BAB 5 SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.2. Saran
Bagi peneliti berikutnya,
1. Dilakukan pengujian ekstrak daun Orthosiphon aristatus untuk mengetahui substansi yang berperan menyebabkan penurunan kontraksi pada otot polos.
2. Dilakukan pengujian ekstrak daun Orthosiphon aristatus pada otot polos vesika urinaria yang abnormal.
3. Dilakukan pengujian ekstrak daun Orthosiphon aristatus untuk mengetahui manfaatnya terhadap organ-organ tubuh lainnya.
4. Dilakukan pengujian ekstrak bagian-bagian tanaman Orthosiphon aristatus lainnya untuk mengetahui manfaat lain dari tanaman Orthosiphon aristatus.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Kebijakan Obat Tradisional Nasional. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 381/Menkes/SK/III/2007, 2007.
2. Kannapan N, Madhukar A, Mariymmal, Sindhura PU, Mannavalan R. Evaluation of Nephroprotective Activity of Orthosiphon Stamineus Benth Extract Using Rat Model. Int J PharmTech Res 2010; 2:209-215.
3. Han CJ, Hussin AHJ. Effect of the Orthosiphon stamineus, benth on Aminopyrine Metabolism in Rat Hepatocytes. Malaysian J Pharm Sci 2007; 5: 25-32
4. Neharkar V, Laware S. Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of Orthosiphon stamineus benth. Int J of Pharm and Chem Sci 2013; 2: 713-715
5. Ohashi K, Bohgaki T, Shibuya H. Antihypertensive Substance in Leaves of Kumis Kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus) in Java Island. Yakugaku Zasshi 2000; 120: 474-82
6. Finney SM, Andersson KE, Gillespie JI, Stewart LH. Antimuscarinic Drugs in Detrusor Overactivity and the Overactive Bladder Syndrome: Motor or Sensory Actions? BJU Int 2006; 98: 503-507
7. Shibuya H, Ohashi K, Kitagawa I. Search for Pharmacochemical Leads from Tropical Rainforest Plants. Pure Appl Chem 1999; 71: 1109-1113 8. Adnyana IK, Setiawan F, Insanu M. From Ethnopharmacology to Clinical
Study of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. Int J Phar Pharm Sci 2013; 5: 66-73
9. Rini THA. Kajian Keamanan dan Aktivitas Immunomodulator Ekstrak Daun Kumis Kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus Benth) dan Bunga Knop (Gomphrena globosa L.). Ilmu Pangan, Magister [thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor; 2006
10. Mun’im A, Hanani E. Fitoterapi Dasar. Jakarta: Dian Rakyat; 2011
11. Aminudin I. Kandungan Sinensetin dan Kalium pada Kumis Kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus (Bl) Miq) di Bawah Berbagai Tingkat Penutupan Tajuk. Ilmu Pengetahuan Kehutanan, Magister [thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor; 2004
12. Tortora GJ, Derrickson B. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Hoboken: John Wily & Sons; 2009
13. Tanagho EA, McAninch JW. Smith’s General Urology. The McGraw-Hill; 2008
14. Martini FH, Nath JL, Bartholomew EF. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings; 2012
15. Fry CH, Meng E, Young JS. The Physiological Function of Lower Urinary Tract Smooth Muscle. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 2010; 154:3-13.
16. Sherwood L. Introduction to Human Physiology. Brooks/Cole, Cengange Learning; 2013.
17. Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology. The McGraw-Hill; 2010.
18. Fry CH. Experimental Models to Study the Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology of the Lower Urinary Tract. J of Pharm and Toxicological Methods 2004; 49:201-210.
19. Sibley GN. A Comparison of Spontaneous and Nerve-Mediated Activity in Bladder Muscle from Man, Pig, and Rabbit. J Physiol 1984; 354: 431-443.
20. Ohashi K, Bohgaki T, Matsubara T, Shibuya H. Chemical Structures of Two New Migrated Pimarane-type Diterpenes, Neoorthosiphols A and B, and Suppressive Effects on Rat Thoracic Aorta of Chemical Constituents Isolated from the Leaves of Orthosiphon aristatus (Lamiaceae). Chem Pharm Bull 2000; 48(3): 433-435.
21. Schneider T, Fetscher C, Krege S, Michel MC. Signal Transduction Underlying Carbachol-Induced Contraction of Human Urinary Bladder. The Journal of Pharm and Experimental Therapeutics 2004; 309: 1148-1153.
22. Matsubara T, Bohgaki T, Watarai M, Suzuki H, Ohashi K, Shibuya H. Antihypertensive Action of Methylripariochromene A from Orthosiphon aristatus, an Indonesian Traditional Medical Plant. Biol Pharm Bull 1999; 22(10): 1083-1088.
23. Manshor NM, Dewa A, Asmawi MZ, Ismail Z, Razali N, Hassan Z. Vascular Reactivity Concerning Orthosiphon stamineus Benth-Mediated Antihypertensive in Aortic Rings of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Int J Vascular Med 2013; 2013.
24. Ramirez JH, Palacios M, Gutierrez O. Implementation of the Tehnique in Isolated Organ Vascular as Tool for the Validation of Medical Plants: Study of the Vasodilator Effect of the S. scutellarioides. Colomb Med 2007; 38.
25. Chapple CR, Khullar V, Gabriel Z, Muston D, Bitoun CE, Weinstein D. The Effects of Antimuscarinic Treatments in Overactive Bladder: an Update of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. European Urology 2008; 54: 543-562.
26. Moorthy P, Lapitan MC, Quek PLC, Lim PHC. Prevalence of overactive bladder in Asian Men: an Epidemiological Survey. BJU Int 2004; 93: 528-531.
LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Surat Hasil Determinasi Tumbuhan
Lampiran 2 Surat Pengujian Ekstrak
Lampiran 3 Cara Pembuatan Ekstrak
Ekstrak adalah filtrat 1 dicampur dengan filtrat 2
Gambar 6.3. Alur pembuatan ekstrak
Simplisia dijadikan serbuk
Serbuk simplisia dicampur
pelarut
Diaduk dengan stirer ± 3 jam
Mengendapkan selama 24
jam
Ampas
Ditambah pelarut
Aduk selama 1 jam
Saring dengan
kertas saring
Ampas Filtrat 2
Lampiran 4 Surat Peminjaman Laboratorium Multiguna
Lampiran 5 Data Persentase Kontraksi Strip Otot Polos dengan Pemberian DMSO
Tabel 6.1. Persentase Kontraksi Strip Otot Polos dengan Pemberian DMSO
Carbachol DMSO1 DMSO2 DMSO3 DMSO4 DMSO5
Strip 1 100 89,11902727 51,76184076 45,81620463 35,73431626 29,55903473 Strip 2 100 75,43189285 47,3496248 40,85012115 43,27182014 39,80424486 Strip 3 100 85,053522 65,51084708 55,51891614 42,43242051 36,76369927 Strip 4 100 90,69387538 50,99267967 50,04517007 32,3744773 28,575667 Strip 5 100 74,49000693 67,1107702 56,27335796 54,2456151 50,36480385 Strip 6 100 88,8161038 62,83979179 43,53413871 42,00626691 40,03386343 Strip 7 100 81,04595968 61,05946906 58,86664823 54,1567274 50,73311558 Strip 8 100 86,30367889 66,03461494 57,85792936 57,22879663 51,49670258 Rerata 100 83,86925835 59,08245479 51,09531078 45,18130503 40,91639141
Lampiran 6 Data Persentase Kontraksi Strip Otot Polos dengan Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Orthosiphon aristatus
Tabel 6.2. Persentase Kontraksi Strip Otot Polos dengan Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Orthosiphon aristatus Carbachol KK10-6 % KK10-5 % KK10-4 % KK10-3 % KK10-2 % Strip 1 100 66,23489934 53,54428902 46,77165979 42,76347244 41,96897356 Strip 2 100 72,2599236 51,54587392 44,80298204 40,50784503 40,4922475 Strip 3 100 52,31342936 40,38707043 34,46756496 32,73404349 31,68560929 Strip 4 100 52,22804651 31,95123327 31,89943017 31,7824885 31,55116967 Strip 5 100 47,72275058 35,82253527 35,63085199 33,35163218 31,74683541 Strip 6 100 38,55019669 34,99860349 34,76405346 33,61251385 32,51093782 Strip 7 100 65,91444938 39,71182642 36,22801146 33,44644004 33,34187771 Strip 8 100 50,93749856 33,09005091 31,08216259 29,28982835 26,60587585 Strip 9 100 60,31584092 39,14735514 34,07140768 29,45461897 29,21854299 Strip 10 100 55,55088048 37,39749721 31,23049955 29,40907643 26,10244712 Strip 11 100 67,53206974 43,89918764 38,07606583 34,01193983 33,00019457 Strip 12 100 70,28119324 49,11259757 41,90852431 39,23536904 32,09575003 Strip 13 100 73,23081002 49,81147717 47,45325854 47,25484668 46,78417082 Rerata 100 59,46707603 41,57073827 37,56819018 35,14262422 33,62343326
Lampiran 7 Uji Normalitas Data
Tabel 6.3. Uji normalitas data kontraksi strip otot polos dengan pemberian ekstrak daun Orthosiphon aristatus 10-6%
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
KK 10-6% .187 13 .200* .938 13 .431
Tabel 6.4. Uji normalitas data kontraksi strip otot polos dengan Pemberian ekstrak daun Orthosiphon aristatus 10-5%
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
KK 10-5% .180 13 .200* .922 13 .269
Tabel 6.5. Uji normalitas data kontraksi strip otot polos dengan pemberian ekstrak daun Orthosiphon aristatus 10-4%
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
KK 10-4% .207 13 .133 .882 13 .076
Tabel 6.6. Uji normalitas data kontraksi strip otot polos dengan pemberian ekstrak daun Orthosiphon aristatus 10-3%
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
(Lanjutan)
Tabel 6.7. Uji normalitas data kontraksi strip otot polos dengan pemberian ekstrak daun Orthosiphon aristatus 10-2%
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
KK 10-2% .288 13 .004 .873 13 .058
Tabel 6.8. Uji normalitas data kontraksi strip otot polos dengan pemberian DMSO pertama
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
DMSO1 .200 8 .200* .887 8 .220
Tabel 6.9. Uji normalitas data kontraksi strip otot polos dengan pemberian DMSO kedua
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
DMSO2 .225 8 .200* .862 8 .125
Tabel 6.10. Uji normalitas data kontraksi strip otot polos dengan pemberian DMSO ketiga
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
(Lanjutan)
Tabel 6.11. Uji normalitas data kontraksi strip otot polos dengan pemberian DMSO keempat
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
DMSO4 .212 8 .200* .914 8 .381
Tabel 6.12. Uji normalitas data kontraksi strip otot polos dengan pemberian DMSO kelima
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wi/lk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Lampiran 7 Uji Independent Samples t Test
Tabel 6.13. Uji Independent Samples t Test t-test for Equality of Means
t Df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower Upper KK10-6% (1) -5.804 19 .000 -2.440218232E1 4.204449425 -3.320219610E1 -1.560216854E1
(2) -6.572 18.982 .000 -2.440218232E1 3.713261752 -3.217462202E1 -1.662974261E1 KK10-5% (1) -5.191 19 .000 -1.751171652E1 3.373339768 -2.457219780E1 -1.045123524E1 (2) -5.104 14.159 .000 -1.751171652E1 3.431117631 -2.486297747E1 -1.016045557E1 KK10-4% (1) -4.801 19 .000 -1.352712060E1 2.817760310 -1.942476071E1 -7.629480490 (2) -4.580 12.817 .001 -1.352712060E1 2.953367842 -1.991677717E1 -7.137464023 KK10-3% (1) -3.144 19 .005 -1.003868081E1 3.192466007 -1.672058896E1 -3.356772669 (2) -2.804 10.303 .018 -1.003868081E1 3.579691517 -1.798304558E1 -2.094316048 KK10-2% (1) -2.205 19 .040 -7.292958156 3.306897960 -1.421437513E1 -.371541179 (2) -1.989 10.672 .073 -7.292958156 3.666436184 -1.539309357E1 .807177257 1 : Equal variances assumed
Lampiran 8 Gambar Proses Penelitian
Gambar 6.5. Proses mematikan hewan coba
Gambar 6.6. Proses pembedahan hewan coba
Gambar 6.7. Vesika urinaria yang telah diambil dari guinea pig
Gambar 6.8. Alat-alat untuk membuat strip otot polos
Gambar 6.9. Proses pemotongan strip otot polos
Gambar 6.10. Ekstrak daun Orthosiphon aristatus
(Lanjutan)
Gambar 6.11. Organ bath
(Lanjutan)
Gambar 6.14. Proses pengikatan strip otot polos
Gambar 6.15. Proses penggantungan strip otot polos
Gambar 6.16. Proses memberikan tegangan istirahat pada strip otot polos
Lampiran 9 DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP
Nama : Erwanda Desire Budiman
Tempat, tanggal lahir : Jakarta, 28 Desember 1992
Alamat : Melati Mas Residence Blok SR-6 No.11 Serpong Utara, Tangerang Selatan
No. HP : +6281381281292 Email : [email protected] Riwayat Pendidikan : 1. TK Tritunggal (1996-1998) 2. SD Tritunggal (1998-2004) 3. SMP Pembangunan Jaya (2004-2007)
4. SMA Labschool Kebayoran (2007-2010) 5. PSPD FKIK UIN Jakarta (2010-sekarang)