a. Larvaciding secara kimia tidak perlu dilakukan dikarenakan TPV tersebar, berukuran kecil dan sebagain besar bersifat temporer.dan disarankan secara biologi dengan menggunakan ikan pemakan jentik, hanya dilakukan di desa Glee dua pada TPV waduk dengan titik koordinat (05 31 52,7/ 95 37 18,4), Blangtingkem pada TPV kolam ( 05 30 15,9/95 36 24 ,1; 05 30 15,8/ 95 36 23,9; 05 30 13,6/95 36 21,6), di desa Pulo pada TPV kolam ( 05 29 28,0/ 95 37 13,1).
b. Intervensi yang diajukan adalah dengan meningkatkan pengelolaan lingkungan dan perlindungan individual (personal protection) untuk mengurangi penyebaran malaria, berdasarkan tipe habitat perindukan vektor, prilaku vektor serta dinamika penularan. c. Program pengelolaan lingkungan di kemukiman Lamteuba seperti penimbunan,
terlalu luas. Pengelolaan lingkungan ini terutama dilakukan pada TPV yang dekat dengan pemukiman dan jalan menuju akses perkebunan.
d. Aktivitas masyarakat pada waktu malam hari terutama di desa Lambada tinggi maka disarankan melakukan pencegahan dari gigitan nyamuk Anopheles dikarenakan prilaku vektor malaria Anopheles aconitus di kemukiman ini bersifat eksofagik dan menggigit antara pukul 20.00 WIB sampai dengan 1.00 WIB dini hari
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Anies. 2006. Manajemen berbasis lingkungan. Penerbit PT.Elex Media Komputindo., Yakarta
Ariawan, I. 2000. Besar sampel pada estimasi parameter. Fakultas Ksehatan Msyarakat, UI,. Jakarta.
Atmosoedjono, 1995 dalam Boewono, DT;Sustriayu N, T. Sularto, Mujiono, Sukarno 1997. Penentuan Vektor Malaria di Kecamatan Teluk Dalam, Nias Cermin Dunia Kedokteran No. 118,
Ault, S.K. 1994. Enviromental Management: A Re-emerging Disease Control strategy. Enviromental Health Consultants International,. Am.J. trop.Med.Hyg., 50(6_suppl).
Anderson, RM and May RM. 1991. Infectious Diseases of Humans Oxford: Oxford University Press 1991.
Atasti, L. 1995. Beberapa aspek bionomic nyamuk Anopheles spp dalam rangka perencanaan pengendalian vector malaria dikecamatan kokap kabupaten kulon progo (Desember 1994 sampai dengan Maret 1995). Tesis. Pasca Srajana Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta
Acang N. 2002. Chloroquine resistance malaria cases in the Department of Internal Medicine Dr M Djamil Hospital Padang. Maj Kedokt Indon; 52: 384-389.
Appawu, M.A: Kwabena, M; Bosompem, et al., 2003. Detection of malaria sporozoites by standard ELISA and VecTestTM dipstick assay in field-collected anopheline mosquitoes from a malaria endemic site in Ghana. Tropical Medicine and International Health volume 8 no 11 pp 1012–1017
Bailey NTJ. 1982. The Biomathematics of Malaria Oxford University Press 1982. BPS. 2009. Seulimeum dalam angka. Kabupaten Aceh Besar Provinsi NAD
Bloom BR (2007) Sustainable health: A new dimension of sustainability science. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 15969dalam Boni, MF; Buckee, CO: White, NJ. 2008. Mathematical Models for a New Era of Malaria Eradication. PLoS Med 5(11): e231. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050231
BMG. 2009. Data Klimatologi rata rata bulanan stasiun meteorologi Blang Bintang Banda Aceh. Stasiun BMG Blang Bintang Banda Aceh.
Baird, J. K, Sustriayu MF, Nalim, Basri H, Masbar S, Leksana B, Tjitra E, Dewi RM, Hairani, Wignal FS. 1996. Survey of resistance to chloroquine by plamodium vivax in Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90:409-411
Baird, J. K; Michael J. B; Jason D. M and Mazie J. B. 1973. Epidemiological Measures of Risk of Malaria. Methods in Molecular Medicine, Edited by: Denise L. D. Vol. 72: Malaria Methods and Protocols © Humana Press, Inc., Totowa, NJ
Bruce L.J- Chwatt. 1985. Essential Malarialogy. Second Ed. London : WilliamHeinemann Medical Books Ltd.
Bayoh, M.N and Lindsay,S.W. 2003. Effect of temperature on the development of the aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae) School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, Durham.
Bates, A. 1970. The Natural History of Mosquitoes and Plasmodium parasites. Glaoucester, Mass. Peter Smith, New York.
Bush M. 2003. The Great Wealth of Life : Biodiversity, Ecology of a ChangingPlanet, 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, pp 31-49.
Boewono, DT;Sustriayu N, T. Sularto, Mujiono, Sukarno 1997. Penentuan Vektor Malaria di Kecamatan Teluk Dalam, Nias Cermin Dunia Kedokteran No. 118,
Barodji; Boewono, D.M, Widiarti dan Lukmono, L. 2001. Pengembangan model pemberantasan malaria berdasarkan lokal spesifik di daerah Endemis sekitar Dataran Tinggi Dieng (Kabupaten Pekalongan, Jawa Tengah) Laporan Akhir. Pusat Penelitian Ekologi dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Jakarta.
Bardaji, A;Sigauque,B; Bruni, L; Romagosa, C; Sanz, S; Mabunda, S; Mondamando, I; Aponte, J; Sevene, E; Alonso, P.L and Menendez, C. 2008. Clinical malaria in African pregnant women. Malaria Journal 7:27
Baldacci, P., and R. Menard. 2004. The elusive malaria sporozoite in the mammalian host. Mol. Microbiol. 54:298-306.
Busnia, M. 2006. Entomologi. Andalas University Press, Padang.
Barus, T.A. 2004. Pengantar Limnologi: Studi tentang ekosistem air daratan. USU Press, Medan.
Christanto, N. 2008. Program Pengendalian dan Penanggulangan Penyakit Malaria. Puskesmas Arafat Lamteuba. Kecamatan Seulimum.Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Aceh Besar
Chin. 2000. Control of communicable Disease Manual.Sevennteenth Edition. Washington. American Public Health Association.
Charoenpanyanet, A and Chen, X. 2008. Satellite-Based Modeling of Anopheles Mosquito Densities on Heterogeneous Land Cover in Western Thailand. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B8. Beijing
Clive, S. 2002. Integrated Approach to malaria control. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. Vol.15.no.2
Cook, G. 1996. Manson’s Tropical Diseases. London. WB. Saunders Co.
Chiyaka, Garira, W, C. Dube, S. 2007. Mathematical modelling of the impact of vaccination on malaria epidemiology, Qual. Theor. Diff. Equat. Anal. 1 (1) (2007), to appea
Chiyaka, C., Garira, W and Dube, S. 2008. Effect of treatment and drug resistance on the transmission dynamics of malaria in endemic areas. Theoretical Population Biology, doi:10.1016.
CDC, 2004. National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases (ZVED)
Glossary. Content source: Division of Parasitic Diseases. Page last modified : June 3, 2004
CDC, 2008). Patterns of Feeding And RestingAnopheles. Mosquitoes National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases . last modified : June 30, 2008 Carnevale, et al., 2004. Biodiversit´e du paludisme dans le monde. Editions John
Libbey Eurotext dalam Dembele, D. 2008. Malaria Model In Periodic Environments . Dissertation. Harvard University, Washington, D.C.
Ceuser, W and Smith, B. 2009. Malaria Diagnosis and the Plasmodium LifeNature
Precedings : doi:10.1038/npre.2009.3960.1 , New York. : Posted 7 Nov 2009
Depkes, RI. 2006. Pedoman Penatalaksanaan Kasus Malaria di Indonesia. Direktorat Jenderal Pelayanan Medik Direktorat Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan lingkungan.
Depkes RI. 1995. Petunjuk tekhnis Pelaksanaan SKD –KLB Penyakit menular dan keracunan. Dirjen PPM dan PLP.
Dinkes NAD, 2008. Eliminasi Malaria. Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Aceh Besar, Jantho. Din, S; Puji, BS; Asih; Isra,W; Rita, M; Dewi; Sekar,T; Idaman, L; Hulu, W;
Zendrato,P; Laihad, F and Shankar, H.A. . 2007. Malaria prevalence in Nias District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia Malar J. 2007; 6: 116.
Depinay JM, Mbogo CM, Killeen G, Knol B, Beier J, Carlson J, et al. 2004. A simulation model of African Anopheles ecology and population dynamics for the analysis of malaria transmission. Malar J.;3:29..
Endah, S; Murwani, S; Rosa, E dan Andananta, K. Studi ekologi perindukan nyamuk vektor malaria di desa Way Muli, Kecamatan Rajabasa Lampung Selatan.
Prosiding. Biologi. Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Lampung. Effendi, H. 2003. Telaah Kualitas Air Bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan
Perairan.Kanisius.Yogyakarta.
Fabrizio T, Nicolas M, Melissa P, Alain S, Thomas AS. 2009. Simulation of the cost-effectiveness of malaria vaccines. Malar J.;8:127.
Fahmi, A. 2005. Maret-April 2005 Kasus Malaria diperkirakan meningkat di daerah Pasca Tsunami. Dirjen Pemberantasan Penyakit Menular dan Penyehatan Lingkungan (PPM dan PL), Jakarta
Foster WA, Walker ED. 2002. Mosquitoes (Culicidae). In Mullen G, Durden L, eds, Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Press, San Deigo.
Fradin MS, Day JF.2007. Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. The New England Journal of Medicine ; 347 (1, July 4): 13-18
Fritsche TR, Smith JW: Medical parasitology. In: Henry JB, editor. Clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. 2001. 20 th ed. Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania: Saunders; . p. 1203-8.
Ghosh, A; Mandal, S; Bhattacharjee, I; Chandra, G. 2005. Biological Control of Vector Mosquitoes by Some Common Exotic Fish Predators. Turk.J.Biol .29: 167-171.
Gomes, M and Salazar,N.P. 1990. Chemotherapy: principles and practice-a case study of the Philippines, Soc. Sci. Med. 30 789–796.
Grieco JP, Rejmánková E, Achee NL, Klein CN, Andre R, Roberts D. 2007. Habitat suitability for three species of Anopheles mosquitoes: larval growth and survival in reciprocal placement experiments. Vector Ecol. 32(2):176-87.
Gillespie B. 2006. Malaria free Aceh campaign launches in Indonesia. Diakses dari:
http://www.redcross.org/article/0,1072,0_830_5305,00.html.
Gilles, HM and Sinden, R.E. 2002. The malaria Parasite: Essential Malariology. Arnold. Oxford University Press, New York.
Gilles, HM Peter .F.B. 2002. Rationale and Technique of malaria control.: Essential Malariology. Arnold. Oxford University Press, New York.
Golenda, CF; Starkweather, WH and Wirtz, RA. 1990. The distribution of
circumsporozoite protein (CS) in Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Histochem Cytochem. Apr;38(4):475-81.
Hemingway, J; Beaty, B.J; Rowland, M; Scott,T.W and Sharp, B.L. 2006. The Innovative Vector Control Consortium: Improved control of mosquito-borne diseases.
TRENDS in Parasitology. Vol.22 No.7.
Hommel, M. 2002. Diagnostic methods in Malaria: Essential Malariology. Fourth Edition. Arnold .Oxford University Press, New York.
Hoshen, M.B. and Andrew P. M. 2004. A Weather-driven model of malaria transmission. Malaria Journal,3:32doi:10.1186/1475-2875-3-32
Harijanto PN. 2000. Malaria: Epidemiologi, Patogenesis, Manifestasi Klinis dan penanganannya. EGC, Jakarta
Harbach, R. H .1998.The Culicidae (Diptera): a review of taxonomy, classification and phylogeny Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K.
Hyde, J. E. 1990. Molecular Parasitology. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York.
Imbert P, Sartelet I, Rogier C, Ka S, Baujat G, Candito D: 1997.Severe malaria among children in a low seasonal transmission area, Dakar, Senegal: influence of age on clinical presentation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997, 91:22-24.
Jean-Marc, O .D et al. 2004. A. simulation model of African Anopheles ecology and population dynamics for the analysis of malaria transmission. Malaria Journal 2004, 3:29doi:10.1186/1475-2875-3-29
Takken, W and Knols, B.G.J. 2008. Malaria vector control:Current and future strategies. Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research centre.
Netherland.
Kirnowardoyo S. 1985. Status of malaria vectors in Indonesia. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. and Publ. Health, 16: 12932
Kiszewski, A; Andrew M, Andrew S, Pia,M, Sonia E.S and Jeffrey S. 2003. A Global Index Representing The stability of Malaria Transmission. J Trop Med Hyg 77: 29-35.
Kappe, S. H., K. Kaiser, and K. Matuschewski. 2003. The Plasmodium sporozoite journey: a rite of passage. Trends Parasitol. 19:135-143.
Kariu, T., M. Yuda, K. Yano, and Y. Chinzei. 2002. MAEBL is essential for malarial sporozoite infection of the mosquito salivary gland. J. Exp. Med. 195:1317-1323.
Koella JC, Antia R. Epidemiological models for the spread of anti-malarial resistance.
Malar J. 2003;2:3.
Kidder, Louise H., Judd, Charles M. (1986). Research methods in social relations. CBS Collge Publishing. Japan.
Lubis, CP dan Syahril, P. 2002. Malaria in north Sumatera Province:The situasion and characteristic . Department of Child Health Medical School, University of Sumatera Utara Medan, Indonesia
Lubis, CP . 2009. Malaria in children prevention and treatment. Department of Child HealthMedical School, University of Sumatera UtaraMedan, Indonesia Lubis, CP . 2004. Seroepidemiologi Malaria Di Aceh Pidie .Department of Child
HealthMedical School, University of Sumatera UtaraMedan, Indonesia
Lindsay, S.; Kirby, M; Baris, E and Bos, R. 2004. Environmental management for control in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region. Human Development network, HNP. The World Bank
Lieshout, M.V; R.S. Kovats, R.S; b, M.T.J. Livermore , M.T.J and Marten, P. 2004 Climate change and malaria: analysis ofthe SRES climate and socio-economic scenarios. J. Global Environmental Change 14 (2004) 87–99
Mason. DP., Kawamoto F., Lin K., Laoboonchai A., Wongsrichanalai,C.
A comparison of two expert microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria. Acta Trop, 2002, 82:51–9, dalam Arum, et al.,2006. Uji Diagnostik Plasmodium Malaria
mikroskopis, Indonesian Journal of Clinical Pathology and Medical Laboratory, Vol. 12, No. 3, Juli: 118-122
Makler MT., RC piper and W. Milhous., Lactate Dehydrogenase and diagnosis of Malaria. Parasitol. Today 1998, 14:376–7. dalam Arum, et al., 2006. Uji Diagnostik Plasmodium Malaria Menggunakan metode Imunokromatografi diperbandingkan dengan pemeriksaan mikroskopis, Indonesian Journal of Clinical Pathology and Medical Laboratory, Vol. 12, No. 3, Juli 118-122
Maire,N. 2009. Estimating parameters for mathematical models of malaria epidemiology. BOINC workshop. Swiss Tropical Institute malaria control.net.
Mouchet J, Manguin S, Sircoulon J, Laventure S, Faye O,Onapa AW, Carnevale P, Julvez J, Fontenille D. Evolution of malaria in Africa for the past 40 years: impact of climatic and human factors. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 14:121–130 (1998).
McKenzie, F.E 2000. Why Model Malaria. Reviews. Parasitology Today,Vo.16: no.12. McKenzie, F.E and Samba ,E.M. 2004. The Role of mathematical modeling in evidence
based malaria control. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 71(2 suppl), 2004, pp. 94-96
Marsaulina, I. 2002. Potensi persawahan sebagai habitat larva nyamuk vektor malaria (Anopheles spp.) Serta kemungkinan pengendaliannya melalui pola irigasi berkala suatu eksperimen di Desa Sihepeng Kecamatan Siabu Kabupaten Mandailing Natal Sumatera Utara. Disertasi. Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia, UI.Jakarta.
Maulana. T. 2003. Beberapa Aspek Lingkungan Yang Berhubungan Dengan Angka Kejadian Malaria di Desa Suka Jaya, Suka Karya, Suka Makmur dan Air Dingin, Kecamatan Simeulue, Kabupaten Simeulue, Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.
Tesis. Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Notoatmodjo, S. 2003. Pendidikan dan prilaku kesehatan. Cet.I. Rineka Cipta, Jakarta O’Connor, CT dan Soepanto, A. 1994. Kunci bergambar Anopheles betina. Ditjen PPM
& PLP, Depkes RI. Jakarta.
Pattanayak, S. 2003. Malaria,Deforestation and Poverty. A call for Interciplinary Policy. Science Research Triangle Institute.
Purwaningsih, S. 2000. Diagnosis malaria, dalam Harijanto, PN. 2000.
Malaria:Epidemiologi, patogenesis, manifestasi klnis dan penanganan. Penerbit buku kedokteran, EGC.
Prabowo A. (2004). Hubungan Pekerja yang Menginap di Hutan dengan Kejadian Malaria di Kecamatan Cempaga, Kabupaten Kota Waringin Timur, Kalimantan Tengah .Thesis. Jakarta: Pascasarjana IKM Universitas Indonesia.
Preston, B. Suppiah, R. Macadam, I. and Bathols, J. (2006) Climate Change in the Asia/Pacific Region. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research.
Rinidar dan Mawengkang, M. 2008. Modeling the dynamics of malaria-mosquito-human interactions as a way to control the outbreak. Proceeding. International Conference on Environmental research and technology (ICERT). Penang, Malaysia.
.Reiter, P. 1998. Global warming and vector-borne disease in temperate regions and at high altitude. Lancet 351:839–840 (1998
Rusmiarto, S. 2005. Bionomik Anopheles dan Pembuktian Vektor pada Daerah Endemik Malaria diJawa Tengah Indonesia. NAMRU-2; Dinas Kesehatan Purworejo Jawa Tengah; Badan Penelitian dan PengembanganKesehatan. Jakarta
Raharjo, M. Sutikno, S.J., mardihusodo. 2003. Karakteristik Wilayah Sebagai Determinan Sebaran Anopheles aconitus di Kabupaten Jepara. dalam First Congress of Indonesia Mosquito Control Association in the Commemoration of Mosquito day. Jogjakarta. Hal 56-64.
Salmin. 2005. Oksigen terlarut (DO) da kebutuhan oksigen biologi (BOD) sebagai salah satu indikator untuk menentukan kualitas perairan. Oseona, Volume xxx nomor 3, 21-26
Sawyer, C.N and McCarty,M.C. 1978. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering.3nd ed. Mc Graw Hill Kogakusha Ltd.
Soekirno, M. Bang J.H., Sudomo., Pamayun C. P., and G.A. Fleming. 1983. Bionomics of An.sundaicus and other Anophelines Assoiciated with Malaria Coastal Areas of Bali (Indonesia). Sirkuler WHO/VBC/83.885.
Snow, R.W and Gilles, HM 2002. The malaria Parasite: Essential Malariology. Arnold. Oxford University Press, New York.
Saefullah.1983. Studi kualitas air kali Sunter ditinjau dari sifat fisika, kimia dan keragaman jenis hewan bentosnya. Tesis. Fakultas Pascasarjana, IPB Bogor. Sanjaya, B. 2007. Parasitologi Kedokteran. Prestasi Publisher, Jakarta..
Sachs, J & Pia Malaney. 2002. The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature vol 415.7. (680-685)
Sidjanski, S. P., J. P. Vanderberg, and P. Sinnis. 1997. Anopheles stephensi salivary glands bear receptors for region I of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 90:33-41.
Sinnis, P., P. Clavijo, D. Fenyo, B. T. Chait, C. Cerami, and V. Nussenzweig. 1994. Structural and functional properties of region II-plus of the malaria
circumsporozoite protein. J. Exp. Med. 180:297-306.
Sinnis, P and Ejigiri, I. P.2009. lasmodium sporozoite-host interactions from the dermis to the hepatocyte. Curr Opin Microbiol.12(4):401-7.
Sabatinelli, G., Romi, R., Ralamboranto. L and Majori, P. 1996. Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy; Centre Nationale de Recherche sur l'Environnnement, Antananarivo, Madagascar Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 55(3), pp. 278-281
Sukowati, S ;Shinta dan Herri, A. 2005. Daur Hidup dan Habitat Pradewasa Anopheles. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Ekologi Kesehatan,Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Jakarta
Sukowati, S. 2008. Hubungan perubahan lingkungan dengan penyakit tular vektor.Puslitbang Ekologi Kesehatan Badan Litbang Kesehatan, Jakarta
Shulman T, Stanford, J.P. Phair, M.D. Sommers, M. Herbert. 1992. Dasar Biologi dan Klinis Penyakit Infeksi. Ed.4. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta
Sushanti, N. 1999. Fauna Anopheles di Daerah Bekas Pantai Mangrove Kecamatan Padang Cermin Kabupaten Lampung Selatan. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan 26 (1).
Soedarto. 2008. Parasitologi klinik. Cet.I. Airlangga University Press, Surabaya.
Service, M.W. 1976. Mosquito ecology: Field sampling methods. Applied Science Publisher LTD, London.
Snow, R.W and Gilles, H.M. 2002. The Epidemiology of malaria In Essential Malariology, Arnold Publisher, New York.
Service and Townson, 2002. The Anopheles Vector: Essential Malariology. Arnold Oxford University Press, New York
Seyoum, A. 2006. Mosquito Ecology & Research into Vector Control Methods. Centre for National Health Development in Ethiopia.
Toure, Y,T; Oduola, A.M.J and Morel, M.C. 2004. TRENDS in Parasitology. Vol.20 No.3.
Tarumengkeng, RC. 2001. Dinamika Populasi. Pustaka Sinar Harapan, Jakarta.
Trung, HF; Bortel WV; Sochantha, T: Keokenchanh, K: Briët OJ and Coosemans, M, 2005. Behavioural heterogeneity of Anopheles species in ecologically different localities in Southeast Asia: a challenge for vector control. Trop Med Int Health. 10(3):251-62.
Takken, W and Knols, B.G.J. 2008. Malaria vector control:Current and future strategies. Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research centre. Netherland.
Terry, 1997 dan Soemarwoto, 1985 dalam Utama, I. 2008. Konsep institusi pengelolaan lingkungan hidup ekosistem kawasan Danau Toba. Disertasi. Sekolah Pascasarna Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan. Universitas Sumatera Utara. Warell, DA; Turner, G.DH and Francis, N. 2002. Pathology and pathophysiology of
human malaria. Essential Malariology. Fourth Edition.Oxford University Press. Wirtz, R. A., F. Zavala, Y. Charoenvit, G. H. Campbell,T. R. Burkot, I. Schneider, K. M.
Esser, R. L. Beaudoin,and R. G. Anders. 1987. Comparative testing of
monoclonal antibodies against Plasmodium falciparumsporozoites for ELISA development. Bull. World Health Org. 65: 39Ð45.
Wiser, M.F. 2004. Plasmodium life cycle. http://www.tulane.edu/˜wiser/malaria/ defs.html. 10 Oktober 2004.
Wakelin, D. 1988. Immunity to Parasites. How animal Control Parasitic Infection. Chapman and Hall. New York.
Widiati, S. 2001. Planet kita, Kesehatan Kita. Laporan Komisi WHO mengenai kesehatan dan Lingkungan. Penyunting. H. Kusnanto. Gajah Mada University Press,
Yogyakarta.
Wardoyo, S.T.H. 1978. Kriteria Kualitas Air Untuk Keperluan Pertanian dan Perikanan.
Dalam: Prosiding Seminar Pengendalian Pencemaran Air ( eds Dirjen Pengairan Dep.PU).
WHO. 1975. Manual on practical entomology in malaria: Part I Vector Bionomics and organization of Anti-Malaria activities. Geneva.
WHO. 1984. Environmental Management for vector control in rice fields. Land and Water Development. Division. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations .FAO-WHO. Roma.
WHO, 1996. Vector habitats Agricultural Development and Vector-borne Diseases Training and Information Materials on Vector Biology and Control, Slide Set
SeriesPrepared by WHO in collaboration with FAO, UNEP, and UNCHS EEM Secretariat, WHO, Geneva
WHO, 2008. Malaria vector control options. Global Fund Round Malaria Rd.8. Johannesburg, South Africa.
WHO.2008. Global malaria control and elimination: report of a technical review. World Health Organization, Geneva.
WHO. 2009.World Report malaria. World Health Organization. Geneva. White NJ: Malaria. 1996. Mansons Tropical Diseases 12 th
Ed.. WB Saunders Company, London, 1996, 1087-.1165.
Yazoumé Yé, Moshe Hoshen, Catherine Kyobutungi, Valérie R. Louis, and Rainer Sauerborn . 2009. Local scale prediction of Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission in an endemic region using temperature and rainfall VGlob Health Action. 2009 Nov 11;2. doi: 10.3402/gha.v2i0.1923.
Zell R. 2004. Global climate change and the emergence/re-emergence of infectious diseases. Int J Med Microbiol 293 Suppl 37:16-26.
LINGKUNGAN
FISIK KIMIA BIOLOGI
No Desa Jenis TPV Suhu (00C) Kelem baban (%)
Turbiditi pH DO BOD Salini tas
1. Lambada Kolam 29 80 Jernih 7 3,9 7,9 2 Rumput.
Irigasi 29 71 Jernih 6,5 1 Padi,rumput
Alur Irigasi 27 71 Jernih 6,5 4,9 4,55 0 rumput
2. Lampante Kubangan/ kolam 28 72 Jernih 6,5 4,8 6,18 0 Keladi, rumput, kangkung,Palem,poho
Selokan 28 74 Jernih 5,8 3,1 16,22 1 rumput
3 Lam Apeng Alur/irigasi sawah 30 79 Jernih 7 6,8 2,76 0,5 rumput, padi
Kolam 31 79 Jernih 6,8 4,1 3,6 0 Rumput,rumbia, keladi
Selokan 34 75 keruh 8,5 3,3 13,67 2 Rumput
4. Lamteuba Dro Kolam/genangan 34 71 Jernih 6,8 4,1 8,39 1,5 Keladi, rumput, kangkung
5. Pulo Kolam 28 71 Jernih 7,4 4,3 12,94 1 rumput
6. Blangtingkem Kolam I 27 71 Jernih 7 5,3 3,34 0,5 Kangkung,rumput, ikan kecil
Kolam II 28 71 Jernih 7 6,2 3,12 0,5 Rumput,kangkung
Kolam III 27 71 Jernih 7 5,4 5,81 1 Rumput, kangkung, genjer
Kubangan 27 75 Keruh 6 4,3 8,21 2 -
Alur air 28 75 Jernih 7 6,2 2,86 0 Rumput,kangkung,keladi, genjer
7. Meurah Sumur 28 72 Jernih 7,2 - - 1 -
Bekas tambak 1 28 72 Jernih 6,8 4,5 6,22 0,1 Rumput, kangkung
Bekas tambak II 27 75 Jernih 6,5 4,1 6,89 1 Algae, rumput
Kubangan I 29 80 Keruh 6,5 4,7 6,12 0,1 Rumput,kangkung,keladi, genjer
Kubangan II 31 72 Jernih 6,5 3,1 16,22 2 Rumput-rumputan
Bekas sawah 28 72 Jernih 6,8 4,1 6,73 1 Rumput, keladi,kangkung
Alur air 28 72 Jernih 6,8 6,2 2,86 0,1 Rumput-rumputan
8. Ateuk Selokan 28 55 Jernih 8 3,1 16,22 1 Rumput, kangkung
Bekas tambak 1 28 72 Jernih 6,8 5,1 6,83 0,1 rumput
Bekas tambak II 27 75 Jernih 6,5 5,5 5,89 1 Rumput,kangkung,keladi, genjer Kubangan I 29 80 Keruh 6,5 4,3 16,22 0,1 Rumput-rumputan
Kubangan II 31 72 Jernih 6,5 3,1 16,22 2 Rumput, keladi,kangkung Bekas sawah 28 72 Jernih 6,8 4,2 6,78 1 Rumput, padi, algae Alur air/payeun 28 72 Jernih 6,8 6,2 2,86 0,1 Rumput, keladi
9. Glee dua Waduk/kolam 7 27 Jernih 6,8 5,9 3,49 0,5 Rumput, anak ikan nila