BIOMASS STUDY
SYSTEM 7: OCTANE ENHANCERS/OXYGENATES
There is no significant market in China for high-octane unleaded fuel or the oxygenates/octane enhancers required to produce them Otherwise the situation is as for System 4.
Final Report
BIOMASS IN T H E E N E R G Y CYCLE
INDIA Electricity
COMPETING PRODUCT
• Sources: thermal 64%; hydro 3 3 % ; nuclear 3%
• Fuel Costs: coal $0.53 a GJ ($0.26 a GJ ex. tax); oil $5.80 a GJ ($5.10 a GJ ex. tax)
• Plant Capital Costs: coal $1650 a kW; oil $1360 a kW
• Ave. Generation Costs: coal (minemouth) 2.6 cents a kWh; coal 4.4 cents a kWh; oil 6.7 cents a kWh.
• Ave. Transmission Increments: industrial customers 0.3 cents a kWh;
rural customers 0.9 cents a kWh (coal minemouth) to 1.6 cents a kWh (oil).
• Ave Tariffs: 6 to 13 cents a kWh SYSTEM 1: UGNOCELLULOSE
Firm opportunities for bagasse cogeneration into grid at sugar mills of 750-1500MW and possible opportunities for electricity generation from rice hulls at rice mills and from forestry residue resources. All these opportunities could be a suitable match to Australian capabilities and experience. Possible participation in World Bank funded projects and priority Indian Government initiatives.
Notes:
• Residue Fuel Costs: Agricultural residues are already traded and used extensively for domestic and industrial thermal applications at prices ranging from $12 a tonne ($0.7 a GJ) for rice hulls to $37 a tonne ($2.4 a GJ) for other crop residues. Bagasse (wet) for cogeneration 19-27 $ a tonne; Wood residues for gasification $29 a tonne.
• Conversion Costs: Cogeneration with bagasse 700-850 $ a kW (to upgrade existing boilers); capital 1.2-2.3 cents a kWh; O&M 0.6 cents a kWh; fuel 1.6 cents a kWh.
• Product Cost: Bagasse cogeneration into grid 3.1-4.9 cents a kWh;
Gasification of wood 3.6-4.3 cents a kWh (5kW-l MW).
• Resources: Estimated potential of 10,000 PJ a year; wood 33%, animal wastes 18%; bagasse 16%; rice hulls 4 % ; other agricultural residues 3 % ; Estimates of current residue use (mainly thermal) vary up to 8500 PJ a year. Bagasse cogeneration into grid has firm potential of 750-1500MW; Rice hull resource at 300,000 rice mills.
SYSTEM 2: MSW
Possible opportunity if any technology developed in Australia could be adapted to composition of M S W in Indian cities.
Notes:
• No reported current use but feasibility studies have been completed.
• 13,800 tonnes a day at nine cities with total potential capacity of 170 MW.
• Composition of MSW different to Australia.
• Indian Government landfill gas program established in 1984; also program on incineration of MSW.
Final Report Page 114
BIOMASS IN THE ENERGY CYCLE
SYSTEM 3: BIOGAS (ANIMAL AND HUMAN WASTES)
Possible opportunity if Indian Government is successful in reducing use of the animal waste resource directly as a domestic fuel. Otherwise the resource cost of this economic application will remain too high for electricity generation via biogas from animal wastes to be a cost- competitive option.
Notes:
• Substantial quantity of animal waste resource currently burned as a domestic heating and cooking fuel. Price of dungcake is $29 a tonne ($2.40 a GJ).
• Animal waste resource potential estimated to be 1800 PJ a year;
Current biogas production from animal wastes of 14PJ a year (for thermal use).
• Indian Government policy is to discourage use of animal wastes as a heating fuel; (Established program to produce biogas at 140 distilleries in India but this is not within the system definition).
Liquid Transport Fuels COMPETING PRODUCT
The retail price of leaded regular is 65 UScents a litre (ex. tax 20 UScents a litre) and for diesel it is 22 UScents a litre (ex. tax 17 UScents a litre).
However, generally liquid transport fuel options must compete against ex-refinery costs which do not vary more than 30% between countries and international average costs are a better measure.
SYSTEM 4: ETHANOL FROM LIGNOCELLULOSE
Any development or application of this technology in India will only follow worldwide technology developments becoming cost-effective (USA, Europe).
Notes:
• No biomass liquid transport fuel developments reported in India.
• For notes on the lignocellulose resource potential and costs see notes for System 1.
SYSTEMS: METHANOL FROM LIGNOCELLULOSE As for System 4.
SYSTEM 6: BIO-DIESEL FROM OILSEEDS
There is no potential in India for any system which would utilise land, crops, or products suitable for food production.
SYSTEM 7: OCTANE ENHANCERS/OXYGENATES
There is no significant market in India for high octane unleaded fuel or the oxygenates/octane enhancers required to produce them. Otherwise the situation is as for System 4.
Final Report
BIOMASS IN THE ENERGY CYCLE
INDONESIA Electricity
COMPETING PRODUCT
• Generation Capacity: oil 1700MW; hydro 1100 MW; gas 950 MW;
coal 800MW; geothermal 30 MW.
• Production Costs: oil 6.7-12.9 cents a kWH; hydro 1.6-9.4 cents a kWh; gas 6.1-8.9 cents a kWh; coal 3.3 cents a kWh (low reliability data)
• Ave. Tariff: 8.7 cents a kWh SYSTEM 1: LIGNOCELLULOSE
Possible opportunities at agricultural processing plants, especially sugar and rice mills, and from forestry residues.
Notes:
• Residue Resource Costs: No cost data for crop and forest residues available. Fuelwood is priced at 18-21 $ a tonne.
• Product Cost: 7-60 cents a kWh via gasification.
• Resources: Biomass resource potential of 2300 PJ a year against reported current utilisation of 2700 PJ a year. Residues are available from forestry operations and at sugar mills, rice mills, palm oil plants, and coconut processing plants.
• Small scale gasification being commercialised; No other developments reported.
SYSTEM 2: MSW
No identifiable potential. Possibility that potential could be identified if feasibility studies are undertaken
Notes:
• No reported current or planned use of MSW for electricity generation.
• Urban waste management practices and the composition of MSW at Indonesian cities have not been studied from an energy perspective but will certainly be different to those in Australia and may be unsuitable for energy production.
SYSTEM 3: BIOGAS (ANIMAL AND HUMAN WASTES)