All types of Balinese lexical reflexives can uniformly be taken as a structure in which the verb root headed by the ma-form takes a dyadic predicate XP complement (which can be a VP or NP) and the XP complement may further take an NP complement which is eventually incorporated into the ma-from. This operation is assumed to be achieved by head to head movement.
First let us consider the unmarked form lexical reflexive, as shown in (27). The tree diagram depicts the situation that the dyadic verb is incorporated into the ma-form and the NP predicate does take any complement, indicating that the middle verb is interpreted as inherently reflexive.
(27) TP
NP VP
V int VP ma-
V dyadic
One-causative form and two-causative form reflexives have the same c-structure representation in which the dyadic VP predicate is incorporated into the ma-form. And this NP predicate complement further takes an optional object (which is realized by the simple reflexive element).
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NP VP
V int VP ma-
V dyadic (NP)
Finally, the incorporated form lexical reflexive is illustrated in (29). The predicate NP complement is a relational N which is obviously dyadic. This NP complement further takes obligatory reflexive element ensuring the resulting middle verb to have the lexical reflexive interpretation.
(29) TP
NP VP
V int NP ma-
N dyadic NP refl
V. CONCLUSION
The ma-form in Balinese is traditionally understood as an intransitive marker. Following Kemmer (1993, 1994), I have shown that the ma-form serves as the exponent of middle marker.
There are many situation types associated with the ma-forms, one of them being what is referred to as body action middles by Kemmer (1993). Body action middles in Balinese encode reflexivity, either with covert or overt (simple) reflexive element, awak/dewek/iba/raga ‘self’, cliticized to a verb base. This paper argues that body action middles are an instance of lexical reflexives, rejecting Kemmer’s (1993) claim that dissociates them from reflexivity. To support the claim, the
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transitive/intransitive alternation strategy is adopted in which the interpretation of the body action middles can be detected. It is shown that the meaning of the (transitive) form is preserved in the intransitive (middle) form and importantly reflexivity interpretation is also well maintained even though the presence of the reflexive element is covertly or overtly required in the ma-form.
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