Omission - Classification of Errors - FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1.3 Classification of Errors

4.1.3.1 Omission

Omission errors are characterized by the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance. In this study, the errors of omission are

omission of content morpheme and omission of grammatical morpheme. All types are found in this study.

.1.3.1.1 Omission of content morpheme

The examples of the omission of content morpheme found in this study are:

• Firstly, collect the data taken from thesis proposal.(4.16)

• Secondly, select thesis proposal focusing in linguistics research and will choose thesis's title which have up to date issue. (4.17)

• Firstly, identify phrase, clause and sentence classified as syntactic errors.(4.18)

• Secondly, discuss the errors found.(4.19)

• And thirdly, make conclusion from the result of analysis.(4.20)

The sentences above are fragment because they require subject in order to be a well construction. The writer has to add subject as content morpheme.

The following underlined words show the correct sentences:

• Firstly, the researcher collects the data taken from thesis proposal.(4.16)

• Secondly, the researcher selects thesis proposal focusing in linguistics research and will choose thesis's title which have up to date issue. (4.17)

• Firstly, the researcher identifies phrase, clause and sentence classified as syntactic errors.(4.18)

• Secondly, the researcher discusses the errors found.(4.19)

• And thirdly, the researcher makes conclusion from the result of analysis.(4.20)

The other cases are the omission of verb resulting in the fragmented form in sentence construction. The following sentences are examples of this case:

• First, the cognitive theory of Jean Piaget that a child first becomes aware of a concept, such as relative size, and only afterward do they acquire the words and patterns to convey that concept. (1.1)

• Second, the behaviorist’s point of view that children do imitate adults and learn by imitating and repeating what they hear. (1.2)

• Third, the innateness of certain linguistics features theory by Noam Chomsky: children are born with an innate capacity for learning human language. (1.3)

• What kinds of syntactic errors in thesis proposal written by the students of English Letters and Language Department of UIN Malang.(4.2)

The correction would be added by verbs after subjects in order to be a well construction. The underlined words below show the correct sentences:

• First, the cognitive theory of Jean Piaget states that a child first becomes aware of a concept, such as relative size, and only afterward do they acquire the words and patterns to convey that concept. (1.1)

• Second, the behaviorist’s point of view states that children do imitate adults and learn by imitating and repeating what they hear. (1.2)

• Third, the innateness of certain linguistics features theory by Noam

Chomsky states that children are born with an innate capacity for learning human language. (1.3)

• What kinds of syntactic errors are found in thesis proposal written by the students of English Letters and Language Department of UIN

Malang.(4.2)

4.1.3.1.2 Omission of grammatical morpheme

The omissions of grammatical morpheme are identified in this study and they fall into four main categories: noun phrase, verb phrase, verb and verb construction, and transformation. All types are found in this study.

1. Noun phrase

The omissions of noun phrase identified in this study are determiner, number, nominalization, pronoun, and preposition.

a. The use of determiner

Omissions of grammatical morphemes found in this study are omission of determiner, such as:

• It contains number of key themes that are covered throughout the Quran, such as the message of Islam to mankind. (2.3)

• The design of this study is descriptive qualitative method. (2.5)

• The present study uses descriptive qualitative design. (3.7)

• The same study has also conducted by Netty Purwatiningsih, student of Brawijaya University, (2004) "the grammatical errors in tenses at the people articles of Jakarta Post during the month of October, 2003 period.(5.3)

• Besides, this study is considered as descriptive qualitative research because the data collected are in the form of word .(5.11)

The sentences above are incorrect because the writer omitted articles before noun phrase. Those sentences above require indefinite article ‘a’ that must be added before singular countable nouns. The correct examples can be seen in the following sentences where articles marked by underlined:

• It contains a number of key themes that are covered throughout the Quran, such as the message of Islam to mankind. (2.3)

• The design of this study is a descriptive qualitative method. (2.5)

• The present study uses a descriptive qualitative design. (3.7)

• The same study has also conducted by Netty Purwatiningsih, a student of Brawijaya University, (2004) "the grammatical errors in tenses at the people articles of Jakarta Post during the month of October, 2003 period.(5.3)

• Besides, this study is considered as a descriptive qualitative research because the data collected are in the form of word. (5.11)

The other cases are omission of definite article, particularly article ‘the’

such as:

• In addition, the result of this research will be one of important sources for the next researcher who will conduct a research on the same field. (1.9)

• At the beginning of twentieth century some opinions appeared to perfect Aristotle's theory. (3.1)

• What kinds of syntactical errors in thesis proposal written by the students of English Letters and Language Department of UIN Malang? (4.2)

• Based on the problem of the study, objective of the study is to find out kinds of syntactic errors in thesis proposal written by the students of English Letters and Language Department of UIN Malang. (4.3)

• This is kind of error characterized by the absence of an item that appears in a well-formed utterance.(4.6)

• Based on the previous reasons, the writer wants to analyze about

"syntactic errors in argumentative essays written by the students of English letters and language department of UIN Malang. (5.4)

• This study is focused on syntactic errors in argumentative essays written by the students of UIN Malang. (5.5)

• She only investigates argumentative essays using dramatic entrance introductory written by fifth semester students of English Letters and Language Department of UIN Malang academic year 2006/2007. (5.6)

The sentences above are incorrect because the writer omitted definite article ‘the’ in the context where definiteness is required. The correction would be added by definite article ‘the’ before noun phrase, such as in the following sentences:

• In addition, the result of this research will be one of the important sources for the next researcher who will conduct a research on the same field.

(1.9)

• At the beginning of the twentieth century some opinions appeared to perfect Aristotle's theory. (3.1)

• What kinds of syntactical errors in the thesis proposal written by the students of English Letters and Language Department of UIN Malang?

(4.2)

• Based on the problem of the study, the objective of the study is to find out kinds of syntactic errors in the thesis proposal written by the students of English Letters and Language Department of UIN Malang. (4.3)

• This is the kind of error characterized by the absence of an item that appears in a well-formed utterance.(4.6)

• Based on the previous reasons, the writer wants to analyze about

"syntactic errors in the argumentative essays written by the students of English letters and language department of UIN Malang. (5.4)

• This study is focused on syntactic errors in the argumentative essays written by the students of UIN Malang. (5.5)

• She only investigates the argumentative essays using dramatic entrance introductory written by the fifth semester students of English Letters and Language Department of UIN Malang in the academic year 2006/2007.

(5.6)

b. The use of number

Errors in number occur in the use of plural noun, such as follow:

• Because there are many thesis proposal proposed by the students, the researcher will analyze the current thesis proposals which discussing about linguistics research.(4.4)

• On the other hand, some proposal show relatively more frequent occurrences of errors, which are mostly related to changes made to the English inflections, by omitted, added or misformed. (4.14)

Both sentences above are incorrect because the determiner ‘many’ and

‘some’ show plural; however, inflectional suffix (-s) is required since the context is in plural. The correction would be:

• Because there are many thesis proposals proposed by the students, the researcher will analyze the current thesis proposals which discussing about linguistics research. (4.4)

• On the other hand, some proposals show relatively more frequent occurrences of errors, which are mostly related to changes made to the English inflections, by omitted, added or misformed. (4.14)

c. The use of pronoun

Errors in pronoun are found in this study, such as:

• Those theories explicitly established both modes of linguistic

communication and linguistic system included phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and later pragmatics.(1.4)

• The students are not fully aware that the use of determiner, preposition and other grammatical constituents are fixed in English.(4.7)

The sentences above are incorrect because of the omission of relative pronoun ‘which’ referring to a thing. The use of ‘which’ in the constructions above is required because it introduces adjective clauses in which it serves as subject or object. In the first sentence, the relative pronoun functioning as subject in a relative clause is omitted. While, in the second sentence the relative pronoun functioning as object is omitted. The correct examples can be seen in the following sentences:

• Those theories explicitly established both modes of linguistic communication and linguistic system which include phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and later pragmatics.(1.4)

• The students are not fully aware that the use of determiner, preposition and other grammatical constituents which are fixed in English.(4.7)

The other case found in this study, such as:

• There are some researchers, of course, has conducted a research in the same field, such as Sri Rahayu, student of State University of Malang (2000), has analyzed about “ Errors on English complex sentence made by the third year students of English education department of State University of Malang. (5.1)

The sentence above is incorrect because of the omission of relative pronoun ‘who’ which refers to a person. In the sentence above, the relative pronoun functioning as subject in a relative clause is omitted. The correction would be:

• There are some researchers, of course, who have conducted a research in the same field, such as Sri Rahayu, student of State University of Malang (2000), has analyzed about “Errors on English complex sentence made by the third year students of English education department of State University of Malang. (5.1)

d. The use of preposition

Errors in preposition found in this study are:

• There have been many studies focusing on the child language acquisition resulted diverse findings based on the perspective and the theory approach the researchers used. (1.6)

• Concerning negation meaning, it is stated that negative constructions contain meaning spread into various possibilities, depending on what is expected and the thinking direction. (3.2)

• One consequence of these facts concerning the normal distribution of information in sentences in discourses is that in common use or negation in natural language, only the asserted portion of the corresponding affirmative is denied, while the presupposition remains outside the negative scope. (3.5)

• Based on the result the examination, Payne needs to broaden Klima's concept on the types of negative constituent into five types, although not all languages have these five types. (3.6)

• Clauses as units which are transformationally related as units which are not phrases; minor cases of incompleteness.(4.10)

• It is shown that they are not fully aware the use of determiner, preposition and other grammatical constituents fixed in English. (5.8)

The sentences above are considered error because the writer omitted preposition which actually required in the context. The correction would be:

• There have been many studies focusing on the child language acquisition resulted in diverse findings based on the perspective and the theory approach the researchers used. (1.6)

• Concerning with negation meaning, it is stated that negative constructions contain meaning spread into various possibilities, depending on what is expected and the thinking direction. (3.2)

• One consequence of these facts concerning with the normal distribution of information in sentences in discourses is that in common use or negation in natural language, only the asserted portion of the corresponding affirmative is denied, while the presupposition remains outside the negative scope. (3.5)

• Based on the result of the examination, Payne needs to broaden Klima's concept on the types of negative constituent into five types, although not all languages have these five types. (3.6)

• Clauses as units which are transformationally related to as units which are not phrases; minor cases of incompleteness.(4.10)

• It is shown that they are not fully aware of the use of determiner, preposition and other grammatical constituents fixed in English. (5.8)

2. Verb phrase

The omissions of verb phrase identified in this study are omission of verb

‘be’ and agreement of subject and verb.

a. Omission of verb ‘be’

The omission of verb found in this study is caused by the omission of ‘to be’ in progressive tense. It can be seen in the following sentence:

• When children produce word and sentences, it means that they send message to people they talked to, however children in the early age just babbling and uttering unstructured sentences. (1.7)

The sentence above is incorrect because the omission of be in the

formation of progressive tense, which consists of be + V-ing. To improve the construction, the auxiliary ‘are’ should be presented before just babbling and uttering. The correction would be:

• When children produce word and sentences, it means that they send message to people they talked to, however children in the early age are just babbling and uttering unstructured sentences. (1.7)

b. Agreement of subject and verb

The second error is related to the omission of agreement subject and verb.

The errors sentences found in this study are:

• Yule’s statement (1994: 136) that a child growing up in the first two or three years requires interaction with other language users in order to bring the “language- faculty” into operation with a particular language, support this.(1.5)

• However, few know the meaning and explanation of these verses as has been narrated by the noble Prophet and his Companions. (2.2)

• Theoretically, the result of this study is expected to be useful and give new information to the study of syntax, especially in syntactic errors (4.1)

• From her findings, she conclude that the most frequent type of errors in syntax, and the most frequent types of grammatical categories are pluralization, to be and prepositions. (4.11)

• Based on her findings, it can be concluded that the students’ problem in constructing English complex sentence lay on the use of subordinators and punctuation.(4.12)

• In qualitative research, the researcher become the primarily instrument employed to get the data. (4.15)

The sentences above are incorrect because the omission of the third singular inflection (-s) in present tense showing agreement between subject and verb. In other words, singular subjects need singular verb in which singular verb marked by the addition (-s) after verb 1. The correction should be:

• However, few knows the meaning and explanation of these verses as has been narrated by the noble Prophet and his Companions. (2.2)

• Theoretically, the result of this study is expected to be useful and gives new information to the study of syntax, especially in syntactic errors (4.1)

• From her findings, she concludse that the most frequent type of errors in syntax, and the most frequent types of grammatical categories are pluralization, to be and prepositions. (4.11)

• Based on her findings, it can be concluded that the students’ problem in constructing English complex sentence lays on the use of subordinators and punctuation.(4.12)

• In qualitative research, the researcher becomes the primarily instrument employed to get the data. (4.15)

3. Transformation

The errors found in the student’s proposal are the omission of ‘to be’ in passive transformation can be seen in the following sentences:

• A two-dimensional diagram used in generative grammar as a convenient means of playing the data of the internal hierarchical structure of sentences as generated by a set of rules.(2.4)

• Clauses distinguished by predication, function of clause, simple and complex sentence. (4.9).

The sentences above are incorrect because the missing of auxiliary be ‘is’

and ‘are indicating passive verb form. The correct sentence shown by the underlined words as follows:

• A two-dimensional diagram is used in generative grammar as a

convenient means of playing the data of the internal hierarchical structure of sentences as generated by a set of rules.(2.4)

• Clauses are distinguished by predication, function of clause, simple and complex sentence. (4.9).

The other case found in this study is:

The sentence above is incorrect because the missing of auxiliary be ‘been’

indicate passive transformation. The correction would be as follows:

• The same study has also been conducted by Netty Purwatiningsih, student of Brawijaya University, (2004) "the grammatical errors in tenses at the people articles of Jakarta Post during the month of October, 2003. (5.3)

Dalam dokumen Syntactic Errors in thesis proposals on Syntax Study Written by The Students of English Letters and Language Department of The State Islamic University of Malang (Halaman 46-56)