E. The Technique of Data Collection
1. Validity
A test is valid if it measures what it purposes to measure. In order to find out the validity of the test in this research, the writer concern to content validity. According to Gay Content validity is the degree to which a test measures an intended content area.52 In content validity the writer consulted with her supervisor to discuss the instrument used in measuring reading comprehension of the students.
In analyzed the validity in this research, the writer used instrument.
The instrument was a test. Before the test given for students, the writer had consulted first with the writers’ supervisor. Questions of the test consisted of 25 items. There were 33 students in this test and there were 5 passages in this test. Question of each item in this test included each indicator of reading comprehension. There were 5 indicators of reading comprehension in this research. And for the score the writer gave 4 points for the students’ correct answer in each item. After the test, the writer collected the students score and analyzed the data manually.
According to Arikunto, the level of difficulty was used to show how easy and difficult an item is. It was calculated by using the formula:
=
52L.R. Gay and Peter Airasian, Op. Cit. 163
Where:
P = Difficulty level
B = The number of correct answer JS = The number of students
For example, if item number 1 was correct by 8 students of 20 students, the difficulty could be calculated as follows:
P =
P = P = 0.4
If the value was changed into percentage, it could be calculated 0.4 x 100% = 40. The value was considered standard, and could be used to get the data. In other words, the item did not need to be changed. After doing try out, the researcher found that there were no any items modified because the level of difficulty reached the standard item of difficulty. Then, the proportion correct was represented by “p” , whereas the proportion incorrect was represented by “q”.
Table III.5
The Students are Able to State Topic on Narrative text
Variable State topic N
Item no 2 10 14 16 22
33 Total of
correct item
19 20 21 18 20
P 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.55 0.61
Q 0.42 0.39 0.36 0.45 0.39
Based on table III.5, the item number for state the topic is 2, 10, 14, 16, and 22. It shows that the proportion of correct answer of number 2 is 0.58, the proportion of correct answer of number 10 is 0.61, and the proportion of the correct answer of number 14 is 0.64, and the proportion of correct answer of number 16 is 0.55, and the proportion of correct answer of number 22 is 0.61. the total correct answer of state the topic is 0.60. Then, based on the standard difficulty “P” is > 0.30 and < 0.70. So, the items of difficulties for state the topic are accepted.
Table III.6
The Students are Able to Identify Generic Structure (Orientation, Complication and Resolution) on Narrative Text
Variable Identify generic structure N
Item no 5 6 13 19 23
33 Total of
correct item
18 17 18 18 20
P 0.55 0.52 0.55 0.55 0.61
Q 0.45 0.48 0.45 0.45 0.39
Based on table III.6, the item number for identifying generic structure is 5, 6, 13, 19, and 23. It shows that the proportion of correct answer of number 5 is 0.55, the proportion of correct answer of number 6 is 0.52, and the proportion of the correct answer of number 13 is 0.55, and the proportion of correct answer of number 19 is 0.55, and the proportion of correct answer
of number 23 is 0.61. the total correct answer of identify generic structure is 0.56. Then, based on the standard difficulty “P” is >
0.30 and < 0.70. So, the items of difficulties for identify generic structure are accepted.
Table III.7
The Students are Able to Make Inference on Narrative Text
Variable Make inference N
Item no 1 4 7 20 24
33 Total of
correct item
21 17 18 11 20
P 0.64 0.52 0.55 0.33 0.61 Q 0.36 0.48 0.45 0.67 0.39
Based on table III.7, the item number for make inference is 1, 4, 7, 20, and 24. It shows that the proportion of correct answer of number 1 is 0.64, the proportion of correct answer of number 4 is 0.52, and the proportion of the correct answer of number 7 is 0.55, and the proportion of correct answer of number 20 is 0.33, and the proportion of correct answer of number 24 is 0.61. the total correct answer of make inference is 0.53. Then, based on the standard difficulty “P” is > 0.30 and < 0.70. So, the items of difficulties for make inference are accepted.
Table III.8
The Students are Able to Locate or Identify Facts on Narrative Text
Variable Identify facts N
Item no 3 11 15 17 21
33 Total of
correct item
11 18 20 17 19
P 0.33 0.55 0.61 0.52 0.58 Q 0.67 0.45 0.39 0.48 0.42
Based on table III.8, the item number for identifying the facts is 3, 11, 15, 17, and 21. It shows that the proportion of correct answer of number 3 is 0.33, the proportion of correct answer of number 11 is 0.55, and the proportion of the correct answer of number 15 is 0.61, and the proportion of correct answer of number 17 is 0.52, and the proportion of correct answer of number 21 is 0.58. the total correct answer of identify facts is 0.52. Then, based on the standard difficulty “P” is > 0.30 and < 0.70. So, the items of difficulties for identify facts are accepted.
Table III.9
The Students are Able to Analyze the Meaning of Certain Words on Narrative Text
Variable Analyze the meaning of certain words N
Item no 8 9 12 18 25
33 Total of
correct item
11 18 11 20 17
P 0.33 0.55 0.33 0.61 0.52 Q 0.67 0.45 0.67 0.39 0.48
Based on table III.9, the item number for analyzed the meaning of certain word is 8, 9, 12, 18, and 25. It shows that the proportion of correct answer of number 8 is 0.33, the proportion of correct answer of number 9 is 0.55, and the proportion of the correct answer of number 12 is 0.33, and the proportion of correct answer of number 18 is 0.61, and the proportion of correct answer of number 25 is 0.52. the total correct answer of analyze the meaning of certain words is 0.47. Then, based on the standard difficulty “P” is > 0.30 and < 0.70. So, the items of difficulties for analyze the meaning of certain words are accepted.