• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

z8$!/'8&!R )!'82&!)!2*&amp z8$!/'8&!R )!'82&!)!2*&amp z8$!/'8&!R )!'82&!)!2*&amp z8$!/'8&!R )!'82&!)!2*&amp x A(x) → A(t) , ` eh j leab A(x) = man(x) → mortal(x) t = socrates j8ed c ` ∀x (man(x) → mortal(x)) → (man(socrates) → mortal(socrates))

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Membagikan " z8$!/'8&!R )!'82&!)!2*&amp z8$!/'8&!R )!'82&!)!2*&amp z8$!/'8&!R )!'82&!)!2*&amp z8$!/'8&!R )!'82&!)!2*&amp x A(x) → A(t) , ` eh j leab A(x) = man(x) → mortal(x) t = socrates j8ed c ` ∀x (man(x) → mortal(x)) → (man(socrates) → mortal(socrates))"

Copied!
3
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

! !"!#%$!&!' (!)!*)!+,*).-/ $!0!*1 &!2$,3!(!+!*1

46587 9 :<; =9> ?@ABA@CD?E

F GH I J II K I LMNOP

Q&!R*0,ST(!/ U,V!R&!'(!WX-/$!0!*1 &!2$,3!(!+!*1

Q&!R*0,ST(!/ U,V!R&!'(!WX-/$!0!*1 &!2$,3!(!+!*1 Q&!R*0,ST(!/ U,V!R&!'(!WX-/$!0!*1 &!2$,3!(!+!*1 Q&!R*0,ST(!/ U,V!R&!'(!WX-/$!0!*1 &!2$,3!(!+!*1

Y8Z8[ \<]8^_8`ab _ a8_8[c%d _X^efgeh<i [Z8i Z ` eaeZXh _8^

^Z jXek%[c8\%_8ehld _8^efgeh<i [c8f8ek _ acg^Z8j8ek m

nXo

_8\<i8^c!p nXo

_8\<i8^c!p nXo

_8\<i8^c!p nXo

_8\<i8^c!p

Y ZX[8_Xh q<i [c8f8ek _ acg^Z j8ekrZ8[\<]8^_

A

s

AA

e`d _8^ef!m

tTb c<c8u8]8ed _8^c8h k cg[]8^c `lZ rXi8[Z8i Z ` eaeZXh _8^

^Z jXeklk Z8h aeh8] c%aZgb Z8^f%rZX[Xi8[c8f8ek _ acg^Z jXek m

F

#%$!U,*)!0!$!/ w!xy!V!*z8&!R$!)!18$.#%V!R$!'

#%$!U,*)!0!$!/ w!xy!V!*z8&!R$!)!18$.#%V!R$!'

#%$!U,*)!0!$!/ w!xy!V!*z8&!R$!)!18$.#%V!R$!'

#%$!U,*)!0!$!/ w!xy!V!*z8&!R$!)!18$.#%V!R$!'

{f8c8\<i Z ac8h k c

{f8c8h aeaq

|TZX\<eh _ aeZ8h

}~ZX\<\<] a_ aed eaq

6` ` Z k e_ aed eaq

|~e` a[e€ ] aed eaq

|TclZX[j _8h8‚`<ƒ _ „`

€ ` Z8[i aeZ8h

|~Z8]8€ ^c…~c j _ aeZ8h

nXo

k ^] f8c f%ef8f8^c

|~c reh8eaeZ8h%Z r

|~c reh8eaeZ8h%Z r

|~c reh8eaeZ8h%Z r

?@ABA@C D?E

F GH I JI IK I LMNO@

ƒ c a

A

€ c<_Xh q<i [c8f8ek _ acg^Z j8ekrZX[ \<] ^_Xm

t‹b c8h.Œ

t‹bt‹b c8h.Œc8h.Œ

t‹b c8h.Œ

x ¬ A

e`%^Z jXek _8^^q%c u8]8ed _8^c8h a aZ

¬x A

m

x ¬ A

e`%^Z8j8ek _X^^q%c uX] ed _X^c8h a aZ

¬x A

m

Z8[Xc uX] ed _8^c8h a^qgŒ

Z8[Xc uX] ed _8^c8h a^qgŒ

Z8[Xc uX] ed _8^c8h a^qgŒ

Z8[Xc uX] ed _8^c8h a^qgŒ

x A

e`%^Z jXek _8^^q%c u8]8ed _8^c8h a aZ

¬x ¬ A

m

x A

e`l^Z8j8ek _X^^qlc uX] ed _X^c8h a aZ

¬ ∀x ¬ A

m

?@ABA@C D?E

F GH I JI IK I LMNOE

x &!U,Ž!R$

xx &!U,Ž!R&!U,Ž!R$$ x &!U,Ž!R$

%' *)!+.'82&!/ '&X'2!$,0!(!U,&X*),(!W!0!*' 18(!V!/ '8$!w

¬ ∃x bright(x)

*'R(!+!*18&!RR‘$!y!V!*z &!R$!)!2!2(

x ¬ bright(x)

F

“”!‘8•

“”!‘8•

“”!‘8•

“”!‘8•

¬ ∀ x p(x)

– — ˜™ š›˜ œš ž š œš Ÿ—  

¬ (p(a 1 ) p(a 2 ) p(a 3 ) …)

¡~¢ š š

a 1

£

a 2

£

a 3

£ ¤ — šœ¢ š˜ — ¥6š  6¦ § — ¨¨ š ¨š ¥6š ˜ œ 

¦ § œ¢ šŸ ¦ ¥6— ›˜6¦ § Ÿ ›  – ¦ ©   š ª

« ¢ š— ™ ¦ ¬ š› 6¨¦ ­ ›– — ¨¨®6š ¯ © ›¬ — ¨š ˜ œ œ¦

¬ p(a 1 ) ∨ ¬ p(a 2 ) ∨ ¬ p(a 3 )

¡~¢ ›– ¢6– — ˜™ š›˜ œš ž š œš Ÿ—  

x ¬ p(x)

m

(2)

?@ABA@CD?E

F GH I J II K I LMNO

{h<i [c8f8ek _ acg^Z jXek s „c<k _8h<h Zg^ZXh j cX[X] ` c

a[] abla_X€ ^c `aZ<k b c k „b c ab c8[X_%rZX[\<] ^_ge`

d _X^ef<Z8[X` _ ae` re_8€8^cXm

cgb _ d c%aZg] ` cgi8[Z Z r`

cgh c c8f<_<` Z8] h f<_8h f<k ZX\%i8^c ac

f c8f8] k aed c<` q ` ac8\ rZX[Xi8[c fXek _ acg^Z8j8ek m

?@ABA@CD?E

F GH I J II K I LMNO

T!$,†%$!0!V!182*z8$‘ ' 2$!U

T!$,†%$!0!V!182*z8$‘ ' 2$!U

T!$,†%$!0!V!182*z8$‘ ' 2$!U

T!$,†%$!0!V!182*z8$‘ ' 2$!U

P1

,),$!82$!)!'8*(!),(!W!(!V!/T'8‘ ' 2$!U

D1

W(!/

Ž!/ (!Ž!(!'8*2*(!)!&XR8R(!+!*18"

“”$,&!0!0!w

$!‰ , *(!U ,

, , ,

$!‰)!W$!/$!)!18$,/ V!R$

F

T!$,†%$!0!V!182*z8$‘ ' 2$!U

T!$,†%$!0!V!182*z8$‘ ' 2$!U

T!$,†%$!0!V!182*z8$‘ ' 2$!U

T!$,†%$!0!V!182*z8$‘ ' 2$!U

P1

›¦ ¥~ 

›¦ ¥~ 

›¦ ¥~ 

›¦ ¥~ 

A

BA

AB

A

BC

AC

AB

A → ¬ B

→ ¬ A

¬¬ AA

!

!

!

!

x A(x) → A(t)

›§ ¤

" © ¨š  6¦ § ›˜ §š š ˜ – š

" © ¨š  6¦ § ›˜ §š š ˜ – š

" © ¨š  6¦ § ›˜ §š š ˜ – š

" © ¨š  6¦ § ›˜ §š š ˜ – š

B

A AB A(a)

x A(x)

#%$

#%$#%$

#%$

&'&'&'&' ›§ ¤ ?@ABA@C D?E

F GH I JI IK I LMNO?A

}~ZXh ` ef8c8[8ab cgh c „ _ o eZX\gp

)

*

*

*

*(+

x A(x) → A(t)

A(x)

` a_8h f `rZX[8_Xh qlrZX[\<] ^_<k ZXh a_8eh eh j

x

_ `l_%r[c8c%d _8[e_8€ ^cXm

A(t)

` a_8h f `rZX[ ab c%rZ8[\<]8^_

A(x)

„leab

c d cX[qr[c c<Z8k k ] [[c8h k c<Z r

x

[cXi ^_ k c fg€ q

ab c%acX[\

t

m

?@ABA@C D?E

F GH I JI IK I LMNO??

%'8*)!+,%)!*z8$!/'8&!R )!'82&!)!2*&!2*(!)

%'8*)!+,%)!*z8$!/'8&!R )!'82&!)!2*&!2*(!)

%'8*)!+,%)!*z8$!/'8&!R )!'82&!)!2*&!2*(!)

%'8*)!+,%)!*z8$!/'8&!R )!'82&!)!2*&!2*(!)

)

*

*

*

*(+

x A(x) A(t)

, ` eh j )

*

*

*

*(+8„leab

A(x) = man(x) → mortal(x) t = socrates

j8ed c `

x (man(x) → mortal(x)) →

(man(socrates) mortal(socrates))

F

-V!2-$X‰%&!/ $.

-V!2-$X‰%&!/ $.

-V!2-$X‰%&!/ $.

-V!2-$X‰%&!/ $.

)

*

*

*

*(+

x A(x) → A(t)

, ` eh j )

*

*

*

*(+8„leab

A(x) =y ¬ eq(x,y) t = y

j8ed c `gŒ0/

(3)

?@ABA@CD?E

F GH I J II K I LMNO?v

x A(x) → A(t)

(

er

t

tttt nnnn 

Σ

f Z c8`

h Z a8k ZXh a_8eh%_8h q

d _X[e_X€ ^c8` +

?@ABA@CD?E

F GH I J II K I LMNO?@

%)!*z $!/ ' &!R(g$!)!$!/&!R*'8&!2*(!)

%)!*z $!/ ' &!R(g$!)!$!/ &!R*'8&!2*(!)

%)!*z $!/ ' &!R(g$!)!$!/&!R*'8&!2*(!)

%)!*z $!/ ' &!R(g$!)!$!/ &!R*'8&!2*(!)

tTb cgh c „”eh rc8[c8h k cg[] ^c!p



A(a)

x A(x)

)

i8[Z d ef c f%ab _ a

a

f Z8c `

h Z a8Z k k ]8[Xeh

A(x)

h ZX[

eh%_Xh q%Z r ab c

i [cX\<e` c8`l] ` c8f%aZ

f cX[ed c

A(a)

+

F

,),x8&!U,Ž!R$,-/ (!(!W ,),x8&!U,Ž!R ,),x8&!U,Ž!R$,-/$,-/(!(!W(!(!W ,),x8&!U,Ž!R$,-/ (!(!W

ª

x old(x)

$$$$ šššš ¥›¥›¥›¥›     šššš

ª

x (old(x) → wise(x))

$$$$ šššš ¥›¥›¥›¥›     šššš

ª

x old(x) → old(a)

!!!!

ª

old(a)

#%$#%$#%$#%$ £

! ª

x (old(x) → wise(x)) → (old(a) → wise(a))

!

!

!

!

ª

old(a) → wise(a)

#%$#%$#%$#%$ £!

ª

wise(a)

#%$#%$#%$#%$ £

ª

x wise(x)

&'&'&'&'

?@ABA@C D?E

F GH I JI IK I LMNO?’

}6^_8e\ }6^_8e\ }6^_8e\ }6^_8e\

    © ¥6š6œ¢ — œ › š ¬ š ® ¦ ˜ š6¡~¢ ¦› ~¦ ¨Ÿ› ~— ¨  ¦6¡~›  š £

— ˜ Ÿ6œ¢ — œ ›› š ¬ š ® ¦ ˜ š› ~¦ ¨Ÿ ª

« ¢ š ˜›œ §¦ ¨¨¦ ¡‹ ~œ¢ — œ š ¬ š ® ¦ ˜ š› T¡~›  š ª

[Z Z r [Z Z r [Z Z r [Z Z r

š œ

a

™ š— ˜6— ™ ›œ— ®ž š   ¦ ˜ ª ®—     © ¥ž œ›¦ ˜ ›› £

a

› ~¦ ¨Ÿ ª ®6—     © ¥ž œ›¦ ˜ › £ ›œ §¦ ¨¨¦ ¡‹ ~œ¢ — œ

a

› 

¡~›  š ª

›˜ – š

a

¡‹—  ~– ¢ ¦   š ˜6— ™ ›œ— ›¨® £

¡Tš– ¦ ˜ – ¨© Ÿ š6œ¢ — œ

š ¬ š ®ž š   ¦ ˜› T¡~›  š ª ?@ABA@C D?E

F GH I JI IK I LMNO?

))!1 (!/ /$!182X-/(!(!W

))!1 (!/ / $!182X-/(!(!W ))!1 (!/ /$!182X-/(!(!W ))!1 (!/ / $!182X-/(!(!W

[Z d eh j%ab _ a

x wise(x)

e`_g^Z jXek _8^

k Z8h ` c u8] c8h k c<Z r

wise(sam)

Π/

m

wise(sam)

[cX\<e` c [cX\<e` c [cX\<e` c [cX\<e` c

m

x wise(x)

,,,, ) + — ˜ œ ©   šl© ˜ ›¬ š   — ¨

­ š ˜ š — ¨›  — œ›¦ ˜

sam

¦ – – ©  ›˜6—

ž š ¥›  š©   š Ÿ6œ¦

Ÿ š ›¬ š

wise(sam)

ª

F

ST*)!&!R #%$!'8V!R2 ST*)!&!R #%$!'8V!R2 ST*)!&!R #%$!'8V!R2 ST*)!&!R #%$!'8V!R2

g*z $!),&,R&!)!+!V!&!+!$,(!W!Ž!/$!0!*1 &!2$,R(!+X*1

V!' *)!+,(!)!R‘g2!$,18(X)!)!$!182*z $!'

¬

&!)!0

&!)!0,2!$,y!V!&!)!2*W*$!/

2!$,0!$!0!V!1 2*z $ ' ‘8' 2$!U

P1

*'&,' (!V!)!0,&!)X0,18(!U,Ž!R$!2$ 0!$!0!V!1 2*z $,' ‘8' 2$!U W(!/TŽ!/$X0!*1 &!2$,R(!+X*1 "

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

 Lahir Mati (Still Birth): kelahiran seorang bayi dari kandungan yang berumur minimal sedikit 28 minggu, tanpa menunjukan tanda-tanda

“Cái chưa biết” có thể là một ẩn số (như chiều cao trung bình ở người Việt Nam, hay trọng lượng một phần tử), hiệu quả của một thuật điều trị, gen có chức năng