synthesis by Chemical Precipitation and Effect of Applied Surfactant on Distribution of Particle Size. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Nanomaterials. 2008 (2008): 4.

Maiti, G. C., M. L. Kundu, S. K. Ghosh and B. K. Banerjee. 1973. Cyrstallite Size Measurements and Phase Transformation of Fe2O3, Cr2O3 and Fe2O3 - Cr2O3 System by X-Ray Difraction Method. Physical Research Wing. Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited. 41 (5): 496 – 505.

Manual Book of Freeze-Dry. 2007. Labconco. USA. 1 – 3.

Marhusari, R. 2009. Bentonit Terpilar TiO2 sebagai Katalis Sembuatan Hidrogen dalam Pelarut Air pada Hidrogenasi Glukosa menjadi Sorbitol dengan Katalis Nikel.(Skripsi tidak diterbitkan). Universitas Sumatera Utara. Medan. 5 – 9.

Mathur, N. K. and V. Mathur. 2001. Chemical Weekly. July Edition. 155. May, C. D. 1990. Industrial Pectins: Sources, Production and Application.

Carbohydrate Polymer. 12: 79 84.

McMurry, J. 2010. Organic Chemistry. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. United States.Eight Edition.

Mohanraj, V. J. and Y. Chen. 2006. Nanoparticles a Review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 5: 561 – 573.

Navrotsky, A., Weidner, D. J. and Preface. 1989. In Perovskite: A Structure of Great Interest to Geophysics and Material Science. American Geophysical Union. Washington D.C. 45: 146.

69

Nelson, D. B., Smith, C.J.B. and Wiles. 1977. Commecially Important Pectic Substance in Food Colloids. Avi Publishing Co., Westport. Conn. 418. Palkovits, R., K. Tajvidi, A. Ruppert and J. Procelewska. 2011. Heteropoly Acids

as Efficient Acid Catalysts in The One-Step Conversion Cellulose to Sugar Alcohols. Chem. Communication. 47: 576.

Parry, E. P. 1963. An Infrared Study of Pyridine Adsorbed on Acidic Solids. Characterizatin of Surface Acidity. Journal of Catalysis. 2: 371 – 379. Peng, L., L. Lin, J. Zhang, J. Zhuang, Z. Beixiao and Y. Gong. 2010. Catalytic

Conversion of Cellulose to Levulinic Acid by Metal Chlorides. Molecules. 15 (8): 5258 – 5272.

Perego, C. and P. Villa. 1997. Catalyst Preparation Methods. Catalysis Today. 34: 281 – 305.

Pinna, F. 1998. Supported Metal Catalyst Preparation. Bulettin of Catalyst Today. 41: 29 – 137.

Putz, H., Schön, J. C. and Jansen M. 2001. Combined Method for Ab Intio

Structure Solution from Powder Diffraction Data. J. Apply. Crystallogr. 32: 864 – 870.

Rahaman, M.N. 1995. Ceramics Pressing and Sintering. Departement of Ceramics Engineering University of Missouri-Rolla Rolla Missouri. Columbia. 214 219.

Rawle, A. 2012. A Basic Guide to Particle Characterization. Malvern Instrument Limited. Malaysia. 1 – 8.

Richardson, T. James. 1989. Principles of Catalyst Development. Plenum Press. New York and London. 171.

Ridley, B.L., O’Neill, M. A. and Mohnen, D. 2001. Pectins: Structure,

Biosynthesis and Oligogalacturonide-Related Signaling. Phytochem. 57: 929 – 967.

Rodiansono, W., Trisunaryanti and Triyono. 2007. Pembuatan, Karakterisasi dan Uji Aktifitas Katalis NiMo/Z dan NiMo/Z-Nb2O5 pada Reaksi

Hidrorengkah Fraksi Sampah Plastik menjadi Fraksi Bensin. Berkala MIPA. 17: 44 – 54.

Satterfield, C. N. 1991. Heterogenous Catalysis in Industrial Practice 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York. 134 – 170.

70

Seddigi, Z. S. 2003. Acidic Properties of HZSM-5 using Acetonylacetone, TPD Ammonia, and FTIR of Adsorbed Pyridine. The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 27: 149 – 156.

Sietsma, J. R. A., J. D. Meeldijk, J. P. den Breejen, M. Versluijs-Helder, A. J. Van Dillen, P. E. de Jongh and K. P. de Jong. 2007. The Preparation of

Supported NiO and Co3O4 Nanoparticles by The Nitric Oxide Controlled Thermal Decomposition of Nitrates. Angew. Chem. Int. (Ed). 46: 4547 – 4549.

Situmeang, R., E. Listiorini, N. Fitriasari, A. D Agustina and E. A. Purnomo. 2003. LaCrO3 Prepared by Citric Acid Method for NO2 Conversion. Journal Sains Tek. 9 (3): 1 – 5.

Sopyan, I., Winarto, D. A. and Sukartini. 1997. Pembuatan Bahan Keramik melalui Teknologi Sol Gel. Bidang Pengembangan Teknologi BPPT. 137–143.

Stoltze, P. 2000. Introduction to Heterogeneous Catalysis. Department of Chemistry and Applied Engineering Science. Aalborg University. 6 – 7. Sukmawibowo. 2010. Preparasi dan Karakterisasi Katalis Fe2O3 untuk Reaksi

Hidrogenasi Katalitik CO2. (Skripsi tidak diterbitkan). Universitas Lampung. Lampung. 40 – 45.

Swoboda, A. R. and G. W. Kunze. 2006. Infrared Study of Pyridine Adsorbed on Monmorrillonite Surface. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. 277 288.

Tanabe, K., 1981. Solid Acid and Base Catalyst in Catalysis Science and Technology. John R. Anderson and Michael Boudart. Springer-Link. 2: 231 – 273.

Tombs, M. P. and Harding, S. E. 1998. An Introduction to Polysaccharide Biotechnology. London, UK: Taylor and Francis. Chapter 2. 14 – 20. Towle, G. A. and O. Christensen. 1973. Pectin in R.L Whistler (ed.). Industrial

Gum. Academic Press. New York. 429.

Walter, R. H. 1991. The Chemistry and Technology of Pectin.Chap. 1. Academic Press. San Diego. 109 – 118.

Wang, S., Y. Du, W. Zhang, X. Cheng and J. Wang. 2014. Catalytic Convertion into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Over Chromium Trichloride in Ionic Liquid. Korean Jurnal of Chemical Engineering. 31 (10): 1786 – 1791.

Wang, Y., W. Deng, B. Wang, Q. Zhang, X. Wan, Z. Tang, Y. Wang, C. Zhu, Z. Cao, G. Wang and H. Wan. 2013. Chemical Synthesis of Lactic Acid from

71

Cellulose Catalysed by Lead (II) Ions in Water. Nature Communications. 4: 2141.

Widegren, J. A., R. G. Finke and J. Mol. 2003. Preparation of a Multifunctional Core-Shell Nanocatalyst and Its Characterization by HRTEM. Catal. A: Chem. 191: 187.

Xiang, Kai-Huan, R. Pandey, J.M. Recio, E. Francisco, John M. Newsam. 1999. A Theoritical Study of The Cluster Vibration in Cr2O2, Cr2O3, Cr2O4. American Society. J. Phys. Chem. 104 (5): 904 – 994.

Zhang, J., S. Wu and Y. Liu. 2014. Direct Conversion of Cellulose into Sorbitol Over a Magnetic Catalyst in An Extremely Low Concentration Acid System. Energy Fuels. 28 (7): 4242 – 4246.

Zumbé, A., A. Lee and D. Storey. 2001. Polyols in Confectionery: The Route to Sugar-Free, Reduced Sugar and Reduced Calorie Confectionery. British Journal of Nutrition. 85 (1): 31 – 45.

Dokumen terkait