CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Framework
2. Teaching and Learning Process
a. Definition of Teaching and learning process
According to Hamzah and Muhlisraini (2014, p.58) learning is the effort of teachers or lectures for students in the form
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of activities to select, establish, and develop optimal methods and strategies to achieve the desired result. While according to Nasution (Ngalimun and Fauzani, 2016, p.17) is an activity to organize or manage the environment as well as possible and connect with learners so that the learning process occurs.
The teaching and learning process is at the core of the overall educational process with the teacher as the primary role holder. Teaching and learning events are rooted in views and concepts. Therefore, the realization of teaching and learning process can occur in zarious models. Bruce joyce and Marshall because present 22 teaching models that are grouped into 4 things:
Information process, personal development, social interaction and behavior modification (Joyce & Weil, Models of teaching, 1980).
Teaching and learning process is a process that contains a series of actions of teachers and students on the basic of reciprocal relationships that take place in educational situations to achieve certain goals. Interaction or reciprocal relationship between teacher and a major requirement for the on-going learning process.
Interaction in teaching a learning event has a broader meaning, not just the relationship between teachers and students, but in the form of educational interaction. In this case not only the delivery of messages in the form of subject matter, but rather the inculcation of attitudes and values in students who are learning.
Based on the definition of above can be concluded that teaching and learning process has a broader meaning and understanding that just teaching. In the process of teaching and learning implied the existence of an integral activity that is not separated between students who are learning and teachers who teach. Between the two activities is intertwined interaction that support each other.
b. Learning theories
Learning theories are an organized set of principles explaining how individuals acquire, retain, and recall knowledge.
By studying and knowing the different learning theories, we can better understand how learning accurate, the principles of the theories can be used as guidelines to help select instructional tools, techniques, and strategies that promote learning. The learning theories divided into; behaviorism, cognitive information processing (cognitivism) and construction.
According to B.f Skinner and the concept of operant conditioning. Behaviorism theorist believe that knowledge exist independently and outside of people. They view the learner as a blank slate must be provided the experience. Behaviorists believe that learning actually occurs when new behaviors or changes in behaviors are acquired through association between stimuli and responses. Thus, association leads to a change behavior
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(Semiawan, 2002, p.2).
According to Jean Piaget Cognitive information processing is based on the thought process behind the behavior. The theory is based on the idea based on the idea that humans process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli (i.e., that think about what is happening).
The changes in behavior are observed, but only as an indicator to what is going on in the learner’s head. The Learner’s mind is like a mirror from which new knowledge and skills will be reflected. Cognitive information processing is used when the learning plays an active role in seeking ways to understand and process information that he or she receives and stored within memory.
c. Language Learning
Schunk (2018, p.216) defined learning as relatively permanent influence on behavior, knowledge, and thinking skills, which comes about through experience.
According to Arifin (2010). English is an important instrument in various fields of scientific communication, business, cultural exchange, political issues. Furthermore, Delahunty and Garvey (2010, p.7) stated that language is the main communication medium between students and teachers and between students and textbooks in educational facilities. Students who study English is
simultaneously both their educational facilities and objects. From the explanation above, it can be concluded that learning will provide experience through the knowledge and skills received during the learning process.
Learning English is the key to success because of its importance in various aspects of life.
d. Media in language Learning
According to Dr. Rusman Learning media is a tool or form of stimulus that serves to convey learning messages. Stimulus forms can be used as media including human relationships or interactions, reality, moving images or not, written, and recorded sound. These five forms of stimulus will help students learn foreign languages.
a) Types of learning media
1. Visual media. Visual media is media that can only be seen using the sense of sight, which consists of projectable media and non-projectable media, which are usually still images or moving images.
2. Audio media, namely media that contain messages in auditive form that can stimulate the thoughts, feelings, attention, and willingness of students to study teaching materials. Examples of this audio media are sound cassette programs and radio programs.
3. Audio-visual media, namely media which is a combination of audio and visual or commonly called view-hearing. Examples of audio-visual media are educational video/television programs, instructional videos/television, and sound slide programs.
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4. Presenting media group. The media presenters group as disclosed by Donald T Tosti and John R Ball are grouped into seven types, namely: (a) the first group;
graphics, printed materials, and still images, (b) the second group; silent projection media, (c) the third group; audio media, (d) the fourth group; audio media, (e) fifth group; live picture/film media, (f) the sixth group; television media, and (g) the seventh group;
multimedia.