Chapter 3: Pacific rock-art: a summary of research
3.11 Island Melanesia
3.11.1 New Britain
New Britain's rock-art consists of both painted and engraved rock-art, with the two media occasionally occurring at the same site (Figure 3.8). The painted art has many of the characteristics already described for the rock-art of Papua New Guinea and regions to the west which fall under the rubric of the APT. It is primarily red and often occurs on coastal cliff faces many metres above the high water mark. The engravings of New Britain Province, on the other hand, are characterised by striking diversity, ranging from possible grinding grooves to heavily carved faces with a relief quality. Most engravings have a curvilinear structure, and several fit into the region-wide motif repertoire of the AES.
West New Britain
On Unea, a high volcanic island off the northwest coast of New Britain, seven carved stones decorated with stylised faces and clusters of engraved cupules have been described (Riebe 1967). In almost every case, a natural ridge-line in the rock forms the median line of the face. Elsewhere on the island there is an engraving site displaying 'simple geometric' motifs said to be associated with initiation ceremonies (Reibe 1967: 374), and a rectangular shaped stone bearing sharply incised rectilinear motifs, including a double outlined cross enclosed in a double outlined teardrop shape.
An engraving site has recently been reported on the southeastern side of Garua Island (Torrence and Mulvaney 1998). The site consists of four clusters of volcanic tuff boulders for which three primary classes of motifs have been defined: cupules, geometries and grinding hollows. Common among the geometric motifs are circles (rings), circles with central cupules (cup and ring), and concentric circles (Plate 7). Three double concentric circles occur together on the same boulder face in the form of a triangle, giving the impression of two eyes and a mouth (or nose). The curvilinear form of the Garua engravings is comparable to other AES rock-art, although notably absent are the spirals and enveloped crosses which characterise a number of sites elsewhere (e.g. New Ireland and Milne Bay).
At Voganakai village on the Willaumez Peninsula are a series of red paintings on a consolidated volcanic ash cliff face. The art reaches heights of 10-15m above the ground surface and consists of 'dots and straight lines' (Specht 1974). On the north coast of West New Britain are a further two sites recorded by Kamminga (1972): Apoe shelter and Akono 66
Sogo. Apoe shelter, near Denga village, contains in excess of 100 sharply incised lines, many of which may be grinding grooves. Akono Sogo shelter, located about 2km inland but also near Denga village, contains both paintings and engravings. I have not seen illustrations of the paintings at this site but the engraved rock-art consists of cupules, circles (rings), circles with a central cupule (cup and rings), concentric circles, face-like designs, and a small number of more rectilinear motifs, such as zig-zags. Slightly to the west of Denga, and about llkm inland in the Angal-Benim region, lies the site of Titikolo. This site is listed in the Papua New Guinea Archaeological Site Survey files and is said to include both paintings and engravings (Janssen 1972; Specht 1979).
On the far western side of the island, near Gie village, is Cao-go, which was visited by Specht in 1967 (Specht pers. comm. 2001). The site consists of engravings on a series of volcanic boulders located on a hilltop and nearby river bed. Motifs are mostly curvilinear and include cupules, various circular forms, faces, parallel lines, semi-circles and spirals.
Nearby at Gararnati lies the site of Malapapua, which consists of a cluster of volcanic boulders located along a small ridge. Numerous non-figurative forms are present, including circular designs, scrolls, scissor-shaped motifs, wavy lines, triangles, spirals and a few figurative motifs, especially faces and birds. Both of these sites share several scroll/spiral motifs in common with sites elsewhere in the region (e.g. New Ireland Province, Milne Bay Province).
South of Malapapua, on Pililo Island (Arawe Islands), is a rock-art site consisting of red painted forms, including a hand stencil, located 15-20m high on the face of a Pleistocene raised limestone cliff (Specht 1985). A further painted site listed in the Papua New Guinea Site Survey files is Waisisi, located on the Hoskins Peninsula.
East New Britain
The area most intensively surveyed for rock-art in East New Britain is Watom Island. Six sites have been recorded here: four with engravings and two with painted art. All of the engraved art occurs on volcanic boulders, the motifs comprising curvilinear forms such as concentric circles and ovals, circles with central cupules or lines, contiguous circles, and faces. The two painted assemblages are located on exposed limestone cliffs. The paintings at Turtur are composed of a reddish-brown ochre and include an S-shape, a group of short vertical lines, a triangle and another group of vertical lines. Those at Pangulalau are also mostly red (a couple of black motifs have been noted) and include hand prints, triangles, zoomorphs, groups of lines running in different directions, a face-like form, a circle and oval motif, a star, a possible fish, a circle with an internal cross, an anthropomorph, some possible 67
stick figures, and other geometric forms (Specht 1994). Approximately 100 'individual and multiple items' are said to be represented across a 150m expanse of cliff face (Specht 1979:
79, 1994).
Specht (1994: 6) has observed broad similarities between the painted motifs of Watom and those at Dudumahan (Kei Kecil, Moluccas; Ballard 1988a), lending support to Ballard's (1992a) proposition that the APT is expressed at many coastal painted sites in the western Pacific. Like Watom, many painted sites which express the features of the APT are located on small off-shore islands, such as Pililo in the Arawe Islands, Boeng on Tanga Island (see below), several islands in Manus Province (see below), and Vatulele in Fiji (see below). The tendency for APT sites to be located on off-shore islands in Near Oceania matches the distribution of a number of Lapita settlements which are thought by some to be associated with an initial movement of Austronesian speakers in Island Melanesia.
Both painted and engraved sites have also been discovered on adjacent New Britain. The Beehive Rocks consists of a painted assemblage on the rock face of a volcanic plug which emerges out of the water in Simpson Harbour, Rabaul. The paintings have been executed in red pigment and stand out on the light tuff rock surface at about 3m above the water level.
The motifs include crosses, a circle with an internal cross, an indistinct human figure, a 'phallic' motif, and a possible hand (Specht 1966). Other motifs were too indistinct to make out. 14 The Beehives rock-art is exceptionally important from the perspective of developing a rock-art chronology for this and perhaps other sites with comparable rock-art. According to evidence presented by Nairn et al. (1995), the volcanic feature on which the rock-art is located can be no older than around 1400 BP. A catastrophic volcanic eruption at this time is said to have devastated the region out to at least 50 km from the source, now underwater somewhere around the middle of the Rabaul Caldera.
The rock-art of New Britain largely conforms with the characteristics defining the APT and AES. One motif which we do find in this region that has rarely been observed in rock-art to the west (except Milne Bay and Umboi) is the face. This motif is especially common in the engraved assemblages of Island Melanesia. Another interesting pattern observed among the engraving sites is the lack of certain motifs found in sites elsewhere in the region; in
14A painted cliff site has been reported by Bourke (1976a: 149) in the Rembar Range, but no details of the motifs have been made available. Four other rock-art sites located on the southeast coastline also lack detailed descriptions of the art. These include an engraving site at Ruach village; a site with 'drawings' on the Melko River on the south coast; an engraving site at Malmal Mission; and another engraving site at Pomio (listed on the University of Papua New Guinea Prehistory File, 1972).
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particular the enveloped cross and spirals. Scroll-like motifs have been found at Malapapua and Cao-go in West New Britain, but otherwise there is a predominance of circular motifs embellished with central cupules (e.g. Garua; Akono Sogo).
Painted rock-art in New Britain is a classic example of the APT, though I would argue that they lack the curvilinearity (the scroll-like features) of the linear art noted in the APT sites of the MacCluer Gulf. The picture which seems to be emerging in this west-to-east summary of the rock-art of the Pacific is that certain painted motifs associated with the APT appear to find their way into the AES assemblages of Island Melanesia. In Island Melanesia, the APT incorporates a new motif range which is more characteristic of some of the linear rock-art of mainland New Guinea (such as Lake Kutubu, the Sepik and Sialum) which has a far more rectilinear quality. In dating these sites, the rock-art at the Beehives may be instructive. The rectilinear component of the APT, which is distinct from the broadly curvilinear expression of the APT in Eastern Indonesia, appears to have commenced at the Beehives no earlier than c.1400 BP. This date is consonant with Ballard's (1992a) c. 2000 BP date for the commencement of the APT.