Making quality hay
Further reading
Co-operative Bulk Handling (2003) Swathing: A harvest management tool for Western Australia.
Emery, R, Mangano,P & Michael, P 2005. Crop insects: the Ute Guide, Western Grain Belt Edition.
GRDC and Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.
Evans, L, Winfield, K & Paynter, B 2006. Fuel and fertiliser price rises and the bottom line for hay production. Farmnote 179/2006. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.
Falconer, K-L & Bowden, B 2001. How much fertility are you removing when you export hay and stubble from your farm? Farmnote 97/2001. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.
Kessell, D 2010. Annual ryegrass toxicity – current situation. Farmnote 417/2010.
Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.
MacLeod B, VA Vanstone, R Khangura and C Beard (2008). Root disease under intensive cereal production systems. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Bulletin 4732.
Malik, R 2009. Oaten hay production for small landholders. Farmnote 369/2009.
Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.
Mangano, P 2006. Armyworm in Cereal Crops. Farmnote 183. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.
Michael, P 1994. Cutworms pests of crops and pasture. Farmnote 59/1994. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.
Micic, S, Henry, K & Horne, P 2007. Identification and control of pest slugs and snails for broadacre crops in Western Australia Bulletin 4713, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.
Newman, C 2002. Aeration – for preserving grain quality. Farmnote 24/2002. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.
Riethmuller, G 1996. Harvest loss estimation. Farmnote 104/1996. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.
Vanstone VA (2007). Root Lesion and Burrowing Nematodes in Western Australian cropping systems. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Bulletin 4698.
http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/pw/ph/par/bn2006_
nematodes_vvanstone.pdf
Vanstone V and Lewis J (2009). Plant parasitic nematodes fact sheet, Southern and Western region, Managing cereal cyst and root lesion nematodes. GRDC.
Wallwork H (2000). Cereal Root and Crown Diseases. Grains Research and Development Corporation and SARDI, Adelaide.
Winfield K, Paynter B & Malik R 2007. Oat hay quality for export and domestic markets.
Farmnote 209/2007. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.
Winfield K, Paynter B & Malik R, 2006. Determining the cutting date (watery ripe stage) for oat hay. Farmnote 180/2006. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.
Winfield, K, Hall, M & Paynter, B 2007. Milling oat and feed oat quality: what are the differences? Bulletin 4703, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.
Further reading Appendix 1.
Zwer, P & Faulkner, M 2006. Producing Quality Oat Hay, RIRDC publication 06/002.
Available at http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/FCR/06-002.pdf.
Zwer P et al. (2010). Oat variety sowing guide 2010. South Australian Research and Development Institute.
Important websites
Australian Exporters Company (AEXCO): <www.aexco.com.au>
Australian Fodder Industry Association (AFIA): <www.afia.org.au>
Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, ‘Oat Production in Western Australia’
<www.agric.wa.gov.au>
GRDC Stored Grain Website www.storedgrain.com.au
Appendix 1
Appendix 1. Zadoks growth scale
(Compiled from The Wheat Book, Anderson & Garlinge 2000)
The Zadoks decimal growth scale is based on 10 cereal growth stages.
0 Germination 1 Seeding Growth 2 Tillering 3 Stem Elongation 4 Booting 5 Awn Emergence 6 Flowering (Anthesis) 7 Milk Development 8 Dough Development 9 Ripening
Each primary growth stage is divided into 10 secondary stages, extending the scale from 00 to 99. The early growth stages (1, 2 and 3) are referred to most frequently. The Zadoks Growth Scale key does not run chronologically from Z00 to 99. For example, when the crop reaches three fully unfolded leaves (Z13) it begins to tiller (Z20), before it has completed four, five or six fully unfolded leaves (Z14, 15, 16).
0: Germination 00: Dry seed
01: Start of water absorption 03: Seed fully swollen
05: First root emerged from seed 07: Coleoptile emerged from seed 09: First green leaf just at tip of coleoptile 1: Seedling growth
Count leaves on main stem only. Fully emerged
= ligule visible. Subdivide the score by rating the emergence of the youngest leaf in tenths. For example, 12.4 = two emerged leaves plus the youngest leaf at 4/10 emerged.
10: First leaf through coleoptile 11: First leaf emerged
12: 2 leaves emerged 13: 3 leaves emerged 14: 4 leaves emerged 15: 5 leaves emerged 16: 6 leaves emerged 17: 7 leaves emerged 18: 8 leaves emerged 19: 9 or more leaves emerged 2: Tillering
Count visible tillers on main stem; that is, the number of side shoots with a leaf blade merging between a leaf sheath and the main stem.
20: Main stem only 21: Main stem and 1 tiller 22: Main stem and 2 tillers 23: Main stem and 3 tillers 24: Main stem and 4 tillers 25: Main stem and 5 tillers 26: Main stem and 6 tillers 27: Main stem and 7 tillers 28: Main stem and 8 tillers 29: Main stem and 9 or more tillers
3: Stem elongation
Generally count swollen nodes that can be felt on the main stem. Report if dissection is used.
30: Pseudostem (youngest leaf sheath erection) 31: First node detectable
32: Second node detectable 33: Third node detectable 34: Fourth node detectable 35: Fifth node detectable 36: Sixth node detectable 37: Flag leaf just visible 39: Flag leaf ligule just visible 4: Booting
Score the appearance of the sheath of the flag leaf.
41: Flag leaf sheath extending 43: Boots just visible swollen 45: Boots swollen
47: Flag leaf sheath opening 49: First awns visible
5: Ear emergence from boot 51: Tip of ear just visible 53: Ear 1/4 emerged 55: Ear 1/2 emerged 57: Ear 3/4 emerged 59: Ear emergence complete 6: Anthesis (flowering)
Generally scored by noting the presence of emerged anthers.
61: Beginning of anthesis (few anthers at middle of ear)
65: Anthesis half-way (anthers occurring half way to tip and base of ear)
69: Anthesis complete 7: Milk development
Score starch development in the watery kernel.
71: Kernel water ripe (no starch) 73: Early milk
75: Medium milk 77: Late milk
8: Dough development
Kernel no longer watery but still soft and dough-like 83: Early dough
85: Soft dough 87: Hard dough 9: Ripening
91: Grain hard, difficult to divide 92: Grain hard, not dented by thumbnail 93: Grain loosening in daytime
94: Over-ripe straw dead and collapsing 95: Seed dormant
96: Viable seed giving 50% germination 97: Seed not dormant
98: Secondary dormancy induced 99: Secondary dormancy lost