CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD
3.7 Triangulation
Triangulation is one process in corroboration efforts. It is used to increase the researcher’s understanding of whatever being investigated and to get the valid data from the field of research. There are three types of triangulation as what was identified by Denzim (in Berg, 1998: 76). The first is triangulation of data sources which involves the convergence of multiple data sources. The second is
methodological triangulation which involves the convergence of data from multiple data procedures. The third is investigator triangulation which involves multiple researchers in an investigation.
Based on the reason above, in order to get the valid data and more understand about the field of the study, the researcher asks to the expert of discourse analysis. In this case, Drs. Nur Salam, M. Pd is the informant who expert in cohesion for giving me more explanation about cohesion and
suggestions in analyzing cohesion in a kind of literary work, in this case poetry.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter discusses six sections related to research method that is used by the researcher. Those sections are research design, subject of the study, data sources, research instruments, data collection, data analysis, and triangulation.
3.1 Research Design
In this research, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative research
method. Qualitative research is used due to the researcher analyzes the data which are in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences to get more
understanding about something. In addition, in describing the results of the study to the reader are also in the form of words or phrases not in numbers form or statistical data. According to Moleong (2005: 3) qualitative research is a research which does not deal with numbers. In this research the data are sentences in short poetries. Further, Miles and Haberman (1983: 5) stated that qualitative is general toward gaining in increasing understanding of the feeling ideas, motives and being behind human action. Therefore, the researcher uses descriptive method because she does not try to examine a hypothesis but to elaborate deeply about something.
In this case, that is a deep understanding about cohesion. Cohesion is a part of discourse analysis deals with the textual connection which are expressed by the relation of meaning which resulted when the meaning of textual element is dependent on another element in text.
3.2 Subject of the Study
The subject of this study are some of Robert Frost’s short poetries. The researcher analyzes the kinds of cohesive devices which relate the meaning of one sentence to the other sentences in those short poetries to become a unity of
meaning and also the functions of those cohesive devices.
3.3 Data Sources
The data are taken from the text of some short poetries of Robert Frost.
Those short poetries are included in descriptive lyric poetry and consist of no more than one until twenty lines. Further, those several lines in short poetries are included in some sentences. Those poetries have been gotten from literary books and several website such as en.wikipedia.org and www.ketzel.com.
3.4 Research Instruments
In this research, the research instrument is the researcher herself. She is the one who collects and analyzes the data. It is under the reason that in qualitative research it is more effective and efficient for the researcher to get the data. It is as stated by Moleong (2005: 9) that in qualitative research the human investigation is the primary instrument for gathering and analyzing the data.
3.5 Data Collection
There are three steps in collecting the data. There were many of poetries produced by Robert Frost, so the first thing that is done by the researcher is
selecting the short poetries which are included in descriptive lyric poetry and consist of no more than one until twenty lines. After that, the researcher reads them one by one to find the sentences which consist of cohesive devices by giving numbers. The last is the researcher does check and recheck the data whether the data were correct or not.
3.6 Data analysis
In analyzing the data, there are five steps. Firstly, the researcher reads and understands the data one by one while highlighting words or phrases are
considered as cohesive devices and try to find which one the presupposing items and which one the presupposed items. Secondly, she categorizes cohesive devices which have been found into their appropriate types. Cohesive devices of
grammatical cohesion are classified into its types; those references are pronoun reference, demonstrative reference, or comparative reference, substitutions and ellipsis are nominal, verbal, or clausal. She categorizes the lexical cohesion into its types, those are, reiteration or collocation. In reiteration, they included on repetition, synonym, metonym, hyponym, or antonym, and or collocation. Then she classifies the conjunctions whether additive, adversative, clausal, or temporal.
Thirdly, the researcher determines the functions of each cohesive devices that found on all the poetries, whether they substitute or omit noun, verb, clause, to indicate reference pronoun, to relate two ideas, etc. Fourthly, the researcher describes the findings in form of description by using words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. Fifthly, the researcher makes a conclusion of the discussion.
3.7 Triangulation
Triangulation is one process in corroboration efforts. It is used to increase the researcher’s understanding of whatever being investigated and to get the valid data from the field of research. There are three types of triangulation as what was identified by Denzim (in Berg, 1998: 76). The first is triangulation of data sources which involves the convergence of multiple data sources. The second is
methodological triangulation which involves the convergence of data from multiple data procedures. The third is investigator triangulation which involves multiple researchers in an investigation.
Based on the reason above, in order to get the valid data and more understand about the field of the study, the researcher asks to the expert of discourse analysis. In this case, Drs. Nur Salam, M. Pd is the informant who expert in cohesion for giving me more explanation about cohesion and
suggestions in analyzing cohesion in a kind of literary work, in this case poetry.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESSTION
After presenting the findings and the discussion in the previous chapter, in this last chapter conclusion and suggestion are constructed. The conclusion is taken based on the formulated research problems and the findings while
suggestions are intended to give information for the English teachers or lecturers exactly who teach discourse analysis, the students of English department, and the next researcher who interested in analyzing cohesion in a discourse or text.
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the findings which were described in the previous chapter, the researcher can conclude that almost all kinds of cohesive devices are found in those short poems of Robert Frost except verbal substitution, clausal ellipsis, hyponym and metonymy.
The types of cohesive devices of grammatical cohesion which are found include nominal substitution, clausal substitution, nominal ellipsis, verbal ellipsis, personal reference, demonstrative reference and comparative reference. Personal reference is the most dominant that the other to make brief the language of poems.
In addition, the second kind of cohesive device mostly used is demonstrative reference while the others are rare.
The kinds of cohesive devices of lexical cohesion which are found involve repetition, synonym, and antonym which included in reiteration. In addition, collocation is also found. In this case, the use of repetition is often than the others while antonym, synonym, and collocation are rare but almost equal. Repetition is mostly used to reinforce the thematic focus of poem.
In terms of conjunction, all the types of cohesive devices are used. Those are namely additive conjunction, adversative conjunction, causal conjunction, and temporal conjunction. The additive conjunction is mostly used to give additional information while causal conjunction is rare.
Meanwhile, the function of cohesive devices on those short poetries are (1) to substitute noun and clause, (2) to indicate the omission of noun and verb, (3) to indicate the reference of personal pronoun and demonstrative pronoun, (4) to indicate comparison, (5) to indicate an addition, contrast, and cause-effect or effect-cause relation of two facts or ideas, and (6) to indicate repetition, synonym, antonym, and co-occurrence of two of lexical items.
5.2 Suggestions
These suggestions are purposed to three groups of people. The first is for the English teachers or lecturers exactly who teach discourse analysis. They should not always use non literary text in teaching the features of language in discourse such as cohesion because literary text such as poetry also consists of some linguistic features. In addition, cohesion is one of primary criteria of textuality text. So, it can be a useful tool to enable students to make logical
connections and coherent stretches of both written and spoken discourse either literary or non-literary text.
The second suggestion is for the students of English Department especially the English students of the State Islamic university of Malang. They can analyze literary text not only through its intrinsic or extrinsic elements but also the linguistic features such as cohesion in it since literary text is also a kind of
discourse which consists of many of linguistic features in order can be considered as text which has texture. Moreover, they should be aware that cohesion is much necessary in creating a unity of meaning among some elements of their language either spoken or written in order can be understood by the other people. Thus, they should learn about cohesion deeply besides learn the other criteria of textuality text exactly when they try to write a written text either literary or non-literary.
In addition, the third is for the next researchers who interested in analyzing cohesion in a discourse or text especially any other kinds of poetry such as
dramatic poetry, sonnet, epic poem, etc. They can conduct a cohesion analysis on them by using another kind of research method. For example is quantitative research method to account the percentage of each cohesive device that is used in them in order to know the frequency of the use of each cohesive devices in literary text. However, they can apply the same of cohesion theory that is Halliday’s and Hassan’s theory or the other theories such as Beaugrande’s theory.
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