y[kuoh vank”k - NCERT- Hindi Kshitij

eqI+kQfLly dh iSlsatj Vªsu py iM+us dh mrkoyh esa iw¡Qdkj jgh FkhA vkjke ls lsoaQM Dykl esa tkus osQ fy, nke vfèkd yxrs gSaA nwj rks tkuk ugha FkkA HkhM+ ls cpdj] ,dkar esa u;h dgkuh osQ lacaèk esa lksp ldus vkSj f[kM+dh ls izkÑfrd n`'; ns[k ldus osQ fy, fVdV lsoaQM Dykl dk gh ys fy;kA

xkM+h NwV jgh FkhA lsoaQM Dykl osQ ,d NksVs fMCcs dks [kkyh le>dj] ”kjk nkSM+dj mlesa p<+ x,A vuqeku osQ izfrowQy fMCck futZu ugha FkkA ,d cFkZ ij y[kuÅ dh uokch uLy osQ ,d lI+ksQniks'k lTtu cgqr lqfoèkk ls ikyFkh ekjs cSBs FksA lkeus nks rk”ks&fpdus [khjs rkSfy, ij j[ks FksA fMCcs esa gekjs lglk owQn tkus ls lTtu dh vk¡[kksa esa ,oQkar ¯pru esa fo?u dk vlarks"k fn[kkbZ fn;kA lkspk] gks ldrk gS] ;g Hkh dgkuh osQ fy, lw> dh ¯prk esa gksa ;k [khjs&tSlh vinkFkZ oLrq dk 'kkSd djrs ns[ks tkus osQ ladksp esa gksaA uokc lkgc us laxfr osQ fy, mRlkg ugha fn[kk;kA geus Hkh muosQ lkeus dh cFkZ ij cSBdj vkRelEeku esa vk¡[ksa pqjk yhaA

Bkyh cSBs] dYiuk djrs jgus dh iqjkuh vknr gSA uokc lkgc dh vlqfoèkk vkSj ladksp osQ dkj.k dk vuqeku djus yxsA laHko gS] uokc lkgc us fcyoqQy vosQys ;k=kk dj ldus osQ vuqeku esa fdI+kQk;r osQ fopkj ls lsoaQM Dykl dk fVdV [kjhn fy;k gks vkSj vc xokjk u gks fd 'kgj dk dksbZ lI+ksQniks'k mUgsa e¡>ys ntsZ esa lI+kQj djrk ns[ksA---vosQys lI+kQj dk oDr dkVus osQ fy, gh [khjs [kjhns gksaxs vkSj vc fdlh lI+ksQniks'k osQ lkeus [khjk oSQls [kk,¡\ ge duf[k;ksa ls uokc lkgc dh vksj ns[k jgs FksA uokc lkgc oqQN nsj xkM+h dh f[kM+dh ls ckgj ns[kdj fLFkfr ij xkSj djrs jgsA

^vksg*] uokc lkgc us lglk gesa lacksèku fd;k] ^vknkc&v”kZ*] tukc] [khjs dk 'kkSd I+kQjek,¡xs\

uokc lkgc dk lglk Hkko&ifjorZu vPNk ugha yxkA Hkk¡i fy;k] vki 'kjkI+kQr dk xqeku cuk, j[kus osQ fy, gesa Hkh ekewyh yksxksa dh gjdr esa yFksM+ ysuk pkgrs gSaA tokc fn;k] ^'kqfØ;k] fdcyk 'kkSd iQjek,¡A*

;'kiky

uokc lkgc us fiQj ,d iy f[kM+dh ls ckgj ns[kdj xkSj fd;k vkSj n`<+ fu'p; ls [khjksa osQ uhps j[kk rkSfy;k >kM+dj lkeus fcNk fy;kA lhV osQ uhps ls yksVk mBkdj nksuksa [khjksa dks f[kM+dh ls ckgj èkks;k vkSj rkSfy, ls iksaN fy;kA tsc ls pkowQ fudkykA nksuksa [khjksa osQ flj dkVs vkSj mUgsa xksndj >kx fudkykA fiQj [khjksa dks cgqr ,gfr;kr ls Nhydj iQk¡dksa dks djhus ls rkSfy, ij ltkrs x,A

y[kumQ LVs'ku ij [khjk cspus okys [khjs osQ bLrseky dk rjhdk tkurs gSaA xzkgd osQ fy, thjk&feyk ued vkSj filh gqbZ yky fepZ dh iqfM+;k Hkh gkf”kj dj nsrs gSaA

uokc lkgc us cgqr djhus ls [khjs dh iQk¡dksa ij thjk&feyk ued vkSj yky fepZ dh lq[khZ cqjd nhA mudh izR;sd Hkko&Hkafxek vkSj tcM+ksa osQ LiqQj.k ls Li"V Fkk fd ml izfØ;k esa mudk eq[k [khjs osQ jlkLoknu dh dYiuk ls Iykfor gks jgk FkkA

ge duf[k;ksa ls ns[kdj lksp jgs Fks] fe;k¡ jbZl curs gSa] ysfdu yksxksa dh u”kjksa ls cp ldus osQ [k;ky esa viuh vlfy;r ij mrj vk, gSaA

uokc lkgc us fiQj ,d ckj gekjh vksj ns[k fy;k] ^oYykg] 'kkSd dhft,] y[kumQ dk ckye [khjk gS!*

ued&fepZ fNM+d fn, tkus ls rk”ks [khjs dh ifu;krh iQk¡osaQ ns[kdj ikuh eq¡g eas ”k:j vk jgk Fkk] ysfdu budkj dj pqosQ FksA vkRelEeku fuckguk gh mfpr le>k] mÙkj fn;k] ^'kqfØ;k] bl oDr ryc eglwl ugha gks jgh] esnk Hkh ”kjk de”kksj gS] fdcyk 'kkSd iQjek,¡A* uokc lkgc us lr`".k vk¡[kksa ls ued&fepZ osQ la;ksx ls pedrh [khjs dh iQk¡dksa dh vksj ns[kkA f[kM+dh osQ ckgj ns[kdj nh?kZ fu'okl fy;kA [khjs dh ,d iQk¡d mBkdj gksaBksa rd ys x,A iQk¡d dks lw¡?kkA Lokn osQ vkuan esa iyosaQ eq¡n

xb±A eq¡g esa Hkj vk, ikuh dk ?kw¡V xys ls mrj x;kA rc uokc lkgc us iQk¡d dks f[kM+dh ls ckgj NksM+ fn;kA uokc lkgc [khjs dh iQk¡dksa dks ukd osQ ikl ys tkdj] okluk ls jlkLoknu dj f[kM+dh osQ ckgj isaQdrs x,A

uokc lkgc us [khjs dh lc iQk¡dksa dks f[kM+dh osQ ckgj isaQddj rkSfy, ls gkFk vkSj gksaB iksaN fy, vkSj xoZ ls xqykch vk¡[kksa ls gekjh vksj ns[k fy;k] ekuks dg jgs gksaμ;g gS [kkunkuh jbZlksa dk rjhdk!

uokc lkgc [khjs dh rS;kjh vkSj bLrseky ls Fkddj ysV x,A gesa rlyhe esa flj [ke dj ysuk iM+kμ;g gS [kkunkuh rg”khc] uI+kQklr vkSj u”kkdr!

ge xkSj dj jgs Fks] [khjk bLrseky djus osQ bl rjhosQ dks [khjs dh lqxaèk vkSj Lokn dh dYiuk ls larq"V gksus dk lw{e] uI+kQhl ;k ,CLVSªDV rjhdk ”k:j dgk tk ldrk gS ijarq D;k ,sls rjhosQ ls mnj dh r`fIr Hkh gks ldrh gS\

uokc lkgc dh vksj ls Hkjs isV osQ m¡Qps Mdkj dk 'kCn lqukbZ fn;k vkSj uokc lkgc us gekjh vksj ns[kdj dg fn;k] ^[khjk y”kh”k gksrk gS ysfdu gksrk gS ldhy] ukeqjkn esns ij cks> Mky nsrk gSA*

Kku&p{kq [kqy x,! igpkukμ;s gSa u;h dgkuh osQ ys[kd!

[khjs dh lqxaèk vkSj Lokn dh dYiuk ls isV Hkj tkus dk Mdkj vk ldrk gS rks fcuk fopkj] ?kVuk vkSj ik=kksa osQ] ys[kd dh bPNk ek=k ls ^u;h dgkuh* D;ksa ugha cu ldrh\

iz'u&vH;kl

1- ys[kd dks uokc lkgc osQ fdu gko&Hkkoksa ls eglwl gqvk fd os muls ckrphr djus osQ fy, rfud Hkh mRlqd ugha gaS\

2- uokc lkgc us cgqr gh ;Ru ls [khjk dkVk] ued&fepZ cqjdk] varr% lw¡?kdj gh f[kM+dh ls ckgj isaQd fn;kA mUgksaus ,slk D;ksa fd;k gksxk\ mudk ,slk djuk muosQ oSQls LoHkko dks bafxr djrk gS\

3- fcuk fopkj] ?kVuk vkSj ik=kksa osQ Hkh D;k dgkuh fy[kh tk ldrh gSA ;'kiky osQ bl fopkj ls vki dgk¡ rd lger gSa\

;'kiky

jpuk vkSj vfHkO;fDr

5- (d) uokc lkgc }kjk [khjk [kkus dh rS;kjh djus dk ,d fp=k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA bl iwjh izfØ;k dks vius 'kCnksa esa O;Dr dhft,A

([k) fdu&fdu ph”kksa dk jlkLoknu djus osQ fy, vki fdl izdkj dh rS;kjh djrs gSa\

6- [khjs osQ lacaèk esa uokc lkgc osQ O;ogkj dks mudh lud dgk tk ldrk gSA vkius uokcksa dh vkSj Hkh ludksa vkSj 'kkSd osQ ckjs esa i<+k&lquk gksxkA fdlh ,d osQ ckjs esa fyf[k,A

7- D;k lud dk dksbZ ldkjkRed :i gks ldrk gS\ ;fn gk¡ rks ,slh ludksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

Hkk"kk&vè;;u

8- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls fØ;kin Nk¡Vdj fØ;k&Hksn Hkh fyf[k,μ

(d) ,d lI+ksQniks'k lTtu cgqr lqfo/k ls ikyFkh ekjs cSBs FksA

([k) uokc lkgc us laxfr osQ fy, mRlkg ugha fn[kk;kA

(x) Bkyh cSBs] dYiuk djrs jgus dh iqjkuh vknr gSA

(?k) vosQys lI+kQj dk oDr dkVus osQ fy, gh [khjs [kjhns gksaxsA

(Ä) nksuksa [khjksa osQ flj dkVs vkSj mUgsa xksndj >kx fudkykA

(p) uokc lkgc us lr`".k vk¡[kksa ls ued&fepZ osQ la;ksx ls pedrh [khjs dh iQk¡dksa dh vksj ns[kkA

(N) uokc lkgc [khjs dh rS;kjh vkSj bLrseky ls Fkddj ysV x,A

(t) tsc ls pkowQ fudkykA

ikBsrj lfØ;rk

y ^fdcyk 'kkSd iQjek,¡*] ^vknkc&v”kZ---'kkSd iQjek,¡xs* tSls dFku f'k"Vkpkj ls tqM+s gSaA viuh ekr`Hkk"kk osQ f'k"Vkpkj lwpd dFkuksa dh ,d lwph rS;kj dhft,A

y ^[khjk---esns ij cks> Mky nsrk gS* D;k okLro eas [khjk vip djrk gS\ fdlh Hkh [kk| inkFkZ dk ip&vip gksuk dbZ dkj.kksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA cM+kas ls ckrphr dj dkj.kksa dk irk yxkb,A y [kk| inkFkks± osQ lacaèk esa cgqr&lh ekU;rk,¡ gaS tks vkiosQ {ks=k esa izpfyr gksaxh] muosQ ckjs esa

ppkZ dhft,A

y iru'khy lkearh oxZ dk fp=k.k izsepan us viuh ,d izfl¼ dgkuh ^'krjat osQ f[kykM+h* esa fd;k Fkk vkSj fiQj ckn esa lR;thr jk; us bl ij blh uke ls ,d fI+kQYe Hkh cukbZ FkhA ;g dgkuh <w¡<+dj if<+, vkSj laHko gks rks fI+kQYe Hkh nsf[k,A

'kCn&laink

eqI+kQfLly & osaQnzLFk uxj osQ bnZ&fxnZ osQ LFkku lI+ksQniks'k & Hknz O;fDr

fdI+kQk;r & ferO;rk] le>nkjh ls mi;ksx djuk vknkc v”kZ & vfHkoknu dk ,d <ax

xqeku & Hkze

,gfr;kr & lkoèkkuh

cqjd nsuk & fNM+d nsuk

LiqQj.k & iQM+oQuk] fgyuk

Iykfor & ikuh Hkj tkuk

ifu;krh & jlhyh

esnk & vek'k;

rlyhe & lEeku esa

flj [ke djuk & flj >qdkuk

rg”khc & f'k"Vrk

uI+kQklr & LoPNrk

u”kkdr & dkseyrk

uI+kQhl & cf<+;k

,CLVªSDV & lw{e] ftldk HkkSfrd vfLrRo u gks] vewrZ

l

osZ'oj n;ky lDlsuk dk tUe lu~~ 1927 esa f”kyk

cLrh] mÙkj izns'k esa gqvkA mudh mPp f'k{kk bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; ls gqbZA os vè;kid] vkdk'kok.kh esa lgk;d izksM~;wlj] fnueku esa milaiknd vkSj ijkx osQ laiknd

jgsA lu~~ 1983 esa mudk vkdfLed fuèku gks x;kA losZ'oj cgqeq[kh izfrHkk osQ lkfgR;dkj FksA os dfo] dgkuhdkj] miU;kldkj] fucaèkdkj vkSj ukVddkj FksA losZ'oj dh izeq[k Ñfr;k¡ gSaμdkB dh ?kafV;k¡] oqQvkuks unh] taxy dk nnZ] [kw¡fV;ksa ij V¡xs yksx (dfork&laxzg)_ ikxy oqQÙkksa dk elhgk] lks;k gqvk ty (miU;kl)_ yM+kbZ (dgkuh&laxzg)_ cdjh (ukVd)_ HkkSa HkkSa [kkSa [kkSa] crwrk dk twrk] yk[k dh ukd (cky lkfgR;)A pjps vkSj pj[ks muosQ ys[kksa dk laxzg gSA [k¡wfV;ksa ij V¡xs yksx

ij mUgsa lkfgR; vdknseh dk iqjLdkj feykA

losZ'oj dh igpku eè;oxhZ; vkdka{kkvksa osQ ys[kd osQ :i esa dh tkrh gSA eè;oxhZ; thou dh egRokdka{kkvksa] liuksa] la?k"kZ] 'kks"k.k] grk'kk vkSj oqqaQBk dk fp=k.k muosQ lkfgR; esa feyrk gSA losZ'oj th LraHkdkj Fks vkSj pjps vkSj pj[ks uke ls fnueku esa tks LraHk fy[krs Fks mlesa

csckd lp dgus dk lkgl fn[krk gSA mudh vfHkO;fDr esa lgtrk vkSj LokHkkfodrk gSA

losZ'oj

n;ky

lDlsuk

laLej.k Le`fr;ksa ls curk gS vkSj Le`fr;ksa dh fo'oluh;rk mls egÙoiw.kZ cukrh gSA I+kQknj dkfey cqYosQ ij fy[kk losZ'oj dk ;g laLej.k bl dlkSVh ij [kjk mrjrk gSA vius dks Hkkjrh; dgus okys I+kQknj cqYosQ tUes rks csfYt;e (;wjksi) osQ jSElpSiy 'kgj esa tks fxjtksa] iknfj;ksa] èkeZxq#vksa vkSj larksa dh Hkwfe dgh tkrh gS ijarq mUgksaus viuh deZHkwfe cuk;k Hkkjr dksA I+kQknj cqYosQ ,d laU;klh Fks ijarq ikjaifjd vFkZ esa ughaA losZ'oj dk I+kQknj cqYosQ ls varjax lacaèk Fkk ftldh >yd gesa bl laLej.k esa feyrh gSA ys[kd dk ekuuk gS fd tc rd jkedFkk gS] bl fons'kh Hkkjrh; lkèkq dks ;kn fd;k tk,xk rFkk mUgas ¯gnh Hkk"kk vkSj cksfy;ksa osQ vxkèk izse dk mnkgj.k ekuk tk,xkA

losZ'oj n;ky lDlsuk

ekuoh; d#.kk dh fnO; ped

I+kQknj dks ”kgjckn ls ugha ejuk pkfg, FkkA ftldh jxksa esa nwljksa osQ fy, feBkl Hkjs ve`r osQ vfrfjDr vkSj oqQN ugha Fkk mlosQ fy, bl ”kgj dk foèkku D;ksa gks\ ;g loky fdl bZ'oj ls iwNsa\ izHkq dh vkLFkk gh ftldk vfLrRo FkkA og nsg dh bl ;kruk dh ijh{kk mez dh vkf[kjh nsgjh ij D;ksa ns\ ,d yach] iknjh osQ lI+ksQn pksxs ls <dh vko`Qfr lkeus gSμxksjk jax] lI+ksQn >k¡b± ekjrh Hkwjh nk<+h] uhyh vk¡[ksa&ck¡gsa [kksy xys yxkus dks vkrqjA bruh eerk] bruk viuRo bl lkèkq esa vius gj ,d fiz;tu osQ fy, meM+rk jgrk FkkA eSa iSarhl lky ls bldk lk{kh FkkA rc Hkh tc og bykgkckn esa Fks vkSj rc Hkh tc og fnYyh vkrs FksA vkt mu ck¡gksa dk nckc eSa viuh Nkrh ij eglwl djrk g¡wA

I+kQknj dks ;kn djuk ,d mnkl 'kkar laxhr dks lquus tSlk gSA mudks ns[kuk djQ.kk osQ fueZy ty esa Luku djus tSlk Fkk vkSj muls ckr djuk deZ osQ ladYi ls Hkjuk FkkA eq>s ^ifjey* osQ os fnu ;kn vkrs gSa tc ge lc ,d ikfjokfjd fj'rs esa c¡èks tSls Fks ftlosQ cM+s I+kQknj cqYosQ FksA gekjs g¡lh&e”kkd esa og fufyZIr 'kkfey jgrs] gekjh xksf"B;ksa esa og xaHkhj cgl djrs] gekjh jpukvksa ij csckd jk; vkSj lq>ko nsrs vkSj gekjs ?kjksa osQ fdlh Hkh mRlo vkSj laLdkj esa og cM+s HkkbZ vkSj iqjksfgr tSls [kM+s gks gesa vius vk'kh"kksa ls Hkj nsrsA eq>s viuk cPpk vkSj I+kQknj dk mlosQ eq[k esa igyh ckj vUu Mkyuk ;kn vkrk gS vkSj uhyh vk¡[kksa dh ped esa rSjrk okRlY; HkhμtSls fdlh m¡QpkbZ ij nsonkjQ dh Nk;k esa [kM+s gksaA

dgk¡ ls 'kq: djsa! bykgkckn dh lM+dksa ij I+kQknj dh lkbfdy pyrh nh[k jgh gSA og gekjs ikl vkdj jQdrh gS] eqldjkrs gq, mrjrs gSa] ^nsf[k,&nsf[k, eSaus mls i<+ fy;k gS vkSj eSa dguk pkgrk gw¡---* mudks ozQksèk esa dHkh ugha ns[kk] vkos'k esa ns[kk gS vkSj eerk rFkk I;kj esa yckyc Nydrk eglwl fd;k gSA vdlj mUgsa ns[kdj yxrk fd csfY”k;e esa bathfu;fjax osQ vafre o"kZ esa ig¡qpdj muosQ eu esa laU;klh cuus dh bPNk oSQls tkx xbZ tcfd ?kj Hkjk&iwjk Fkkμnks HkkbZ] ,d cfgu] ek¡] firk lHkh FksA

¶vkidks vius ns'k dh ;kn vkrh gS\¸ ¶esjk ns'k rks vc Hkkjr gSA¸

¶eSa tUeHkwfe dh iwN jgk g¡w\¸

¶gk¡ vkrh gSA cgqr laqnj gS esjh tUeHkwfeμjsElpSiyA¸ ¶?kj esa fdlh dh ;kn\¸

¶ek¡ dh ;kn vkrh gSμcgqr ;kn vkrh gSA¸

fiQj vdlj ek¡ dh Le`fr esa Mwc tkrs ns[kk gSA mudh ek¡ dh fpf_;k¡ vdlj muosQ ikl vkrh FkhaA vius vfHkUUk fe=k MkW- j?kqoa'k dks og mu fpf_;ksa dks fn[kkrs FksA firk vkSj Hkkb;ksa osQ fy, cgqr yxko eu esa ugha FkkA firk O;olk;h FksA ,d HkkbZ ogha iknjh gks x;k gSA ,d HkkbZ dke djrk gS] mldk ifjokj gSA cgu l[r vkSj f”kíh FkhA cgqr nsj ls mlus 'kknh dhA I+kQknj dks ,dkèk ckj mldh 'kknh dh ¯prk O;Dr djrs mu fnuksa ns[kk FkkA Hkkjr esa cl tkus osQ ckn nks ;k rhu ckj vius ifjokj ls feyus Hkkjr ls csfY”k;e x, FksA

¶ysfdu eSa rks laU;klh gw¡A¸

¶vki lc NksM+dj D;ksa pys vk,\¸ ¶izHkq dh bPNk FkhA¸ og ckydksa dh lh ljyrk ls eqldjkdj dgrs] ¶ek¡ us cpiu esa gh ?kksf"kr dj fn;k Fkk fd yM+dk gkFk ls x;kA vkSj lpeqp bathfu;fjax osQ vafre o"kZ dh i<+kbZ NksM+ I+kQknj cqYosQ laU;klh gksus tc èkeZ xqjQ osQ ikl x, vkSj dgk fd eSa laU;kl ysuk pkgrk g¡w rFkk ,d 'krZ j[kh (laU;kl ysrs le; laU;kl pkgus okyk 'krZ j[k ldrk gS) fd eSa Hkkjr tkm¡QxkA¸

¶Hkkjr tkus dh ckr D;ksa mBh\¸ ¶ugha tkurk] cl eu esa ;g FkkA¸ mudh 'krZ eku yh xbZ vkSj og Hkkjr vk x,A igys ^ftlsV la?k* esa nks lky iknfj;ksa osQ chp èkekZpkj dh i<+kbZ

losZ'oj n;ky lDlsuk

jgsA dydÙkk (dksydkrk) ls ch-,- fd;k vkSj fiQj bykgkckn ls ,e-,-A mu fnuksa MkW-èkhjsanz oekZ ¯gnh foHkkx osQ vè;{k FksA 'kksèkizcaèk iz;kx fo'ofo|ky; osQ ¯gnh foHkkx esa jgdj 1950 esa iwjk fd;kμ^jkedFkk % mRifÙk vkSj fodklA* ^ifjey* esa mlosQ vè;k; i<+s x, FksA I+kQknj us ekrj¯yd osQ izfl¼ ukVd ^Cyw cMZ* dk :ikarj Hkh fd;k gS ^uhyiaNh* osQ uke lsA ckn esa og lasV tsfo;lZ dkWfyt] jk¡ph esa ¯gnh rFkk laLÑr foHkkx osQ foHkkxkè;{k gks x, vkSj ;gha mUgksaus viuk izfl¼ vaxzs”kh&¯gnh dks'k rS;kj fd;k vkSj ckbfcy dk vuqokn Hkh---vkSj ogha chekj iM+s] iVuk vk,A fnYyh vk, vkSj pys x,μ47 o"kZ ns'k esa jgdj vkSj 73 o"kZ dh ¯”knxh thdjA

I+kQknj cqYosQ ladYi ls laU;klh FksA dHkh&dHkh yxrk gS og eu ls laU;klh ugha FksA fj'rk cukrs Fks rks rksM+rs ugha FksA nfl;ksa lky ckn feyus osQ ckn Hkh mldh xaèk eglwl gksrh FkhA og tc Hkh fnYyh vkrs ”k:j feyrsμ[kkstdj] le; fudkydj] xehZ] lnhZ] cjlkr >sydj feyrs] pkgs nks feuV osQ fy, gh lghA ;g dkSu laU;klh djrk gS\ mudh ¯prk ¯gnh dks jk"VªHkk"kk osQ :i esa ns[kus dh FkhA gj eap ls bldh rdyhI+kQ c;ku djrs] blosQ fy, vdkV~; roZQ nsrsA cl blh ,d loky ij mUgsa >q¡>ykrs ns[kk gS vkSj ¯gnh okyksa }kjk gh ¯gnh dh mis{kk ij nq[k djrs mUgsa ik;k gSA ?kj&ifjokj osQ ckjs esa] futh nq[k&rdyhI+kQ osQ ckjs esa iwNuk mudk LoHkko Fkk vkSj cM+s ls cM+s nq[k esa muosQ eq[k ls lkaRouk osQ tknw Hkjs nks 'kCn lquuk ,d ,slh jks'kuh ls Hkj nsrk Fkk tks fdlh xgjh riL;k ls tuerh gSA ^gj ekSr fn[kkrh gS thou dks u;h jkgA* eq>s viuh iRuh vkSj iq=k dh e`R;q ;kn vk jgh gS vkSj I+kQknj osQ 'kCnksa ls >jrh fojy 'kkafr HkhA

vkt og ugha gSA fnYyh esa chekj jgs vkSj irk ugha pykA ck¡gsa [kksydj bl ckj mUgksaus xys ugha yxk;kA tc ns[kk rc os ck¡gas nksuksa gkFkksa dh lwth m¡xfy;ksa dks my>k, rkcwr esa ftLe ij iM+h FkhaA tks 'kkafr cjlrh Fkh og psgjs ij fFkj FkhA rjyrk te xbZ FkhA og 18 vxLr 1982 dh lqcg nl cts dk le; FkkA fnYyh esas d'ehjh xsV osQ fudylu dczxkg esa mudk rkcwr ,d NksVh&lh uhyh xkM+h esa ls mrkjk x;kA oqQN iknjh] j?kqoa'k th dk csVk vkSj muosQ ifjtu jkts'ojflag mls mrkj jgs FksA fiQj mls mBkdj ,d yach l¡djh] mnkl isM+ksa dh ?kuh Nk¡g okyh lM+d ls dczxkg osQ vkf[kjh Nksj rd ys tk;k x;k tgk¡ èkjrh dh xksn esa lqykus osQ fy, dcz voko~Q eq¡g [kksys ysVh FkhA mQij djhy dh ?kuh Nk¡g Fkh vkSj pkjksa vksj dczsa vkSj rs”k èkwi osQ o`ÙkA tSusaæ oqQekj] fot;saæ Lukrd] vftr oqQekj] MkW- fueZyk tSu vkSj elhgh leqnk; osQ yksx] iknjhx.k] muosQ chp esa xSfjd olu igus bykgkckn osQ izfl¼ foKku&f'k{kd MkW- lR;izdk'k vkSj MkW- j?kqoa'k Hkh tks vosQys ml l¡djh lM+d dh BaMh mnklh esa cgqr igys ls [kkeks'k nq[k dh fdUgha

vifjfpr vkgVksa ls ncs gq, Fks] fleV vk, Fks dcz osQ pkjksa rjI+kQA I+kQknj dh nsg igys dcz osQ mQij fyVkbZ xbZA elhgh fofèk ls vafre laLdkj 'kq: gqvkA jk¡ph osQ I+kQknj ikLdy rks;uk osQ }kjkA mUgksaus ¯gnh esa elhgh fofèk ls izkFkZuk dh fiQj lasV tsfo;lZ osQ jsDVj I+kQknj ikLdy us muosQ thou vkSj deZ ij J¼katfy vfiZr djrs gq, dgk] ^I+kQknj cqYosQ èkjrh esa tk jgs gSaA bl èkjrh ls ,sls jRu vkSj iSnk gksaA* MkW- lR;izdk'k us Hkh viuh J¼katfy esa muosQ vuqdj.kh; thou dks ueu fd;kA fiQj nsg dcz esa mrkj nh xbZ---A eSa ugha tkurk bl laU;klh us dHkh lkspk Fkk ;k ugha fd mldh e`R;q ij dksbZ jks,xkA ysfdu ml {k.k jksus okyksa dh deh ugha FkhA (ue vk¡[kksa dks fxuuk L;kgh iSQykuk gSA) bl rjg gekjs chp ls og pyk x;k tks geesa ls lcls vfèkd Nk;knkj iQy&iwQy

Dalam dokumen NCERT- Hindi Kshitij - Class X (Halaman 80-93)