Improvement of Fricative Consonants
TEACHING MATERIALS Meeting 1:
Narrative Text
What is Narrative Text?
Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the stody that past tense. The purpose of the text is to entertain or to amuse the readers or listeners about the story.
The Generic Strucure of Narrative Text:
1. Orientation: It set the scene and introduce the pasrticioants (it answer the question: who, when, what, and where).
2. Complication: Tells the problem of the story and how the main characters solve them.
3. Resolution: The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.
4. Re-orientation: The ending of the story. Maybe, happy ending or sad ending.
5. Evaluation: The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story.
Linguistic Features of Narrative Text:
1. Use active verbs 2. Use past tense
3. Use conjunction (and, the, after that, next, etc)
Also temporal conjunction, like: once upon a time, one day, long time ago, etc..
4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They) 5. Use specific nouns
6. Use adjective and adverbs Kinds of Narrative Text:
1. Legend: Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.
2. Fable: Mousedeer and Crocodile.
3. Fairy tale: Cinderella, Snow White, Pinocchio, atc.
4. Folktale 5. Short Story.
Fricative Consonants:
Fricatives are consonants that produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These maybe the lower lip againts the upper teeth such as /f/ and /v/; the tip of the tongue againts the upper front teeth such as /θ/ and /ծ /; the tip of the tongue againts the alveolar ridge such as /s/ and /z/; the tip of the tongue againts the back of alveolar ridge such as /ʃ/ and /ӡ/; and the glosttis in this case of /h/.
Distribution of Fricative Consonants
Fricatives Symbol Initial Middle Final
Voiceless Labio-dental
Example of Narrative Next:
Apple Tree and a Boy
Once upon a time, there was a huge apple tree which gave tasty apples to the people around it. There was also a little boy who became a close friend to the apple tree. The boy used to play with apple tree, climb its branches, sleep under its shadow, and pluck its apples. Everyday he visited the apple tree, and ate some apples. One day, the biy joined in school and didn‟t have a time to spend with
apple tree. After several days, the boy came to the tree. The apple tree was so happy to see the boy. It asked the boy to play.
Unfortunately, the boy said that he was not a child anymore. He didn‟t want to play with the tree. But he asked another request to the apple tree. The boy said he needed toys, but his parents didn‟t money to buy it for him. The tree said,
“dear my boy, I don‟t have any money to buy it for you, but you can pick my apples, then sell them, get money and buy the toys you want.” The boy went happily to his home after plucking apples. The tree was waiting to see the boy return. But he never come back for many years. The apple tree was sad and it didn‟t produce any apples anymore.
Notes:
There are several Fricative Consonants of the narrative text above:
once= /wᴧns/ there= /ծ eә(r)/ was= /wәz/
huge= /hju:dӡ/ which= /witʃ/ gave= /geIv/
tasty= /teIsti/ the= /ծ ә;ծ i/ who= /hu:/
close= /klәuz/ friend= /frend/ with= /wIθ/
shadow= /ʃᴂdәu/ visited= /vIzItid/ everyday= /evrideI/
some= /sᴧm/ have= /hᴂv/ happy= /hᴂpi/
asked= /ɑ:skd/ said= /seId/ that= /dᴂt/
for= /fә(r)/ him= /hIm/ another= /әnᴧծ ә(r)/
then= /ծ en/ them= /ծ em/ home= /hәum/
after= /a:ftә(r)/ see= /si:/ never= /neveә(r)
sad= /sᴂd/ produce= /prә‟dju:s/
Tongue Twister
Steps of Tongue Twister:
a. Find the tongue twisters you want to say successfully Here let‟s use “She sells seashells on the seashore”.
b. Write it down in a piece of paper, read it five times to yourself.
c. While looking at it say it at a normal speed, but whispering. (do this five times) d. Now, read it out very slowly five times.
e. Do this again without looking at the paper . f. Now say each word separately five times.
“She” five times, “sells” five times, etc.
g. Say each section (if any) of the tongue twisters five times.
h. Say the tongue twisters five times, but putting pauses in between each word.
“She. Sells. Seashells. On. The. Seashore.”
i. Close your eyes, focus, and say it once.
Did you say it right? If not, repeat all steps. If so, say it twice more and see if you can still say it.
j. Test yourself, say it five times fast.
The Sentences of Tongue Twister:
1. For fine fresh fish, phone Phil
2. Very volatile vest visited several wives
3. The thirty three thieves thought that they thrilled the throne throughtout Thursday
4. Not these things here but those things there
5. She sells seashells by the seashore
6. I saw Susi sitting in a shoe shine shop. Where she sits she shines, and where she shines she sits
7. Busy buzzing buble bees
8. Hattie Henderson hated happy healthy hippos
9. Garage is garage, not cage. Cage is cage, not garage 10. Zed zipper many zippers.
Meeting 2:
Narrative text:
A Cap Seller and The Monkeys
Once, a cap seller was passing through a jungle. He was very tired and needed to rest. Then, he stopped and spread a cloth under a tree. He placed his bag full caps near him and lay down with his cap on his head. The cap seller had a sound sleep for one hour. When he looked up the sky, he was very surprised to see monkeys sitting on the branches of a tree, each of the monkeys is wearing a cap of on its head. They had evidently done it to imitate him.
Then he decided to gets his caps back by making a humble request to the monkeys. In return, the monkeys only made faces of him. When he begun to make gesture, the monkeys also imitated him. At last he found a clever idea. “Monkeys are a great imitator,” he thought. So he took off his own cap and threw it down on the background. And as he had expected, all the monkeys took off the caps and threw the caps down on the ground. Quickly, he stood up and collected the caps put them back into his back and went away.
Notes:
There are several Fricative Consonants of the narrative text above:
seller= /sele(r)/ once= /wᴧns/ was= /wәz/
passing= /pɑ:sIŋ/ through= /θru:/ very= /veri/
rest= /rest/ then= /ծ en/ spread= /spred/
cloth= /klɒθ/ placed= /pleIsd/ full= /ful/
with= /wIθ/ head= /hed/ sound= /sound/
sleep= /sli:p/ for= /fә(r)/ hour=/auә(r)/
sky= /skaI/ see= /si:/ surprised= /sә‟praIzd/
of= /әv/ they= /ծ eI/ evidently= /evIdәntlI/
humble= /hᴧmbl/ face= /feIs/ decided= /dI”saIdid/
last= /lɑ:st/ found= /faund/ gesture= /dӡestʃә(r)/
clever= /klevә(r) off= /ɒf/ threw= /θrәu/
stood= /stu:d/ so= /sәu/
Tongue Twisters:
1. The fickle finger of fate flips fat frogs flat
2. Valuable valley villas
3. I thought, I thought of thinking of thanking you
4. He threw three balls 5. Six small slick seals 6. She saw seven ships
7. This is a zither. Is this a zither?
8. Horrible Heidi hears hairy Horace holler 9. Thin sticks, thick bricks
10. Flash message (3x)
Meeting 3:
Narrative text:
Maura and Three Sheikhs
Once upon a time there was a queen of Arabia named Maura. Maura is the most beautiful lady who had many suitors. There were young and handsome sheikhs. They were strong and also rich. The queen was hard to decide who would be the only one being the best. One night, Maura disguised herself and went to the sheikhs‟ camps near her castle. Maura had an idea to made a dinner for them,
“would you have something to eat sheikhs?” Maura asked. The first sheik gave her some left in the table over food. The second one gave her something strange, some unappertizing camel‟s tail. The last one who named Hakim, offered the most tasty meat and tender.
After that, Maura invited those three sheikhs to have a dinner as her castle.
She ordered as same as the foods which is given to her on the day before. The first sheikh who gave all over the food ate all the menu by himself. The second one who gave unappetizing camel‟s tail also ate by himself. The third one, Hakim get the same menu as he gave to the queen, but he didn‟t want to eat it if all the people around him could bot get the same menu too. The queen was smiling.
“Hakim, you are the person who I‟m seaching for, now I announce that Hakim the person I will marry with!”
Notes:
There are several Fricative Consonants of the narrative text above:
Three= /θri:/ sheikh= /ʃeIk/ once=/ wᴧns/
There= /ծ eә(r)/ was= /wәz/ beautiful= /bju:tIfl/
the= /ծ ә;ծ i/ who= /hu:/ suitors= /su:tә(r)s/
they= /ծ eI/ strong= /strɒŋ/ handsome= /hᴂnsәm/
hard= /hɑ:d/ decide= /dI‟saId/ herself= /h3:(r)self/
for= /fә(r)/ them= /ծ em/ have= /hәv/
asked= /ɑ:skd/ first= /f3:st/ something= /samθIŋ/
gave= /geIv/ some= /sᴧm/ left= /left/
over= /evә(r) food= /fu:d/ strange= /streIndӡ/
last= /lɑ:st/ most= /mәust/ offered= /ɒfә(r)d/
tasty= /teIstI/ after= /ɑftә(r)/ that= /ծ ᴂt/
smiling= /smIliŋ/ person= /p3:sn/ searching= /s3:tʃiŋ/
announce= /әnauns/ with =/wIθ/
Tongue Twisters:
1. Fred fed Ted bread, and Ted fed fread bread
2. Eleven benevolent elephants
3. Not these things here but those things there 4. There those thousand thinkers were thinking
5. I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream 6. On a lazy laser raiser lies a laser ray eraser
7. She said she should sit
8. The hare‟s ear heard are the hare heeded
9. Garage is garage, not cage
10. As I was in Arkansas I saw a saw that could out saw any saw I ever saw saw
Meeting 4:
Narrative text:
Dull Monkey who wanted to be a King
Once upon a time, a happy monkey danced at gatherings of animals, and they are all very pleased with his performance that they elected him their king. A fox, envying him the honour, discovered a piece of meat lying in a trap, and leading the Monkey to the spot, said that he had found a shop in the woods, but do not use it, he had been saving for him as treasure trove of his kingdom, and counseled him to seize it.
The monkey approached carelessly and was caught in a trap, and on his accusing the Fox deliberately took him into a trap, he replied, “oh Monkey, and you, with your mind like you, will be the King of animals?”
Notes:
There are several Fricative Consonants of the narrative text above:
who= /hu:/ once= /wᴧns/ happy= /hᴂpI/
danced= /dɑ:nsd/ they= /ծ eI/ gathering= /gᴂծ ә(r)Iŋ/
very= /veri/ pleases= /pli:sd/ with= wIθ/
that= /ծ ᴂt/ their= /ծ eIr/ fox= /fɒks/
envying= /envIŋ/ honour= /ɒnә(r) discovered= /dI‟skᴧvә(r)d
piece= /pi:s/ found= /faund/ shop= /ʃɒp/
of= /әv/ spot= /spɒt/ performance= /pә‟fᴐ:mens/
was= /wәz/ seize= /si:z/ coundeled= /kaunsld/
Tongue Twisters:
1. Five frantic frogs fled from fifty fierce fishes
2. Vina has eleven elves in her very big backyard boulevard
3. There those thousand thinkers were thinking where did those other three thieves go through
4. Lesser leather never weathered wetter weather better 5. Stupid superstition (3x)
6. Busy buzzing buble bees
7. I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish 8. Garage is garage, not cage
9. Does Harry Hunt hunt heavy hairy hares?
10. This is the sixth zebra snoozing thoroughly
APPENDIX B
Pre-Test Name :
Class :
Find the words that consist of fricative consonant sounds and read with correct pronunciation!
The Ant and the Dove
One hot day, an ant was seeking for some water. After walking around for a moment, she came to a spring. To reach the spring, she had to climb up a blade of grass. While making her way up, she slipped and fell unintentionally into the water. She could have sunk if a dove up a nearby tree had not seen her. Seeking that the ant was in trouble, the dove quickly put off a leaf from a tree and dropped it immediately into the water near the struggling ant. Then the ant moved towards the leaf and climbed up there. Soon it carried her safely to dry ground.
Not long after that, there was a hunter nearby who was throwing out his net towards the dove, hoping to trap it in this way. Guessing what he should do, the ant quickly bit him on the heel. Feeling the pain, the hunter dropped his net and the dove flew away quickly from his net.
Post-Test Name :
Class :
Find the words that consist of fricative consonant sounds and read with correct pronunciation!
The Legend of Surabaya
A long time ago there were two animals, Sura and Baya. Sura was the name of a shark and Baya was a crocodile. They lived in a sea. Once, Sura and Baya looking for some food. Suddenly, Baya saw a goat
“Yummy, this is my lunch,” said Baya.
“No way! This is my lunch, you are greedy,” said Sura.
Then they fought for the goat. After several hours, they were very tired. Feeling tired of fighting, they lived in the different places. Sura lived in the water and Baya lived in the land. The border was the beach, so they would never fight again.
One day, Sura went to the land and looked for some food in the river. He was very hungry and there was not much food in the sea. Baya was very angry when he knew that Sura broke the promise. They fought again. They both hit each other. Sura bit Baya‟s tail, Baya did the same thing to Sura. He bit very hard until Sura finally gave up and went back to the sea. Baya was happy.
APPENDIX C
Correct Pronunciation of the Students in Pre-test and Post-test Pre-test
Name
Fricative Consonants
Total Correct /f/ /v/ /θ/ /ծ / /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ӡ/ /h/
AS 14 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 11 40
AST 18 0 1 10 17 0 6 0 15 67
CA 16 0 0 7 16 0 5 0 14 58
FP 12 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 9 34
IBMS 9 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 10 30
MHAB 11 1 1 2 12 0 1 0 9 37
MIG 5 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 9 25
MAF 15 0 1 8 14 0 4 0 12 54
MA 9 0 0 4 12 0 0 0 11 36
NA 16 0 1 6 16 0 3 0 14 56
NR 10 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 9 30
SP 9 0 0 5 13 0 0 0 9 36
SW 8 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 7 29
RY 14 0 1 4 10 0 1 0 10 40
SR 9 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 9 30
AMP 16 0 1 9 16 0 4 0 14 60
ZQ 7 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 9 24
RM 16 0 1 6 15 0 3 0 16 57
MDP 13 0 0 2 16 0 0 0 14 45
FD 6 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 5 20
Post-test
Name
Fricative Consonants
Total Correct /f/ /v/ /θ/ /ծ / /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ӡ/ /h/
AS 20 3 3 10 20 3 3 2 17 81
AST 20 7 3 12 20 3 6 2 18 91
CA 20 8 3 12 20 2 6 2 17 90
FP 14 4 0 8 20 1 3 0 11 61
IBMS 20 4 3 9 20 2 5 2 16 81
MHAB 20 6 3 11 20 3 4 2 11 80
MIG 16 5 3 8 19 2 3 2 13 71
MAF 20 7 3 10 20 2 6 2 12 82
MA 18 5 3 10 20 2 2 0 11 71
NA 20 6 3 12 20 5 5 2 17 90
NR 17 3 3 6 20 1 3 2 15 70
SP 20 5 3 8 20 3 4 2 16 81
SW 12 2 0 4 17 1 1 0 14 51
RY 20 3 3 9 20 4 4 2 15 80
SR 15 3 0 6 19 1 2 0 16 62
AMP 18 4 3 12 20 2 3 2 17 81
ZQ 13 2 3 4 20 3 2 2 11 60
RM 20 3 3 9 20 3 4 2 16 80
MDP 17 4 3 6 20 1 3 2 15 71
FD 13 0 3 4 20 0 0 0 10 50
APPENDIX D
The Row Score and Classification of Pre-test and Post-test Pre-test
Name
Correct Pronunciation
Score Classification
Narrative Text
100 Words of Fricative Consonant
Agus Salim 40 / 100 40 Poor
Aisyah Safiqah Thufailah 67 / 100 67 Fairly Good
Citra Amelia 58 / 100 58 Fairly
Fitra Pratiwi 34 / 100 34 Very Poor
Ikhsan Bin M. Siddiq 30 / 100 30 Very Poor
Muh. Hidayat Alfian Bohari 37 / 100 37 Poor
Muh Iqbal Gunawan 25 / 100 25 Very Poor
Muh Aidil Fitrah 54 / 100 54 Poor
Muhammad Akmal 36 / 100 36 Poor
Nur Afifa 56 / 100 56 Fairly
Nadia Ramadhani 30 / 100 30 Very Poor
Septiani Putri 36 / 100 36 Poor
Sriwahyuni 29 / 100 29 Very Poor
Rismayanti 40 / 100 40 Poor
Sahrul Ramadhan 30 / 100 30 Very Poor
Arvin Mandala Putra 60 / 100 60 Fairly
Zulqaedah 24 / 100 24 Very Poor
Risma 57 / 100 57 Fairly
Muh. Doni Pratama 45 / 100 45 Poor
Fiqih Danial 20 / 100 20 Very Poor
Total 808 808
Post-Test
Name
Correct Pronunciation
Score Classification
Narrative Text
100 Words of Fricative Consonant
Agus Salim 81 / 100 81 Good
Aisyah Safiqah Thufailah 91 / 100 91 Very Good
Citra Amelia 90 / 100 90 Very Good
Fitra Pratiwi 61 / 100 61 Fairly
Ikhsan Bin M. Siddiq 81 / 100 81 Good
Muh. Hidayat Alfian Bohari 80 / 100 80 Good
Muh Iqbal Gunawan 71 / 100 71 Fairly Good
Muh Aidil Fitrah 82 / 100 81 Good
Muhammad Akmal 71 / 100 71 Fairly Good
Nur Afifah 90 / 100 90 Very Good
Nadia Ramadhani 70 / 100 70 Fairly Good
Septiani Putri 81 / 100 81 Good
Sriwahyuni 51 / 100 51 Poor
Rismayanti 80 / 100 80 Good
Sahrul Ramadhan 61 / 100 61 Fairly
Arvin Mandala Putra 81 / 100 81 Good
Zulqaedah 60 / 100 60 Fairly
Risma 80 / 100 80 Good
Muh. Doni Pratama 71 / 100 71 Fairly Good
Fiqih Danial 50 / 100 50 Poor
Total 1484 1484
APPENDIX E
Calculating the Frequency and the Rate Percentage of the Students‟ Score
Based on the table in the first point, it showed in pre-test score there were 1 student achieve fairly good score, 4 students achieve fairly score, 7 students achieve poor score, and 8 students achieve very poor score. The rate percentage could be found by this formula:
a. Fairly Good
b. Fairly
c. Poor
d. Very Poor
Based on the table in the first point, it showed in the post-test score there were 3 students achieve very good score, 8 students achieve good score, 4 students achieve fairly good score, 3 students achieve fairly score, and 2 students achieve poor score. The reate percentage could be found by this formula:
a. Very Good
b. Good
c. Fairly Good
d. Fairly
e. Poor
APPENDIX F
Calculating the Students‟ Mean Score of Pre-test and Post-test
The table above show the students‟ English pronunciation achievement in pretest and posttest. The number of students were 20 students. Based on those both pretest and posttest score, the researcher could find the mean of each total score using this formula:
̅ ∑
a. Pre-test ̅ ∑ ̅
̅ b. Post-test
̅ ∑ ̅
̅
APPENDIX G
Calculating the Standard Deviation
Based on the table in ..., the sum of the students‟ score in pre-test was 808, while the post-test was 1484. Besides, the sum of the squares score in pre-test was 36238 and in post-test was 112938. The standard deviation of students‟
pronunciation achievement could be found by the formula below:
√∑ (∑ ) a. Pre-test
√∑ (∑ ) √ ( )
√
√
√ √
b. Post-test
√∑ (∑ )
√ ( )
√
The Students‟ Score of Pre-test and Post-test and Difference
Name PRETEST
APPENDIX H
Calculating the t-test and t-table
After recognizing the mean score and the standard deviation of students‟
pre-test and post-test, the researcher found a significant different of both using the formula below:
Based the calculation above, the writer would test the hypothesis of the research using six step processes:
1. State the alternative hypothesis of the writer‟s research:
H1:1 2
2. Set the alpha level 0.05
3. Write a summary statement based on the decision Reject H0, accept H1 because t test (15.33) > 2.093 4. Write a statement of results in Standard English.
There was significant difference of students‟ pronunciation before and after taught through Tongue Twister Technique.
APPENDIX I
Table Distribution of T-Value
Pr
APPENDIX J