P = pol percent of the pressed juice, and B = Brix percent of the pressed juice. In Queensland, the result of the CCS analysis is fed into the existing sugarcane price formula. Some countries simply pay for the weight of sugar cane delivered; others use formulas of varying complexity to take into account the different components of the sugar cane.
INTRODUCTION
Background Information
The Sugar Board buys the raw sugar on behalf of the Queensland Government and pays for it in installments as the raw sugar is sold. So three factors are involved in cane payment in Queensland: a) the analysis of the cane,. When the Sugar Council pays the miller for the tons of 94 NT sugar he produces, this calculation also involves two factors:. a) the analysis of the sugar and.
Objective of Report
SAMPLING CANE FOR ANALYSIS
In that country, fiber is sampled across the full carrying width of sugarcane from the bottom of the elevator just before it reaches the first mill. Pressed fiber reflects the physical condition of the sugar cane (freshness or oldness, maturity and EM), so there is none. The disadvantage of the system would be the high development costs and (if the concepts were accepted) the high costs to the factories for re-equipping.
ANALYSIS OF CANE AND ITS PRODUCTS
The Brix of a juice determined by spindle may differ slightly from the Brix determined by refractometer due to the different principles involved (specific gravity and refraction i n d e x. However, one of the disadvantages of this instrument is that a microfiltration system is required When a sugar solution containing a mixture of sugars polarizes, the reading on the scale is thus the net result of the positive and negative effects of the sugars present and may not accurately reflect the sucrose content.
Fiber is the plant residue that is delivered to the plant after all water-soluble material has been washed off and the material has been dried. Not only soluble materials, but also fine insoluble materials are washed out of the bag. Therefore, soil, although part of the fiber content by definition, may not be fully accounted for in the result.
The disadvantages of the current method of fiber determination are that the figures are collective rather than individual, and because of the time involved in the analysis, the figures used in calculating a grower's CCS are actually the average of cane delivered at a much earlier time. One of the advantages of the Press Method is that the grower can be assigned a fiber figure that is truly his own. They also claim that dirt is increasing. form part of the EC, especially in wet weather.
reported dirt levels ranging from 0.8 to 1.7 percent in factories geographically representative of the state's sugarcane growing areas.
Net Titre (NT)
- Other Methods of Analysis
Because raw sugar consists mainly of sucrose and contains little RS (glucose and fructose), the net optical rotation of the raw sugar solution is close to that of sucrose. As with the analysis of all milling products, the pol value of a sugar is influenced by the temperature; but a correction can be applied to convert to the value at 20 degrees C (the standard temperature). The corrected result will not be an exact measure of sucrose, but will be very close to the actual figure.
Ash is the residue after all the organic matter has been burned, using sulfuric acid, a platinum crucible and a specified method. Therefore, the quantitative use of the reaction, according to a prescribed method, will make it possible to determine the amount of reducing sugars. However, the RS content of a sugary product is not an absolute measure of glucose and fructose, because other minor components may have "reducing" properties.
For example, NIR spectroscopy has been studied at Louisiana State University (Sverzut et al., 1986); and some work is also being done at the Queensland Institute of Technology in Brisbane.
ORGANISATION OF SUGAR INDUSTRY IN QUEENSLAND
Apart from the creation of the main and local boards and the determination of the mill and lands regulated by each local board, its main purpose was to determine "the matters to be taken into account in the determination of prices":. (a) the estimated quantity of sugar cane to be processed at the relevant mill. The board's primary function was to regulate the distribution of sugar returns between mills and growers; but the board. The main board was assisted by local sugarcane price boards set up in all mill areas to carry out certain of the main board's functions.
The chairman is appointed by the governor-in-council and is generally a magistrate or a clerk of court stationed in the district. A price is a document that deals with matters related to harvesting, transport, handling and crushing of the cane, payment for the cane and settlement of disputes. From the gross income from each ton of sugar, the producer's production costs and the miller's manufacturing costs were to be reimbursed.
The grower receives the value of the remaining CCS units assuming a mill efficiency of 90 COW. Australia harvests cane for six months of the year and sells sugar for twelve months. So about half of the revenue from sugar production is not available until crushing is complete.
By the end of the crushing season, a grower has usually received 70-75 percent of the final value of his number one pool stick as a delivery advance.
CANE RECOVERY FORMULAE AND PAYMENT SYSTEMS
- The CCS Calculation
- Alternative Recovery Formula B (Reduced Extraction and Winter- Carp)
- The Winter-Carp and SJM Formulae
- Standard Cane with Premiums and Penalties
- Sucrose in Cane - Direct Analysis of Cane
The CCS formula is one way to relate the value of the cane to the value of the products that can be obtained from the cane using current technology. Raw sugar is paid according to its NT, which takes into account the reducing sugar and the ash content of the sugar. One phase of the work was to determine the Brix and a half in the cane using a juice balance, mass balance methods and direct analysis.
The second and fundamental element of the CCS formula makes it a recovery formula, used to calculate recoverable sugar from cane analysis. The 1965 Committee of Inquiry suggested a number of alternative formulas to the pol - 0.5 impurities of the CCS formula. Loss in Bagasse The sugar technology literature lists many formulas in which the lost pol, as a percentage of input pol, is taken to be proportional to the cane fiber content (F%).
It is common to calculate a "reduced extraction" of pole from sugar cane based on a nominal fiber content of 12.5 percent in sugar cane and a pole loss to bagasse equal to 4 percent of pole in sugar cane. This calculation assumes that the loss of pole in bagasse is proportional to the fiber content of the cane. Factor C and its companion factor C1 relate the composition of the absolute juice (100 - F) and the press juice for pol and Brix.
The most practical use of the Java ratio is to convert a pole in sample juice to a pole in cane. This formula includes one term proportional to the price of sugar and another term independent of the price of sugar. In these cases, it is common for the total amount paid for the cane to be proportional to the sugar revenue, so that the actual yield of cane sugar obtained at the factory affects the price of the cane.
DETERMINATION OF MILL PERFORMANCE
The revenue was shared with a grower according to the formula value of 100 tons of sugar cane = pol percent sugar cane x industrial. He further stated that such a high number would be unattainable in practice, but that a cow of more than 100 would be quite legitimate. Due to its dependence on the limitations of CCS and NT, the COW reflects the mill's efficiency, but with an unfortunately high tolerance.
The increase in the KOE and the decrease in Uncertain Loss can be said that the factories have increased their overall recycling efficiency. This will only be partially true: if changed conditions cause the measured value of pol in reed to decrease relative to the true value, the KOE will rise and the Indeterminate Loss will decrease, even changing to Indeterminate Cain. The critical item is overall recovery; a much better index of performance is provided by reduced overall recovery, it is all a matter of the difference between fact and assessment.
CONCLUSIONS
If a grower's shipments contain a significant amount of cane (meaningful, that is, in the mill's c r u s h ), and if all prescribed procedures are followed, the collection and analysis of the first squeezed juice will satisfactorily ensure that the sample represents the whole of the consignment. The disadvantage of the other methods is that only a portion of the sent cane is sampled and the juice is extracted from that sample. The subsampling and final extraction of the juice can be carried out under controlled laboratory conditions.
The Australian industry spans a longitudinal distance of 2100 km, and cane is mainly grown within 50 km of the coast. Some sugarcane payment systems are based on a fixed ratio of the distribution of proceeds from the sale of sugar. The use of juice scales and that part of the CCS formula that reads "CCS = pol percent cane minus half of the soluble impurities percent cane" avoids the need for the empirical 3 and 5 factors.
Nevertheless, the growth of Australian industry over the past sixty years is proof that the CCS formula has worked. Sampling is actually part of the analytical system; therefore, any improvement in the accuracy of analytical procedures must be complemented by valid sampling techniques. Since the money from the sale of sugar is divided between the millers and growers and is paid on a net titre basis, both sides should question the validity of the factors of 5 and 1 used in this calculation given the existing technology.
The existing cost analysis for cane payment is estimated at 0.6 percent of the cost of raw sugar production.
