He attended the National Clean Air Association Meeting in Brighton and delivered the keynote address entitled: 'Air Pollution Control — The Global Dimension'. The Annual General Meeting of the Victoria/Tasmania Branch of the Society as held during November 1984. Whitten is associated with the development of the Carbon Bond III mechanism of photochemical smog formation.
A pack of information sheets on the Revision Act is available from the Information Services of the Environmental Protection Authority (telephone 651 4293). Previously he was Assistant Director (Re s e a r c h and Development) in the Bureau of Meteorology and founding Officer in Charge of the C o m - monwealth Meteorology Research C e n t r e . The dashed flux from the atmosphere is the (oceanic) net sink required for balance.
A guide to the size of the major carbon reservoirs in the global carbon cycle and the flows between them is given in Figure 2. However, Monteith (3) takes a more cautious approach after reviewing studies of crop sensitivity to climate change.
THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE
UPPER HUNTER REGION
ANALYSIS AND MODELLING OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
- INTRODUCTION
- THE DATA SETS
- SULFUR DIOXIDE LEVELS As shown in Table I, the lengths of the
- METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
The four stations SE of Liddell power station show higher readings in winter than in summer, while the two stations NW of the power station show higher readings in summer than in winter. The area's meteorology and its effect on SO2 levels are studied in respectively sections 4 and 5. The meteorological data examined here are only considered to relate the SO2 levels to.
In Table 2, the fraction (f) of observations available for the six stations is shown, and the derived maxima are calculated for data sets of the size indicated by this fraction, so that the observed maximum can be compared with the maximum. estimated from the statistical distributions. This in turn resulted in the VCM content in the water usually being well below the permitted limit of 10 ppm. Some VCM was also emitted in the exhaust from the pumps used to 'pull a vacuum' on the reactors.
It would have been necessary to open each reactor after each charge 10 to guarantee its purity and therefore the quality of the PVC. To reduce the need for opening reactors after each charge, the 1$P Goodrich Company developed a patented coating material that, when sprayed onto the inside of the reactors, helped prevent the buildup of PVC on the vessel walls. It was later judged that these did not lead to complete removal of the particles from the exhaust air.
As the plant was originally built, the occurrence of high overpressure in the reactor could cause the rupture plate to rupture and release its contents into the atmosphere to protect the integrity of the vessel and thus protect employees from the consequences of vessel rupture. However, the original equipment was modified several years ago and further equipment was added so that an overpressure situation, should it occur, would automatically cause the VCM to be routed from the vessel to the collection system, preventing release to the atmosphere. The fixed total hydrocarbon monitoring system originally installed has been replaced with an automatic VCM-only gas chromatograph, allowing accurate determination of VCM levels at the workplace.
The pump draws air through tubes packed with activated carbon, a fresh tube is inserted into the system after every two hours. These discharge points are all stacks whose heights have been calculated according to the EPA's plume dispersion program to ensure a maximum "round level concern ratio of VCM of 0.033 ppm. During this time, the Company worked closely with the EPA to achieve the final result sure was acceptable to the Authority.
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The reactors were modified so that, after the PVC sludge was pumped out, it could be automatically flushed with high-pressure water and the 'non-stick' coal applied without having to open the reactors. The reactors can therefore go for long periods of time without having to be opened. Before they are opened, they are thoroughly evacuated by means of a pump and the outlet of the pump is scrubbed with a solvent, from which the VCM is recovered for reuse.
The plant's hot air resin dryers were originally equipped with cyclones to recover resin particles. Each dryer was then equipped with a water scrubber that removes PVC particles from the air before they are released into the atmosphere. They carry a small pump in their pocket that draws air through a tube of activated carbon.
Personal monitors are also occasionally used to 10 air samples in areas away from fixed sampling points. However, in accordance with the State Policy for Environmental Protection (Air Environment), .Subsection l'-5 which requires that 'The number of emission points should be minimized' and an attempt was made to rationalize this number. It has been reduced to 12 by eliminating some points and combining others wherever possible.
A second automatic gas chromatograph system monitors various emission points, while a third continuously monitors the air from the solvent absorption system. Two infrared systems continuously monitor the large exhaust chimney and the air discharge of the evacuation pump. It takes several years to design and install all these control and monitoring measures.
8 million dollars and although this meant the recovery of some more VCM, it was negligible from an economic point of view.
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MEASUREMENTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL PRECURSORS IN THE MELBOURNE
ATMOSPHERE
- ANALYTICAL Sample Collection
- COMPARISON OF AERIAL CONCENTRATIONS WITH THE
- COMPOSITION DOWNWIND OF THE WESTERN SUBURBS
- GENERAL CONCLUSIONS The findings of this paper fulfil the
COMPARISON OF AIR CONCENTRATIONS WITH THE EPAV EMISSIONS INVENTORY CONCENTRATIONS Given the LiPAV F.missions Inventory (Fig. I), the average wind speed in the mixed layer, and the height of the mixed layer, one can calculate the expected air concentration of a given pollurani downwind of a emission range from a simple box model which assumes uniform vertical mixing at the sample point and which neglects lateral diffusion. The latter assumption is justified for traverses across the central part of the homogeneous ES region.). ppbC for NMHC) molecular weight of emis-. On the four days when air samples were taken at locations downwind of the ES area, the trajectory of the parcels was as illustrated in P'ig.
On the same days as listed in Table 6, air was sampled in a plot crossing the CBD at approximately 08:30 (CP parcel) and samples were taken some distance downstream of the CBD between 09:30 and 11:00. WIND COMPOSITION FROM THE WESTERN SUBURBS WESTERN SUBURBS While the EC is largely dominated by motor vehicle emissions, this is not the case for the western suburbs, where point sources contribute heavily to the daily NOx and hydrocarbon inventories. The wind speed was 1.4 m/s from the northeast and the mixing height was 300 m (Evans et al. 1981), so the current ethylene flux was 612 kg/h, more than four times the average flux given in the Inventory.
OVERALL CONCLUSIONS The findings of this paper meet the primary objective, which was to specify a smog chamber fee that would double the composition of the eastern suburbs plot. As indicated above, the carbon content of hydrocarbons in the plot is calculated as follows - 55-65% pre-vehicle emissions, 30-35% from vehicle vaporizers (15% in motion,. The high percentage of vehicles in motion vaporizers that we have observed in road emissions are not without precedent. 1981), estimated from hydrocarbon analysis of samples taken at the Cahill Tunnel, Sydney, that moving vapors were equal to 15-20% of exhaust emissions - a figure which may well be doubled in light of more precise analyzes by Nelsen et al. 1978) encountered excess alkanes in a suburban area in Sydney which they showed, from a source reconciliation analysis, to be due to evaporation equal to 50% of exhaust emissions.
The accuracy of these flux measurements is mainly limited by the sparse wind information available at the time - a situation that can now be easily remedied by using the enlarged EPAV anemometer network together with appropriate pilot balloon measurements. The benefit of flux measurements as a measure of the effectiveness of emission control cannot be overemphasized. In future years when trends in the Melbourne atmosphere come under similar scrutiny, we strongly recommend taking advantage of Melbourne's favorable emission pattern and geography, by periodically repeating airborne measurements of the composition and flux of ES precursors. , and thus provide an immediate assessment of the effect of any emission control measures that may have been imposed on motor vehicles.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the ready cooperation of FPAV in making available their emissions inventory and monitoring data and providing access to their dynamometer testing facility. EPAV (1982) Private communication from Mr. Neylon on the inventory of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides prepared by the Environment Protection Authority of Victoria. The actual thermal efficiency will depend on the hydrocarbon content of the vapors and may increase to the point where no additional fuel is required, as is readily the case in many installations.
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The water around the platform quickly became their new home, and other marine life continued to multiply healthily. BMP platforms themselves attract a variety of marine life and the seals benefit from this. So it's good to know that Esso and BHP have shown that oil production and the environment can happily live together.
Taking on the Challenge
