Arabic Nathqul Lafdzi

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

B. Theoretical Framework

1. Arabic Nathqul Lafdzi

Nathqul lafdzi (

ﻆﻔﻠﻟا ﻖﻄﻧ

) or we can say pronunciation in Arabic is the way of a person or group of people in uttering the sound of a language.

The sentence

ﻆﻔﻠﻟا ﻖﻄﻧ

is a sentence that comes from two words arranged

in idhofah (

ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹا

⁾³¹, nathqu means pronunciation or say/talking (about

something) and lafdzi means word/letter.³² If the two sentences are put together then the meaning is pronunciation of words.

b. Makharijul Huruf

Talking about pronunciation, we also talk about makharijul huruf.

Makharijul huruf also can be called place of articulation, it is the correct

position of the organs of speech in order to produce a latter or word³³ so that it can be differentiated from others. This is equally so whether the letter is a consonant or a vowel.

Being able to recite the letters correctly is the founding of tajweed and this is achieved by knowing where the sound originates. This can then help in practicing the pronunciation of the letters correctly.

The word "tajweed" means to improve, make better. Tajweed of the Holy Qur'an is the knowledge and application of the rules of recitation so the reading of the Qur'an is as the Prophet Mohammed SAW recited.³⁴

The picture of diagram below gives a snapshot of where each letter originates:

31 Idhofah is a series of two sentences that are related and require the second isim to be read jer, that is, by guessing the letter jer. Based on : Muhamamad Mahmudi Syah, Al-Bayaan fii Tabyini Nadhaam

‘Imriti (Probolinggo:- 1999), 157.

32Mahmud Yunus. Kamus Arab-Indonesia. (Jakarta: PT Mahmud Yunus WA Dzurriyah. 2007), 457.

33Acep Lim Abdurohim, Pedoman Ilmu Tajwid Lengkap, (Bandung, CV Penerbit Diponegoro, 2003), 20.

34Abdullah bin ‘amr, “About Tajweed”http://www.abouttajweed.com/(7 December 2018).

Picture 2.1 Arabic place of articulation.

To achieve the correct makhraj of a letter, practice via placing a sukoon ( ) on it, and precede it with an alif / hamzah with a kasrah

( )³⁵ E.g:

ْبِا ْسِا

There are 5 main categories of Makhaarij:

a) The oral cavity : Al Jawf

فﻮﳉا

b) The throat : Al Halq

ﻖﻠﳊا

c) The tongue : Al Lissaan

نﺎﺴﻠﻟا

d) The lips : Ash-shafatain

ﲔﺘﻔّﺸﻟا

e) The nasal cavity : Al Khayshoom ³⁶

مﻮﺸﻴﳋا

35Acep Lim Abdurohim, ibid, 22.

36Basori Alwi Murtadho, Pokok-Pokok Ilmu Tajwid, (Malang. CV. Rahmatika, 2009), 4.

The first makhraj namely al-jawf, this is all the empty space that occurs from the chest, up the throat and out through the mouth. It is the makhraj of the long vowels sounds (also known as the elongated letters)

and is elongated for 2 counts:

Table 2.2 description of al-jawf letter.

Letter Description Extract from verse

Alif

ا

Upon which there is a (sukoon) and is preceded by a (fathah)

Waw

و

Upon which there is a (sukoon) and is preceded by a (dhammah)

Yaa

ي

Upon which there is a (sukoon) and is preceded by a (kashrah)

These letters are also found in the Qur’an:

You have to know that in the Qur’an the sukoon may not always be shown on the letter, but as general rule, whenever a letter does not carry a vowel, it means that it has a sukoon, even if it is not actually present.

The second makhraj is al-halq, emerging from the throat are six letters. Within the throat, there are three points of articulation. Two letters emerge from each makhraj. Let’s look at these with detail in the picture below.

Picture 2.2 place of al-ahlq’s letter are produced.

The third makhraj is al-lisaan. Many letters come from the mouth, that is the tongue and its connection with the different areas of the teeth and mouth. There are 4 main makhraj that can be divided into 10 sub categories:

Main 1 is the further back part of the tongue, this has 2 sub categories:

ق

is pronounced by the extreme back of the tongue touching the upper

palate to create a thick sound in the tonsils vicinity, with a round sound.

ك

the makhraj is slightly in front of the

ق

. This time the tongue should

not meet the upper palate other than what is necessary to pronounce the letter. So the sound still comes from the back of the tongue, except this time the tongue is not elevated.

Main 2 is he middle of the tongue; this single makhraj covers 3 letters:

ج

^and,

ي ,ش

these all pronounced when the middle part of the tongue

comes in contact with what lies opposite to it from the roof of the mouth.

Main 3 is the side of the tongue; this has 2 specific of articulation:

ض

the rear of the tongue touches the upper back teeth (upper molars)

in the either one of 3 ways such as from the right side, the left side or from both of sides. The left side of the tongue is most commonly used as it is easier than the right, and usage of both sides of the tongue is rare.

ر

located behind the makhraj of the

ن

^{it is.}

Main 4 is the tip of the tongue decided into four groups:

First,

ط د ت

these letters pretty much come from the same place, the

difference between them is slight but important. The tip of the tongue meets the base of the top front teeth (place where the gums and teeth meet):

ت

is most forward and exact at the point where the gums and the teeth meet.

د

is the little further back.

ط

is the behind

د

a little. The back of the tongue should also meet the

upper palate as it is a thick letter.

Second,

س ص ز

س

the tip of the tongue should meet the place where the gums and

lower teeth meet. You should allow the flow of air in the mouth to pass from the back of the front and exit from between the teeth.

ص

the back of the tongue elevates to meet the upper palate as it is a

thick letter.

ز

for this letter, the teeth should be pressed together that the air passage

sounds like a buzzing sound.

The third

ث ذ ظ

the tip of the tongue meets the edge of the front upper

teeth.

ث

is articulated by putting pressure on the edge of the 2 upper incisor

teeth.

ذ

is articulated by putting pressure on the mid-section of the 2 upper incisor teeth.

ظ

is articulated by putting pressure on the edge of the roots of the

upper incisor teeth. The back of the tongue elevates to meet the upper palate as it is a thick letter.

The fourth is Ash Shafatain. This is simply the lips, and has 2 sub-categories:

First, when one lip is used:

ف

the edge of the upper front teeth meet

the inside lower lip (the wet part).

Second, when the two lips are used:

و

this is not the

و

of the elongation from jawf. This letter will carry a

harakat . It is pronounced by the incomplete joining of both lips.

م

pronounced by the meeting of the dry outer parts of the lips, and

pushing air through the nasal passage.

ب

pronounced by pressing the lips together firmly and quickly.

Similar to theم but there is more of bounce as you press the lips then quickly releases them again.

The fifth makhraj is Al Khayshoom. The nasal cavity is located at the furthest point of the nose (the bridge of the nose). It is the opening that connects the mouth with the nose. This connection is where the ghunnah exits.

The ghunnah is a sound that is resonated and the tongue is not used to produce it. The duration of the ghunnah sound is for 2 counts.

The ghunnah is produced in the following cases:

First, when the

م

has a shaddah (

ّم

⁾

Second, when the

ن

has a shaddah (

ّن

⁾

To understand how ghunnah works (and its significance), block your nose completely by pinching it with two fingers, then try to say a word with the letter noon or meem, or simply sound the letter (

ْنأ

^{) or}

(

ْمأ

). You’ll notice that you are unable to sound these letters properly

without the nasal passage being open (and producing ghunnah).

2. English Pronunciation