A study of some characteristics of anti-bloat pastes relating to their bloat control efficacy : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science at Massey University

Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author.. A. STUJY. OF. S O ME CHARACTERISTICS. OF. ANT I-BLOAT PA STE S RELAT ING TO THEIR BLOAT C ONTROL EFFICACY. A the sis pre se nted in part ial fulfilment o f the re qu ire ment s for the .degree of Master o f Ve te rinary Scie nce at Mas sey Unive rsity. Gre gor Lewis Morgan 1 977. ABSTRACT Factors relating to the bloat-controlling efficacy of several anti-bloat Firstly,. pastes 1·1ere studi ed.. the detergent diffusion. various pastes were measured in. rates of. a rufficn model.. c omparison with the liquid detergent control, formulatj_ ons. In some. were found to markedly slow the vrashout of. detergent from the model.. A theoretical paste dosine schedule versus liquid dosing sch edule,. based on the rumen. mouel calculations,. revealed several advantages of the paste formulation over the. liquid.. For example,. the paste mai nt�ined a. more steady detergent concentration and extended t he interval b etween dos ings.. An i nvestigation of the effects of adL�nistration to the live animal on the intactness of the paste bolus 1vhen delivered at the cardia. Has U...YJ.dertaken.. found that the reaction of the. It 1-1as. animal to the dosing. procedure ha d a strong infl�enc e on the degree of intactness of the. paste bolus en t e r ing. di fference betvreen animals in. A. respect was o o:::;erved.. t:nis. It was shm.;n that i'raewented. t he cardia dissolved more. the rumen.. boli co llected. quickly thD.n. at. i...'ltact boli i.vhen. s ubjected to mild agitation.. The consequences of this. in. protection for bloat v1ere. relation to pers i stence of. disc ussed. The decay curves of Poloxa lene deterGent a dmin­ istered to steers in e ither a. liquid or a paste forwul­. ation were c alculated and compared.. As a stful ' dard. c ontrol agai nst vlhich other materials might be coopared, the concentration decay c urve of a Hater soluble rumen marker. ( polyethylene. glycol,. 40 00 ). w as determined in. eac h steer.. It vias found that the paste forr:rU.lati on did not sloi·T the w ashout of detergent from t he rumen by more than about t-vm. hours.. .iUso,. the average concentrat ion. dilution rat es of de te rgent and PEG. be. similar.. However,. 4000. were f ound to. at high Poloxalene dose rat es,. ii. the. endot;cn o u s water inflow to the rumen was found to. increa se. influenced the. markedl y \-l'hich in turn. average. detergent dilution rate.. curves of Poloxa lene. The diffusion rate. either in the rumen model or in v ivo s imilaritie s.. might. be. This. valuable. a. showed striking. �nat tfie. sugge sted.. paste. rume n. model. for new paste. screening sys t em. formulati on s. Seve ral field trials Here U.'1dert2.ken to test bloat-con trolling e ff ic ac y. whe ther the. of. paste formul­. ations o:.Z detere;ent was be tte r than that of liquids,. a..'ld. to examine the validity of the rumen model findings. Unfortunately, insu.fficient. valuable. bloat. tre. to collect. challen g e t he. necessary data.. In. field trials. summary,. wus. Ho\·lever,. the requireracnts for. information regarding. satisfactory. on each occas�on wa s. und.. obtuincd.. the resclts. of. are. t he study. d.i�cussed.. shoHed. that: 1 ). Pastes c an be f ormulated 1-l'h ic h , liquid.. preparations,. vm shout fror.:J.. 2). The in. a rumen. will s lol·l the ra'te. paste. and. to. of. s imilar detergent. model.. vivo detergent decay cur ve s. roloxalene. liquid. determined j_n vitro. this. relative. \lCre. of both. SiwilaY. (I ). Togetner w ith. suggests the rumen oodel might be. a. t o tho s e Cl bove,. u sefu l. screening system.. 3). Paste in. delive red. at. boli. intactne s s. the. cordia. cc.:.1. vary vridely. between <.md 1-l'ithin a.'lirrw.ls. and this. depends largely on ru1imal reaction to the. dosing. procedure.. 4). Frae;mented boli. boli dissolve. in vitro. more qllickly tha...'1 intact. and this characteristic. crucial in detergent. longevity. may. be. in the rumen liquor. •. •. Therefore 1 ). 2). The ru..men. it i s concluded that:. model. .An efficient. warrm1ts developir.;ent. ar..d t e s t i ng .. analyt ical method needs to be. developed for detecting detergent s. iii. in rllitien liquor.. This 1<10uld allow. o..ccurate in vi vo detergent decay. curves to be established.. 3). progress vlill be Field trials. must. 't.'ithout this,. further. slow. still be carried out to provide. and confirm relationships bet1·reen in vitro results and f ield efficacy.. iv. ACKNOWLEDGE �ffiNT S This study was undertake n whilst in re c e ipt o f. a bursary from Merck , Sharp and Dohme ( N . Z . ) Ltd .. The. ge nero s ity and as s i s t anc e from the C ompany as a whole is grate fully aclmowledged .. However , I w i sh to e sp e c ially. thank two o f the q ompany's s t aff ,. Mr.. Peter Sco t t for. his fre ely g ive n as s istance and Dr . Ke ith Baker who pre pare d the paste f o rmulat ions and tr ied de spe rat ely to d e ve lop a suit able analyt ical me thod fo r de terge nts in rumen liquo r . Spe c ial thank s mu s t go t o my superviso r s , Dr .. c.s.w.. Re id o f the D . S . I .R . , Palme r s t on North , and Dr . B . S . C o o pe r of the Veterinary Clinical Scienc e s Dep artment , Mas sey Unive rsity . Bo th men re ad ily gave. up the ir t ime when needed and their c rit icisms , intere st and enc()uragement is spe c ially appre c iated . I wi sh to thank two go od fri ends , Mr. J. Koo k and Mr s . A . Ru ssel from the D . S . I . R . , Palmerston North , for the ir intere st in the work and the ir help during field tri als . The genero s ity o f tho se farme r s in the l\1anawatu who allowed the fie ld trials t o be c arried out on the ir prope r t i e s is als o appre c iated . In add ition , I wo uld like to thank Mr. S . Sim and h i s st aff at the N o . 4 Dairy Un it , Ruakura Animal Re se arch Statio n , Hamilton , for the ass i st ance give n in c arry ing out a field trial on the farm Thank s als o go to Mr. T . W . Law for his pho to graphic as sistance and to Mrs . 0. Healey of Palme rst o n N o rth for her excellent preparat io n o f this manuscript .. V. TABLE OF C O NTENT S. Abstract. Ackno wledge ment s Lis t o f Figures. Lis t of Tables. . I ntrodu c t ion. Literature Review. 11. V. vi. v111. 1. 3. Chapte r 1. 15. Chap t e r 2. 49. Chap t e r 3. 64. Chapter 4. 95. General d is cus s ion and con c lus ions. 102. Bibliography. !07. List o f Figure s Figure. I 1. Brass d i sc used to pr ovirle agitation in the rumen model and a mesh c ontainer u sed to ho ld the pas te sample .. 30. I 2. The rumen mod el. 31. I .3. Calibratio n graphs u sed to d e termine detergent conce ntratio n .. 32. I .4. The detergent concentrat ion ver sus elapsed time for the 5 pas t e formulati ons and the liquid detergent contro l in run A .. 33. The de tergent conc e ntrat ion ve rsus elapsed t ime for th e 3 pas t e formulati ons and the liquid detergent co ntrol in run B.. 34. The Polo xalene concentrat ion ver sus elap sed t ime fo r the pas te formul ation KB6 / 1 6 and the liqu id Poloxalene control in run C.. 35. I .7. The percentage o f d e tergent recovered versus elap sed t ime for runs A and B .. 36. I .8. The percentage o f Polo xalene rec o vered versus elap sed t ime for run C .. 37. I.9. The detergent c oncentrat ion versus el ap sed time fo r liqui d detergent in run B plo tted semi-log paper .. 38. The detergent c oncentrat ion changes based on a 1 ?, �pu;r: l:( liquid and 24 hourly pas te do sing ·· s chedule wit h a c ontinuolf s detergent decay rate o f 0 . 1 5 h -. 39. II . 1. Pas te dbs ing gun w ith a mo unted cartridge .. 57. II. 2. Typical e xamples o f the bolus intactne s s grade cl as sifi catio n .. 58. II. 3. The percentage that each react ion grade and intactne s s grade rep rese nts o f the to tal numbe r o f te sts c arr ied out in eac h s tee r .. 59. Example s o f intact and fragmented pas te boli 1 5 mins . and 2t hours after c olle c tion, not subjec ted to agitatio n .. 60. •. •. I .5. I.6. ·. I. 1 0. .. I I. 4. vi. L i st o f Figure s ( cont'd ) Figure The e ffe ct o f ag it atio n on s ample s o f intac t and fragme nted pas te boli .. 61. III . 1. Calibrat ion graphs used t o d e termine PEG conce ntrations in rumen fluid .. 79. III . 2. Calibrat ion graph u sed t o determine the Poloxale ne concent ratio n in rume n fluid in bo th runs .. 80. III . 3. Age nt c once ntrat ion ve rsus elapsed time fo r s te er A , run X .. 81. III . 4. Age nt concentrat i o n ve rsus elapsed t ime fo r s te er A , run Y .. 82. III . 5. Agent c o ncentrat i o n ve rsus elap sed time for ste e r B, run X .. 83. III . 6. Agent c once ntrat io n ve rsus elapsed t ime fo r s t e e r B, run Y .. 84. III . 7. Agent concentrat i o n ve rsus e lap sed t ime for ste e r C , run X.. 85. III . 8. Agent c oncentr8t io n ve r sus elapsed t i me for s te er C , run Y .. 86. III . 9. Ave rage d ilut ion rate versus exoge nous wat e� intake over the fi rst 1 0- 1 2 hour s of each treatme nt. 87. II . 5. III . 1 0. Endoge nous water i nflow ve rsu s the hourly fe ed D.M. int ake in each s t e e r dur ing all the PEG tre atme n t s and during the liquid Poloxalene tre atme nt s in run Y .. v ii. 88. List of Tables Pac;e. Table I.1. The e xpe rimental var i able s o f runs A , B and C .. 1.2. The c ompo sition o f the ant i-bloat pastes t e sted in the rume n model .. 40. 1 .3. T he melting po int s o f the T e r ic pastes .. 41. 1.4. T he cons i s tency o f the five Teric paste s at various tempe rature s .. 41. 1 .5. T he absorbance value s o f the stand ard T e ric and Po loxalene dete rgent concent­ rations use d to e s t ablish t he c alibratio n graphs .. 42. T he d e te rge nt concentrations in the e fflue nt and the pe rc entage o f dete rgen t re co ve red w ith elap sed · t ime for runs A, B and C .. 43. The calculated dete rge nt conce ntrat ion chanBe s wi th time based o n a 1 2 hourly d o s ing schedule .. 47. The calculated dete rgent conc e ntrat ion change s with t ime ba sed on a 2 4 hourly p as te d o s ing schedule .. 48. II . 1. Reacti on grade according to paste type .. 62. II . 2. Intactne s s grade ac c o rding to paste type .. 62. II . 3. Re ac t ion gr ade and c o rre sp onding int ac t­ ne ss grad e according to do sing order number fo r each paste formulatio n .. 63. T o tal reac t ion and intac t ne s s grade s s c o red by e ach s te e r acco rdi ng to d o sing o rd er numbe r ( all p as t e formulat ions c ombined ) .. 63. III . 1. The ab sorbanc e values of s tand ard PEG and Po loxal ene c onc entrat ions .. 89. III . 2. C oncentration of Age nt· ·at d ifferent t ime s afte r tre atme nt .. 90. III . 3. Percentage o f PEG and Poloxalene liquid ( P L.) recovered at zero time.. 92. 1 .6. 1.7. 1 .8. II . 4. .•. viii. 18. List of T able s ( c ont'd ) T able III . 4. III . 5. IV . 1. Ave raee aee nt d ilut io n rate and the exogenous wate r intake o f e ach ste er during the fir s t 1 0- 1 2 hour s following each tre atment .. 93. The t otal and e nd oee nou s water inflow rate s and the feed D . M . intake s of e ac h s te e r in all PEG tre atme nts in run s X and Y and in the P oloxalene tre atment s in run Y .. 94. Totals o f the bl o at s c ore s per group per d ay.. ix. 1 01.